Archaeology Exam 2

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species

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gorup of organisms that can produce fertile offspring

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hominoids

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biological family that includes geat apes, gibbons, and humans

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phylogeny

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the evolutionary history of a species

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ontogeny

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refers to the growth and development of an individual organism

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nuclear DNA

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located in cell nucleus

combines DNA from both parents

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Mitochondrial DNA

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located outside cell nucleus

inherited from only MOM

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molecular clock

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allows the timing of the split between lineages to be calculated on the basis of the degree of genetic similarity

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paleoanthropologists

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scientists who study the evolutionary history of the hominoids

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Purgatorius

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earliest known primate; lived between 90 and 65 mya

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Aegyptopithecus

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one of the earliest hominoids.
lived between 35 and 23 mya

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Miocene era

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23-5 mya

an explosion in the number of hominoid species

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Hominins

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members or the human lineage after it split with the chimpanzee lineage

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Sahelanthropus tchadensis
and
Ardipithecus ramidus

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the earliest known members of the hominin lineage

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Radiation

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the biological term fro a period when there is a rapid increase in the number of species in a single lineage

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Homo habilis

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the earliset member of the genus Homo

2.5-1.6 mya

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Homo erectus

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the first member of the hominin lineage to sperad out of Africa

Found in Asia

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East African Rift Valley

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a geological feature stretching from East Africa to the Middle East and is the location of many important early hominin sites

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Lower Paleolithic

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time period when hominins began producing stone tools
2.5 mya to 200,000 years ago

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Oldowan

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the earliest well-characterized archaeological industry dating between 1.9-1.15 mya

uses prepared core technology

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Acheulian

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industry in Africa
between 1.7 mya and 200,000 years ago

has bifaces

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Bifaces

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characteristic tools of the African Acheulian.

include handaxes and cleavers

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Palimpsest

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and archaeological site produced by a series of distinct brief occupations

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Dispersal event

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a single species dramatically expands its geographic range

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Pleistocene

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the geological era that began 1.8 mya and is characterized by the frequent buildup and retreat of continental ice sheets

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oxygen isotope curve

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a record of fluctuations in global climate

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Clactonian

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simple flake tool industry contemporary with the Acheulian in England

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Middle Paleolithic

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Period when Neaderthals lived in Europe and the Middle East

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Prepared-core technologies

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used to make stone tools during the Middle Paleolithic

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Frison effect

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recognizes that the shape of stone tools evolves as they are resharpened throughout their use-life

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Levallois method

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a particular prepare-core technology used during the Middle Paleolithic

Can often be recognized on the basis of tortoise shaped cores

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Modern humans

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members of Homo sapiens

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Homo Sapiens

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all living humans

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Oldest fossil of modern humans

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found in Herto, Ethiopia
dates to around 160,000-154,000 years ago

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Middle Stone Age

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The archaeological period of the earliest modern humans in Africa.

Began between 300,000-200,000 years ago and ended about 40,000 years ago

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Aterian

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North African stone tool industry distinguished by the presence of points with a pronounced tang

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Tang

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a small projection located at the base of the point and used to secure the point to a spear or handle

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Sangoan/Lupemban

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Middle Stone Age industry found in Central and East Africa.

Characterized by very crude heavy-duty tools

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Howeieson's Poort

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an industry identified in South Africa

Include very small crescent-shaped implements known as microliths

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Upper Paleolithic

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archaeological period that saw the earliest occupation of Europe by modern humans

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Transition from Middle to Upper Paleolithic

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marked by a dramatic change in material culture

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Szeletian

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transition industry in Eastern Europe characterized by bifacial points

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Ulluzian

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transitional industry in Italy in which arched backed knives and some bone points are found

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Chatelperronian

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transitional industry found in France and northern Spain which is characterized by stone tools with a type of knife known as a (Vocab word) point

found between 40,000-35,000 years ago

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Venus figurines

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Gravettian industry portable art objects depicting the female body

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Chauvet Cave

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earliest-known painted cave; in France; dates between 38,000-33,000 years ago

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Ngandong

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site of the most recent known fossil of Homo erectus

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Sahul

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landmass linking Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea during periods of low sea level

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Sunda

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the connected landmass of Southeast Asia during periods of low sea level

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Wallace Line

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invisible line that separates the unique animals and plants of Australia from the animal and plant communities of Southeast Asia.

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Nauwalabila I

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site at which the earliest evidence for human occupation in Austraia is found

dates between 53,000-60,000 years ago

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Megafauna

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large animals

In Australia, they seem to have become extinct around 46,000 years ago

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Fire-stick farming

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the use of controlled burning to improve hunting conditions

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Clovis First

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first human occupation in the Americas dates to around 13,500-12,500 years ago

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Pre-Clovis

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Human occupation of the Americas predates 13,500 years ago

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Early Arrival

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Human occupation of the Americas began as early as 30,000-40,000 years ago

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Beringia

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land bridge that connected Asia and North America during periods of low sea level

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Ice-free corridor

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made a potential migration route running between the Corilleran and Laurentide ice sheets for populations expanding out of Beringia

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Coastal migration

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route along the Alaskan coast on which the earliest people in the Americas moved out of Beringia

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Solutrean hypothesis

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argues that the origin of the Clovis culture lies in the (vocab word) culture of the Upper Paleolithic of Western Europe

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Megafauna extinct in Americas

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between 13,250-12,900 years ago

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Atlatl

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spear throwing device

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Mobiliary Art

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These portable art objects include Venus figurines associated with the Gravettian industry

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Cave Art

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Includes spectacular images of animals and abstract forms and rarely humans

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Body Ornamentations

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Pierced shells, pierced animal teeth, and bone beads were most likely work as necklaces or attached to clothing

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Human Revolution/Cognitive Revolution

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operates under the assumption that evolution didn’t take place just in bones, but also in the brain that allowed for language and artistic expression (took place at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic)

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Multiregional

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Neanderthal extinction model that holds that Neanderthals evolved locally into modern humans as the result of a continuous gene flow between European and African populations.

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Out of Africa

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Neanderthal extinction model that argues that Neanderthal populations in Europe were replaced by modern humans 30,000-40,000 years ago.

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Hybridization

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Neanderthal extinction model that states that Neanderthals “disappeared” as a result of substantial interbreeding between populations.

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Debitage

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trash from stone tool production

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Homo ergaster

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same as Homo erectus, but formed in Africa

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Australopithecus

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bipedal, very similar in the genus Homo, found 4-2.5 mya

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Kenyanthropus

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3.5 mya
not very much known about, because little fossils

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Paranthropus

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2.5-1.4 mya
saggital crest, megadontia, zygomatic flare, post-orbital constriction
very robust

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Saggital Crest

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bump on top of the head

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Megadontia

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very large teeth

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Post orbital constriction

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behind eyes where skull is pulled in

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Zygomatic flare

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very pronounced cheekbones

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Overshot
(Outrepasse)

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flake that goes from one side of the biface to the other

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Fulsom Point

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A channel flake. Spot where a projectile point has been thinned so one can haft it (attach it to the spear)

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Pemmican (Pemikan, Pimikan)

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An efficient food prep used in the SW, the Plains, and also northern latitudes.

Involves drying and pounding of meat, then mix with other items (usually berries)

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Subsistence

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the quest for food, documented archaeologically by the waste products of food prep, in both plant and animal form

the most basic of all necessities

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Meal

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evidence of what people were eating at a particular time, a snapshot or moment in time

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Diet

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the pattern of food consumption over a long period of time

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Coprolite

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fossilized human feces