Archaeology Chp2 Test Review

Front 1

Human Origins, about how many years ago?

Back 1

7-1.9 million years ago

Front 2

(Ages)
The Cenozoic Era-

Back 2

The Age of Mammals, ca. 65 MYA to Present

Front 3

(Ages)
Miocene Epoch-

Back 3

Primate Evolution, ca. 23.5-5.2 MYA

Front 4

(Ages)
Pliocene Epoch-

Back 4

Hominid Evolution, ca. 5.2-1.8 MYA

Front 5

(Ages)
Pleistocene Epoch-

Back 5

ca. 1.8/1.6 MYA to 11 KYA ("Ice Age")

Front 6

(Ages)
The "Ice Age" (Pleistocene Epoch)-

Back 6

Was actually the Fluctuating temperatures between glacial (cold) periods and interglacial (warm) periods, but mostly cold (thus the term,_____).

Sea level drops during a glacial period (water is locked into ice caps) and rises during interglacial periods (ice melts, returning water to the seas)

Front 7

(Ages)
Holocene Epoch-

Back 7

ca. 11 KYA to present (recent warm period.

Front 8

The Primate Order-

Back 8

the biological order that contains lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes and humans.

Front 9

Prosimians-

Back 9

Suborder of primitive or proto monkeys

Front 10

Anthropoids-

Back 10

The suborder of monkeys, apes and humans ("man-like" creatures)

Front 11

Hominids-

Back 11

The family of ancestral and modern humans.

Front 12

Humans(Homo sapiens)

Back 12

share a common ancestor with the Pongids some ca. 8-6 MYA

Front 13

Fossil Ancestors: Pre-Australopiths and Australopithecines-Consist of-

Back 13

Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Orrorin tugenensis
Ardipithecus ramidus
Australopithecus anamensis
Kenyanthropus platyops
Australopithecus afarensis
Australopithecus bahreghazali
Australopithecus africanus
Australopithecus garhi.

Front 14

Where is the earliest evidence for hominid and human fossils found?

Back 14

Africa ("the cradle of human kind") and nowhere else.

Front 15

(Our fossil ancestors)/(Pre-Australopiths and Australopithecines)

Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Back 15

7-6 MYA. Not sure what looked like.

Front 16

(Our fossil ancestors)/(Pre-Australopiths and Australopithecines)

Orrorin tugenensis-

Back 16

6-5 MYA. Not sure what looked like.

Front 17

(Our fossil ancestors)/(Pre-Australopiths and Australopithecines)

Ardipithecus ramidus-

Back 17

4.5 MYA, Do not know what looked like.

Front 18

(Our fossil ancestors)/(Pre-Australopiths and Australopithecines)

Australopithecus anamensis

Back 18

4.17-4.0 MYA, Chimpansee-like.

Front 19

(Our fossil ancestors)/(Pre-Australopiths and Australopithecines)

Kenyanthropus platyops-

Back 19

3.5-3.2 MYA, Chimpansee-like

Front 20

(Our fossil ancestors)/(Pre-Australopiths and Australopithecines)

Australopithecus afarensis-

Back 20

(3.75)3.5-3.0 MYA, Chimpansee like

Front 21

(Our fossil ancestors)/(Pre-Australopiths and Australopithecines)

Australopithecus bahrelghazali-

Back 21

3.5-3.0 MYA, Chimpansee-like.

Front 22

(Our fossil ancestors)/(Pre-Australopiths and Australopithecines)

Australopithecus africanus-

Back 22

3.0-1.5 MYA, Chimpansee-like

Front 23

(Our fossil ancestors)/(Pre-Australopiths and Australopithecines)

Australopithecus garhi-

Back 23

2.5 MYA, Chimpansee-like

Front 24

Fossil Ancestors: Robust Australopithecines-

Back 24

3.0-1.0 MYA. Consists of:
Paranthropus aethiopicus
Paranthropus boisei
Paranthropus robustus

Front 25

(Fossil Ancestors: Robust Australopithecines)

Paranthropus aethiopicus-

Back 25

2.7-2.3 MYA, Gorrilla-like

Front 26

(Fossil Ancestors: Robust Australopithecines)

Paranthropus boisei-

Back 26

2.3-1.3 MYA, Gorrilla-like

Front 27

(Fossil Ancestors: Robust Australopithecines)

Paranthropus robustus-

Back 27

2.0-1.5 MYA, Gorrilla-like

Front 28

Fossil Humans:

Back 28

Homo habilis
Homo rudolfensis
Homo ergaster
Homo erectus
Homo heidelbergensis
Homo antecessor
Homo neanderthalensis
Homo sapiens

Front 29

(Fossil Humans)

Homo habilis-

Back 29

ca. 2 MYA

Front 30

(Fossil Humans)

Homo rudolfensis-

Back 30

ca. 2 MYA

Front 31

(Fossil Humans)

Homo ergaster-

Back 31

1.9-1.6 MYA
Brain capacity of about 750cc.

Front 32

(Fossil Humans)

Homo erectus-

Back 32

1.6 MYA-50 KYA (???),
Brain capacity of 775-1300 cc/ about 1000 cc avg.

Front 33

(Fossil Humans)

Homo heidelbergensis-

Back 33

800-130 KYA

Front 34

(Fossil Humans)

Homo antecessor-

Back 34

>780 KYA

Front 35

(Fossil Humans)

Homo neanderthalensis-

Back 35

200-27 KYA,
Brain capacity of 1000-1500cc

Front 36

(Fossil Humans)

Homo sapiens-

Back 36

130 KYA- Present (130 KYA in Africa; 90 KYA in Mid-East),
Brain capacity of 1350cc

Front 37

First humans suggested characteristics:

Back 37

-Absolute brain size of 600 cc
-Possession of language (inferred from brain casts)
-Precision grip and opposable thumb
-Stone tool manufacturing (2.5-2.6 MYA)

Problems: 1) the brain size threshold appears to be crossed later when it exceeds 1000 cc with H. erectus; 2) language cannot be inferred from brain casts; 3) chimps and Australopithecines had opposable thumbs (and if chimps can make tools, A. could also probably make tools); 4) stone tools date to a period when either Australopithecines or Homo could have been the first tool makers.

Front 38

Bipedalism

Back 38

6-4.5 MYA

Front 39

Butchering-

Back 39

2.5 MYA

Front 40

Stone Tool Technology:

Back 40

Pre-Oldowan
Oldowan
Acheulean
Mousterian
Upper Paleolithic

Front 41

(Stone Tool Technology:)
Pre-Oldowan-

Back 41

3.1-2.6 MYA, Australopithecus?/ Early Homo

Front 42

(Stone Tool Technology:)
Oldowan-

Back 42

2.6-1.5 MYA, Australopithecus?/ Early Homo

Front 43

(Stone Tool Technology:)
Acheulean-

Back 43

1.5 MYA- 200 KYA,
H. erectus

Front 44

(Stone Tool Technology:)
Mousterian-

Back 44

200-40 KYA,
H. Neanderthalensis/ H. Sapiens

Front 45

(Stone Tool Technology:)
Upper Paleolithic-

Back 45

90/40-12 KYA,
H. Neanderthalensis/ H. sapiens

Front 46

Larynx-

Back 46

Voice box

Front 47

High larynx-

Back 47

Most mammals have this. It limits sound production.

Front 48

Low larynx-

Back 48

Humans have this. Allows for the production of a greater range of sounds (acts sort of like an "echo chamber")

Front 49

Some analyzation of the skull-

Back 49

Australopithecines had flat skull bases (4-1 MYA), H. erectus had a slightly curved skull base (1.5 MYA), and that modern curvature to the skull base was reached only about 300 KYA (suggesting that prior to 300 KYA, hominids had a limited range of sound production).