Archaeology

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scheduling

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The process of arranging the extraction of resources according to their availability and the demands of competing subsistence activities.

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Adena

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- culture
-A widespread Native American culture
-Early Woodland period in the Ohio Valley (US)
- known for its ceremonial and complex burial practices involving the construction of mounds
- high level of craftwork and pottery
- long-distance trading and the beginnings of agriculture
- cremation
- birdstones, blocked-end smoking pipes, boatstones, cord-marked pottery, engraved stone tablets, and hammerstones.

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Mississippian

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- chronology; culture
- A Group of cultures which arose in southeastern North America
- central and lower Mississippi Valley
- Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Arkansas, Missouri, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio
- contrast to the Woodland tradition
- building of rectangular, flat-topped mounds as bases for temples
- burial mounds becoming less prominent
- and radical pottery changes (pulverized shell rather than grit used for temper). - New pottery shapes and forms, such as olla, and new types of decoration (burnishing, painting) appeared
- maize became the predominant crop, accompanied by beans and squash, which supplemented hunting and gathering

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Poverty Point

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- northern Louisiana
- Late Archaic Period
- James Ford and C. H. Webb
-seasonality
- monumental earthworks
- long distance trade
- System of shared symbols emerges along trade routes emphasizing hunting and nature.
- A high level of social organization is indicated by the presence of earthworks but there is very little evidence of the practice of agriculture.

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Hopewell/Hopewell Interaction Sphere

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- a large network for economic exchange and the sharing of ideas centered on the Ohio R. Valley and its tributaries.
- Woodland stage
- settling in Ohio and Illinois
- development of long-distance exchange between elites in luxury goods with distinct iconography.
- Hopewell Core Area — Scioto River Valley in Ohio.
-Redistributive economic system.
- Reciprocity (gift exchanges, barter)
- Redistributive economies are viewed as a step toward market economies (supply and demand).
- Ceramic technology becomes well developed.
- flourished in the Midwest - Ohio
- which constituted Hopewell religious cults and distinctive burial customs associated with a widespread (through trading) art tradition. The culture, which had both agriculture and hunting-gathering, succeeded the Adena culture.

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Reciprocity

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- the exchange of goods between known participants, involving simple barter and face-to-face exchange
- Negative reciprocity is when both sides attempt to receive more than they give.
- Hopewell obsidian

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Redistribution

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- The accumulation and dispersal of goods through a centralized agency, individual, or institution.
-balance out environmental or economics differences between participating communities
- is often associated with societies organized as chiefdoms with a central authority and marked differences in social ranking.
- Inca

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Cahokia

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- Illinois
- Middle Mississippi culture
- bow and arrow
- population increase – sedentary way of life
- largest Mississippian center
- hub of extensive trade system
- defensive walls emerge
- Monks Mound – largest prehistoric structure in US
- was well-planned and its construction appears to have required the control of a large, organized labor force.
- suggest a dominant religious cult and a series of priest-rulers who commanded the services of a large population and the establishment of artist-craftsman guilds

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Moundville

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- Alabama
- Mississippian site
- maize became more important
- comprised of 20, mostly platform, mounds, with over 3000 burials.
- Social and political hierarchies were manifested in public architecture.
- Many Mississippian settlements were linked politically, economically, and socially.
- The Southern Cult – a network of interaction exchange, and shared information present over much of the southeastern US (wind, fire, sin, human sacrifice)
- effigy jars decorated human faces
- Social differentiation, burial in mounds and artifacts involved
-Evidence of warfare is present at Moundville.
- Walls and ditches surrounded many communities.
- Skeletal studies revealed scalping and the taking of trophy heads.
- Warfare is prominent in the iconography of the Southern Cult.

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Southern Cult

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- was a network of interaction, exchange, and shared information.
- items have been found from Oklahoma to the Atlantic Coast, and from Minnesota to Mississippi.
- Certain motifs characterized the style with the most famous objects being effigy jars decorated with human faces.
- wind, fire, sin, human sacrifice
- principal sites: the Middle Mississippi culture (Mississippian) in southeastern North America Moundville, Alabama.
- The climax occurred between 1200-1400, but had virtually disappeared by the time of the first European explorers.

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Ascribed vs. Achieved Status

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-ascribed: social status and prestige attributed to an individual at birth, regardless of ability or accomplishments
- achieved status: social status and prestige attributed to an individual according to achievements or skills rather than inherited social position