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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abstraction
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The distillation of a basic idea or parti into its most significant or telling parts
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Aesthetics
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branch of philosophy which studies the nature of beauty and taste.
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a-tectonic
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not revealing structural or constructional aspects of an object
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antiquity
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The period of the great classical civilizations, i.e. the Greeks and Romans
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antithesis
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opposition, contrast, the opposite of a thesis; the second term in a dialectical argument.
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anthropomorphic
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resembling or borrowing the form of human beings
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Arcadia
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part of ancient Greece, known for pastoral life style, hence a state of blissful, idyllic pastoral life. .
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articulation
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The use of ornament (the orders, string courses, cornices, panels) etc. to make legible the discrete parts of a systems, and to permit an understanding of the relationship of parts to the whole
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axis
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a real or imaginary line that structures a linear relationship of objects in space
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Basilica
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In ancient Roman architecture, a large meeting hall most often used for the law courts, characterized by an oblong plan divided into a nave with two or more side aisles, the former higher and wider than the latter and generally lit by clerestory windows; usually terminated by an apse. In Christian Architecture, the basilica is often transformed into a Latin Cross plan with the addition of a transept.
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Apse
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A semi-circular or polygonal projection of a church
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Nave
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The central section of the church, where the worshippers stand or sit.
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Aisle
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A passageway separated by an arcade, running parallel to the nave of a church
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Transept
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The part of a cross-shaped church that extends at right angles to the nave. (The arms of the cross.)
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Chancel
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area in Christian churches containing the high altar and reserved for the use of the clergy. Includes the choir when present. Use "choirs" for the spaces in Christian churches, generally between the altar area and the nave, reserved for choristers.
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Clerestory
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Upper zones of walls rising above adjacent roofs and pierced by windows so as to admit light to a high central room or space flanked by lower rooms or spaces.
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Bay
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The area between columns, piers, or buttresses
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Buttress
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A structure built against a wall to strengthen it.
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dematerialization
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The tendency toward reduced mass and enclosure.
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CINQUECENTO
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historical period referring to the 1500s
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Clerestory
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Window placed at the top of the wall or in the highest story of the nave or choir of a church.
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Cloister
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Use chiefly for enclosed Medieval gardens, generally found in monasteries, often formally arranged with planters and boxed sections.
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Coffering
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Recessed panels, usually square or octagonal, set into ceilings, vaults, or soffits. Corbelling - Masonry constructions whose arch-like form is created by cantilevering successive courses inward beyond the preceding until they meet at the span's midpoint; thus the courses are set horizontally, not radially; not true arches.
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Cross axis
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A secondary axis orthogonal to the principle axis of a building.
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crossing
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The area of a cross-shaped church, where the nave and transept cross.
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cruciform
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Floor plan in the form or shape of a cross
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datum
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A neutral object or system (line, plane or volume) which, by virtue of its regularity and continuity, makes visible relationships among formally and spatially disparate parts.
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dematerialization
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The tendency toward reduced mass and enclosure.
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Decorum
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Appropriateness. In architectural theory, having to do with the selection of the correct building type, ornamental program and material for a building, according to the status of the owner and program.
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dialectic
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an argument which opposes contrasting propositions (thesis and antithesis) to yield a third proposition, "synthesis". A dialectical, spiraling model of historical progress is put forward by GFW Hegel.
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eclecticism
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design by means of picking and choosing elements from unrelated historical styles.
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Enlightenment
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an 18th c. philosophical movement characterized by Rationalism, democratic values and the betterment of society and human beings.
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Figure/ ground
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A graphic device which uses contrasting tones of black and white to make evident the relationship between occupied and empty space.
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folly
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a small garden structure, typical of Romantic gardens, meant more to be looked at and create associations, than to be inhabited
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Gothic Revival
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revival of the Gothic style which took place in the late 18th, and 19th c., Gothic was usually thought to evoke ideas about the sublime through its irregular massing and vague, historical connections to less rational times;
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Greek Cross
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a cruciform plan in which all arms of the cross are of equal length.Greek Revival: revival of the Greek
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grotto
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a cave like element in a garden, often associated with water, heavy rustication , and deformation of canonical form: hence “grotesque” .
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ha-ha
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a ditch, or “sunken fence”, which could restrict the movement of animals without creating a visible barrier in the landscape. Typical in English Romantic gardens, especially those by Capability Brown.
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hierarchy
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a structure of relationships which organizes by relative importance members of a group or items in a system
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Hotel
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a grand urban residence in France
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Humanism
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a branch of philosophy, popular in the Renaissance, which placed special value on rational understanding, the Neo-Platonic connection between earthly and divine beauty, man as the image of God and therefore sacred, and the literature, philosophy and art of antiquity.
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Iconography
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subject matter in works of art, including characters, animals, plants, themes, stories, events, places, objects, and their symbolism
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INTERSTITIAL SPACE
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the space between things. See “tartan grid”.
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Jeffersonian grid
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The vast, continental surveying project, initiated by Jefferson, which measured, divided up, and ultimately distributed land
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Lateral Thrust
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The tendency of vaulted structures, especially rounded vaulted, to exert force sideways, perpendicular to the height of the space.
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LATIN CROSS
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a cross in which the transept is shorter than the nave
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LOGGIA
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A covered porch, often related to a garden.
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MANNERISM
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An artistic style of the late 16th century characterized by distortion of elements such as scale, perspective, realistic proportions, posture, and classical balance. This includes departures from normal appearance via distortion, eccentricity, exaggeration, stylization, etc. Architectural mannerism is thought of as a playful misuse of the classical vocabulary of forms, as in the famous slipping keystones in the arches of Giuliano Romano's Palazzo del Tè.
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Massing
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the relationship between various masses or volumes of a building or structure.
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Materiality
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the state or quality of being material, or physical matter; In architecture, Materiality means the poetic and deliberate use of building materials to bring attention to their natural properties, texture, and scale, so that material becomes a bearer of meaning, rather than a simple construction device.
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microcosm
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Anything relegated as a world in miniature, reflective of a larger order module. The size of some part of a building, taken as a unit of measurement for the whole.
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module
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The size of some part of a building, taken as a unit of measurement for the whole.
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Morphology
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the study of forms
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Neoclassic(al)
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an eighteenth century style of art and architecture which looked to antiquity, but following moderne precepts, makes use of a rationalized system and more pared down, clarified understanding of form. The look tends to be thinner and more disjointed than real classical architecture
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Niche / Exedra
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curved recesses in walls, vaulted with a half dome. Niches are small, Exedrae are large.
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Obelisk
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tall, slender, four-sided, usually monolithic stone shafts which taper upward and end in a pyramidal tip.
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Oculus
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round or oval openings, such as windows in a wall or openings in the crown of a dome.
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Orders
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The codified, canonical presentation of systems of trabeation found in classical architecture. In Grecce Doric, Ionic and Corinthian; In Rome, Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite
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Frieze
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an architectural ornament consisting of a horizontal sculptured band between the architrave and the cornice
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Triglyph
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in the frieze of the entablature of the Doric order, the vertical blocks, which are divided by channels into three sections. Originally, the triglyphs were probably the ends of wooden ceiling beams
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Volutes
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Spiral scroll at each corner of an Ionic or Corinthian capital.
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Entablature
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In classical architecture, the top of an Order, horizontally divided into cornice, frieze, and architrave, supported by a colonnade
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Architrave
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The lintel or flat horizontal member which spans the space between the columns; in classical architecture, the lowest member of an entablature.
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Entasis
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Slight convex curve applied to columns in Classical architecture to counter the illusion that would otherwise occur of the columns being slightly concave.
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Fluting
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a series of shallow concave grooves, vertical on the shaft of a column.
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Intercolumniation
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the spacing between columns
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Orthographic Projections
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a technique for representing three-dimensional objects in two dimensions by using parallel projecting lines that are perpendicular to the plane of projection or picture surface. Principal surfaces of objects are parallel to the picture plane. It does not include foreshortening, shifts in scale and proportion, or other distortions that would be caused by employing linear perspective.
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PALAZZO
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Grand urban dwelling in Italy, organized around a courtyard.
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panopticon
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a method of surveillance, promoted by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) , often used to organize prisons, insane asylums, and other institutions. The plan of a panopticon is typically centralized and radial, so that a guard in a central watch tower can observe the inmates without being observed, so that surveillance becomes internalized.
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paradigm
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an ideal example or model; a.) regarding form or type; b.) regarding the general structure of relationships in a culture as to how knowledge is acquired and organized.
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PARADISE GARDEN
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An enclosed garden, organized as a four-square grid, representing the four rivers flowing out of Eden. The Paradise garden often serves as a basic formal organization, which sustains transformations, especially in landscape design.
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parti
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a point of departure for an architectural idea; usually a formal diagram which may result from transformations of an ideal paradigm based on a more elaborate understanding of site, program or meaning of the building
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PARTERRE
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A garden which is meant to be viewed from an elevated position and is comprised of crisply clipped shrubbery, which form patterns. Parterre, literally means “on the ground”
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pastoral ideal
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the ideal that virtue and simplicity resided in a simple, golden age of shepherds and shepherdesses- Arcadia. The Pastoral Ideal is one impulse underlying the design of Romantic gardens.
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patronage
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the system whereby works are commissioned and paid for, which usually has influence on the character and aspirations of a building.
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pergola
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a trellised, colonnaded walkway, forming an architectural edge in a garden setting.
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PERSPECTIVE
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A mathematical system for projecting three dimensional space onto a two-dimensional surface.
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Philosophes
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French Enlightenment philosophers who were especially productive during the mid 1700s.
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picturesque
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looking like a landscape picture, preferably one by Claude Lorrain. Perspective. Used to describe landscapes, the Picturesque is characterized by gentle, curvilinear forms and a highly contrived presentation of “natural” hillocks, reflecting lakes and streams.
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pictorial space
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the two-dimensional illusion and construction of three-dimesnional space
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PLATONIC FORM
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Ideal, mathematically definable, geometric form, e.g. cubes, spheres, tetrahedrons, icosahedrons, dodecahedrons,
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plasticisty
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Three dimensionality, sculptural value
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poché
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the space between two surfaces of a wall, which can be carved and shaped to create figural spaces; in drawing, the dark infill which the draughtsman colors between two lines to represent a solid which has been cut through
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polychromy
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literally, involving many colors. In Ruskin’s terms, taking advantage of the natural colors of different materials.
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Primitive Hut
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The first dwelling, an architecture free from the burdens of history and style, which authenticly and naturally expressed the original way of building, thereby thought to be truer than an architecture practice which relied on histrical styles.
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Proportion
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The mathematical ordering of rations of length: width: height so that dimension of parts adhere to and reiterate the order of the whole. Arithmentic, Geomentric and Harmonic proportion are discussed in Renaissance architectural theory.
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Rococo
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a style of architecture and art that arose in France during the Regency Period and proliferated in Germany and Austria. The style is characterized by a profusion of asymmetrical, curvilinear ornament, the suppression of tectonic values, an ambiguous definition of boundary, and a playful use of light and mirrors.
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Romanticism
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a late 18th c., but especially 19th c way of thinking that was characterized by a love a nature
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Romantic Classicism
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the recognition that both Classical/ Neoclassical revivals and Romanticism are motivated by the same Romantic anxieties
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rustication
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heavy, roughly worked stone which conveys a sense of stone that has been freshly quarried, or which, indeed is returning to its natural, un-geometric, and un-finished state
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SCENOGRAPHIC
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like a stage set
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SEICENTO
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1600s
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Skeletal Structure
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a structural system based on ribs, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and column bundles, so that loads are directed to point supports, instead of continuous surfaces. Skeletal systems make possible extensive dematerialization of the wall, and thereby afford large surfaces for stained glass windows.
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sublime
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overwhelming, awe-inspiring; frightening, often associated with nature. The “Sublime”, opposed to ”beauty”, is provoked by “delight” In formal terms, the sublime is characterized by strong, blinding light, enormous scale, irregular outlines, obscurity, violence, etc.
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Structural Rationalism
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Deriving from Abbe Laugier’s primitive hut and Viollet-le-Duc, a belief that the best architecture derived from the honest expression of structure and construction, rather than the application of traditional ornament or the use of traditional types.
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synthesis
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the resolution of the opposition of thesis and antithesis, which joins together aspects of both; the resolution of a Hegelian dialectic
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TARTAN GRID
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A grid comprised of bands in varying sizes, and identified by Wittkower, as the underlying structure of all of Palladio’s villas
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tectonic
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Having to do with the development of and the display of a structural and constructional system.
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thesis
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any proposition. The first term in a Hegelian dialectic.
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Treatise
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Formal, theoretical, systematic written expositions of the principles of a subject, generally longer and more detailed than essays.
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Triumphal Arch
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Monumental structures containing at least one arched passageway and erected to honor an important person or to commemorate a significant event, particularly a victory in war.
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type
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In architecture, used to indicate a building configuration received from history and already laden with meanings understandable to its culture
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typology
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the study of types
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Vaulting
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curved, Arched structures, usually of masonry and forming a ceiling or roof.
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VILLA
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A grand country dwelling in Italy,. Wittkower identifies the basic parti of the Palladian villa as a tartan nine-suare grid.
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vista
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used in landscape design to designate a significant view
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Zeitgeist
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Spirit of the Age
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