Ar112 Exam 3

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phrygian caps

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ancient symbol of freedom, freed slaves wore them as symbols, symbol of the French Revolution

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Picturesque

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picture-like quality (John Constable)

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sublime

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awe and terror

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lithography

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a printmaking technique in which images are printed from a flat stone

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daguerrotype

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a photograph made by an early method on a plate of chemically treated metal

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calotype

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a photographic process in which a positive image is made by shining light through a negative image onto a sheet of sensitized paper

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collotype

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series of photographs

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pointillism/divisionism

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a system of painting devised by the 19th century french painter george seurat. the artist separates color into its component colors to the canvas in tiny dots, and the image becomes comprehensible only from a distance, when the viewer's eyes optically blend the pigment dots

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comte crayon

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greasy crayon used by seurat on grainy paper- focus on areas of light and dark

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avant-garde

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late 19th and 20th century artists who emphasized innovation and challenged established convention in their work

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symbolism

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a late 19th century movement based on the idea that artist was not an imitator of nature but a creator who transofmed the facts of nature into a symbol of the inner experiences of the fact

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fauvism

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from the french word fauve or "wild beast"; an early 20th century art movement let by matisse, for whom color became the formal element most responsible for pictorial coherence and the primary conveyor of meaning

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die brucke

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group of artists from Dresden, Germany who wanted to create a bridge in art between germany and france and also between the modern world and the ancient world of art

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entartete kunst

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exhibition put on by nazis condemning the "degenerate art" of the german expressionists

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der blaue reiter

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group of german expressionists who were based in munich; primarily influenced by Franz Marc and Vassily Kandinsky

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hinterglasmalerei

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behind glass painting, painted on glass and then reversed, produced brilliant color, interested Kandinsky

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theosophy

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prominent religion in the beginning of the 20th century. founded by helena petrovna blavatsky, the religion said that all religions essentially wanted to connect humans to the spiritual world. known as a cult religion but many artists and intellectuals participated in spreading its influence, including kandinsky

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neue sachlichkeit

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new objectivity. an art movement that grew directly out of the WWI experiences of a group of german artists who sought to show the horrors of the war and its effects

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analytic cubism

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the first phase of cubism, developed from picasso and braque, in which artist analyzed form from every possible vantage point to combine various views into one pictorial whole

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synthetic cubism

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a later phase of cubism, in which paintings and drawings were constructed from objects and shapes cut from paper or other materials to represent parts of a subject, in order to engage the viewer with pictorial issues, such as figuration, realism and abstraction

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collage

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a composition made by combining on a flat surface various materials, such as newspaper, wallpaper, printed text, illustrations, photographs, and cloth

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futurism

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an early 20th century movement involving a militant group of italian poets, painters and sculptors. these artists published numerous manifestos declaring revolution in art against all traditional tastes, values, and styles and championing the modern age of steel and speed and the cleansing virtues of violence and war

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constructivism

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an early 20th century russian art movememtn formulated by naum gabo, who built up his sculptures piece by piece in space instead of carving or modeling them in the traditional way. in this way the sculptor worked with "volume of mass" and "volume of space" as different materials

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de Stijl/neoplasticism

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the style; an early 20th century art movement founded by piet mondrian and theo van doesburg, whose members promoted utopian ideals and developed a simplified geometric style

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dada

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an art movement prompted by a revulsion against the horror of WWI. embraced political anarchy, the irrational, and the intuitive, and the art produced by the dadaists was characterized by a disdain for convention, often enlivened by humor or whimsy

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surrealism

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a successor to dada, surrealism incorporated the improvisational nature of its predecessor into its exploration of the ways to express in art the world of dreams and the unconscious

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pure psychic automatism

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doodle activity on the part of the artist

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abstract expressionism

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also known as the new york school. the first major american avant-garde movement, it emerged in NYC in the 1940's. the artists produced abstract paintings that expressed their state of mind and were intended to strike emotional chords in viewers

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existentialism

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french philosophy emphasizing the lonely and solitary aspect of man

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combines

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type of paintings done primarily by rauschenberg which incorporated newspaper and collage

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encaustic

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pigment suspended in wax instead of oil

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neo-impressionism

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post-impressionism; taking impressionism and making it more solid, timeless

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heliograph

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a device for transmitting messages by reflecting sunlight