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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Aquaculture |
Rearing of aquatic organisms under controlled or semi-controlled conditions |
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What is the first known aquaculture species? |
Carp |
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Where did aquaculture originate? |
China |
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When did aquaculture originate? |
~2000BC (4000 yrs ago) |
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When was the US Fish and Fisheries Commission developed? |
1871 |
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What are the top four producing countries in aquaculture? |
China, India, Vietnam, Norway |
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Approximately how much aquaculture is fresh water? |
54% |
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What is the most important aquaculture species in the US? |
Catfish |
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What are the four reasons for aquaculture? |
Commercial, recreation, ornamental, and conservation |
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What are three ecological problems with aquaculture today? |
Escape of cultured species, habitat damage of nearby areas, and un-satiable need for food |
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Define extensive aquaculture |
Little control over system Merely provides a suitable habitat for the organism |
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Define intensive aquaculture |
"Intensive care" Highly controlled systems |
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What are the limitations of extensive aquaculture? |
Limited by natural resources provided by the environment. Vulnerable to mother nature. |
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What are the limitations of intensive aquaculture? |
Limited by specific species density tolerances. Vulnerable to system failure. |
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What is an example of intensive aquaculture? |
Recirculating system |
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What does PAS stand for? |
Partitioned Aquaculture System |
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What does RAS stand for? |
Recirculating Aquaculture System |
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What is a watershed pond? |
A pond made by using natural topography |
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What are the limitations of a watershed pond? |
Vulnerable to environment, variable depths, and water quality changes |
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What is an intensive-aeration pond culture? |
A pond that is highly aerated to increase stocking density |
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What are the limitations of an intensive-aeration pond culture? |
Vulnerable to high electricity costs and high ammonia levels |
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What is a partitioned aquaculture system (PAS)? |
Pond that is a hybrid between classic pond and recirc. systems |
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What are the four components of a PAS? |
Fish confinement area, settling sump, open pond, paddle wheel |
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What are the limitations of PAS? |
Vulnerable to increased cost and equipment failure |
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What is a split pond? |
Pond that has only two compartments- one for fish and the other nonfish |
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What is a pond raceway? |
An open pond system connected to a series of raceways |
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What two chemicals are highly toxic to fish? |
Ammonia and Nitrite |
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What are symptoms of ammonia build up? |
Fish stop eating |
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What is the first thing tested at a potential aquaculture site? |
Water Quality |
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What are some important measured variables of water quality? |
Dissolved oxygen, temperature, Ammonia, Salinity, pH, Alkalinity, hardness |
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If humans are endotherms, what are fish? |
Ectotherms, more specifically poikilotherms |
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What happens to the oxygen level in warmer water? |
Decreases |
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What happens to the oxygen level in colder water? |
Increases |
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What happens to the oxygen level in fresh water when compared to salt water? |
Increases |
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What is the equation for DO (% saturation)? |
Measured DO/DO (mg/L at 100% saturation) |
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What is considered a good oxygen concentration level for most species? |
>5mg/L |
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What oxygen concentration level is cause for concern? |
<3mg/L |
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What are symptoms of oxygen deprivation? |
Fish stop feeding, are near the surface, and are lethargic |
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Define normoxia |
Air-saturated conditions Normal |
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Define hyperoxia |
Super air-saturated conditions |
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Define hypoxia |
Less than air-saturated conditions |
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What term goes in the box? |
Dissolved oxygen |
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What term goes in the box? |
Carbon Dioxide |
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What are four techniques for increasing oxygen levels? |
Air blowers, air stones, degassing tower, and pure oxygen |
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Define hypercarbia |
High water carbon dioxide |
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Define hypercapnia |
High internal carbon dioxide |
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What is considered normal carbon dioxide levels? |
< 20ppm |
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What is considered high carbon dioxide levels? |
> 20ppm |
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What is a short term consequence of high carbon dioxide levels? |
Internal pH drops |
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What is a long term consequence of high carbon dioxide levels? |
Fish conserve HCO3 to buffer causing an internal ionic balance |
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What are four ways of removing carbon dioxide? |
Degassing tower, water exchange, surface agitation, and moderate plankton density |
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As pH rises, what does H+ concentrations do? |
Decreases |
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As pH lowers, what does H+ concentrations do? |
Increases |
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What is a normal pH for fresh water systems? |
6-9 |
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What is a normal pH for salt water systems? |
7-9 |
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What does measuring alkalinity actually measure? |
The amount of acid the water can absorb to reach a certain pH |
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What does measuring hardness actually measure? |
The amount of divalent cations in the water Ca, Mg, Fe |
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What is usually the most important ion in the water? |
Calcium |
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What would be added to a water system with a low pH to increase alkalinity and hardness? |
Limestone: CaCO3 |
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What would be added to a water system with a high pH to increase alkalinity and hardness? |
Lime: CaO |
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Why are ammonia levels typically lower in the summer months? |
High growth, algae removes ammonia from the water |
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How do you fix high ammonia levels? |
Stop feeding or change the water |
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What is Nitrite/Nitrate the product of? |
Bacterial breakdown of ammonia |
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What are symptoms of high levels of Nitrite? |
Brown blood
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How do you fix high nitrite levels? |
Add NaCl or a water change |
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What is the bioenergetics equation? |
C=M+A+R+G+E+SDA |
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What does the C stand for in the bioenergetics equation? |
Consumption |
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What does the M stand for in the bioenergetics equation? |
Maintenance |
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What does the A stand for in the bioenergetics equation? |
Activity |
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What does the R stand for in the bioenergetics equation? |
Reproduction |
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What does the G stand for in the bioenergetics equation? |
Growth |
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What does the E stand for in the bioenergetics equation? |
Excretion |
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What does the SDA stand for in the bioenergetics equation? |
Specific Dynamic Action Heat lost during metabolism |
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Define somatic growth |
Body growth Often seen in early stages |
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Define reproductive growth |
Gonad growth Often seen in later stages |
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Define determinate growth |
Determined end point to growth Ex) Zebrafish |
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Define indeterminate growth |
Continued growth with continued supply of food and nutrients Ex) Giant Danio |
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Define white muscle |
Fast twitching fibers that are glycolytic |
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Define red muscle |
Slow twitching fibers used for continued swimming that are aerobic |
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Define pink muscle |
Intermediate between red and white muscle |
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Define hypertrophy |
Increase in muscle fiber size Growth in late juvenile to adult fish |
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Define hyperplasia |
Increase in muscle fiber numbers Growth in juveniles |
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What are the two stages of hyperplasia? |
Stage one- Stratified (layering layers) Stage two- Mosaic (new next to old) |
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What is the equation for the food conversion ratio? |
Amt of food fed / weight gain Lower numbers are better |
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What is the equation for food conversion efficiency? |
(1 / FCR) x 100 |
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What are common effects of hormone induced growth? |
Increased amino acids, FCE, and FCR |
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What water quality factors directly effect growth? |
Temperature, oxygen, pH, Ammonia, salinity, and photoperiod |
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Is hypertrophic or hyperplasic growth favored when food resources are limited? |
Hypertrophic |
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What are biological limits to growth? |
Age, species, competition, stress, disease, and behavior |
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How much of consumed sea food comes from aquaculture? |
~50% |
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What are the three phases of catfish production? |
Reproduction, foodfish production, and processing |
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What is most catfish research focused on now? |
Decreasing cost and increasing yield |
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To increase survival rates, channel catfish were bred with what other species to create a hybrid? |
Blue catfish |
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In regards to hybrid breeding; if purebred performance is predictive of hybrid performance, which do you select on? |
The purebred |
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In regards to hybrid breeding; if purebred performance is not predictive of hybrid performance, which do you select on? |
The hybrid |
