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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is meant by the term Sociology?& What does it do? |
The study of society. Sociology explores the social factors that shape human behaviour and the way that society influences our daily lives. |
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What is meant by Society? |
A group of people who share a way of life or a culture. |
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What is Biology? |
Biology is the study of the physical body- How genes make you work. |
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What is Psychology? |
Psychology is the study of an individual's behaviour- How their mind works. |
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Why is Journalism similar to sociology? |
Journalist's asks the same questions as a sociologist but often have a bias, and doesn't need as much research. |
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How are Laws, Norms, Roles and Values taught? |
Through Primary and Secondary Socialisation. |
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What is the difference between Primary and Secondary Socialisation? |
Primary socialisation is being taught norms, values and laws by our primary care givers e.g family. Secondary socialisation is being taught norms, values and laws usually by society e.g education system, media, friends. |
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What do Functionalists believe about society? |
They believe that all parts of society are essential and work together for the 'greater good'. Functionalists are a consensus theory. |
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What do Feminists believe about society? |
They believe that women should be equal to men. However they say that society doesn't allow that as society is still more patriarchal. Femensist are a conflict theory. |
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What do Marxists say about society? |
They say that society only works because the rich and powerful stay rich and powerful and use their power to control the poorer. They say that 'society' maintains class inequality and is too much like a Capitalist system. Marxist are a conflict theory. |
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What is meant by social class? |
People having the same social status (upper, middle and lower). Measured by: occupation and income. |
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What is Canalisation? |
The process of being channelled in a particular direction. |
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Whatis the difference between Sex and Gender? |
Sex is the biological distinction between male and female. Gender is the social and cultural distinction between masculine and feminine. |
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What is meant by the term social issue? |
A problem in society such as, poverty, racism, sexism, crime, community conflict, which needs to solved by either campaigning or acting to overcome the issue. |
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What is a pressure group? |
A group, usually concerned with a single issue, that applies pressure to try bring about change. |
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What's the difference between absolute poverty and relative poverty? |
Absolute poverty is when someone does not and cannot afford to have the kind of things to survive in society. Relative poverty is when someone cannot afford to have and participate in the kind of things considered normal by society. |
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What is Welfare State? |
The government taking responsibility for the health and wellbeing of the population. |
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What is Social Deprivation? |
When people are deprived from culturally normal interaction. |
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What does the term Culture mean? & How is it different to a Sub-Culture? |
When a group of people share common norms, values and beliefs. A Sub-Culture is a smaller group of people who share a different set of norms, values and beliefs to the main culture they live in. |
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What does the term Stereotype mean? |
A 'typical' image of a person based on social categories such as class, age, gender and ethnicity. |
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What is meant by the term Ethnicity? |
A term that refers to sociological differences in culture. |
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What is Stratified Sampling?& What are the advantages and disadvantages of this method? |
Stratified sampling involves picking people from different groups within the population e.g CAGE. Advantages- Sample will be representative and give the point of view of all different groups in the population. Disadvantages- It is more time consuming to select the sample than other methods. |
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What is Random Sampling?& What are the advantages and disadvantages of this method? |
Random sampling means the sample is picked randomly, this could be done by picking names out of a hat. Advantages- There is no researcher bias in who is selected, everyone involved stands an equal chance, and it is quick and easy. Disadvantages- Sample might not be representative as the sample could be all the same sort of people. |
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What is Quota Sampling?& What are the advantages and disadvantages of this method? |
Quota Sampling is where the researcher picks participants until they have the number they need, i.e their 'quota'. Advantages- It is a quick and easy way to select the right sort of people for the research so is more likely to be valid. Disadvantages- The sample is likely to be biased because the researcher is choosing the participants |
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What is Systematic Sampling?& What are the advantages and disadvantages of this research method? |
Systematic Sampling involves the researcher using a system to pick the participants, e.g every 10th name on the register. Advantages- Representative as the participants will be a cross-section of the population. Disadvantages- Only people on the register stand a chance of being selected. |
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What is Snowball Sampling?& What are the advantages and disadvantages of this method? |
Snowball Sampling is when the researcher selects one person and then ask them to put them in touch with other people. Advantages- it means the researcher can contact hard to reach groups. Disadvantages- very time consuming so only small samples are used and the results are not generalisable. |
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What are the main ethical issues with researching? |
Get informed consent (or parental consent for under 16's) Debrief participants after the research Do not harm or distress the participants Maintain confidentiality Keep the research anonymous Do not deceive the participants |
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What is the difference between Primary Data and Secondary Data? What are the strengths and weaknesses of them both? |
Primary data is collected, by the researcher using it, for the purpose of the investigation. It is the best way to collect valid data, and is first hand so more likely to be accurate, but is time consuming and can be expensive. Secondary Data is collected by another researcher prior to the investigation. It can be useful especially for looking at historic events, but might not always be completely valid if there is a different agenda, and might be bias. |
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What is a Questionnaire?& is it a primary or secondary source of information? |
A set of written questions that are completed by a respondent. It is also a primary source of information. |
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What is an interview?& is it a primary or secondary source of information? |
A one-to-one discussion with a respondent. It is also a primary source of information. |
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What is an observation?& is it a primary or secondary source of information? |
A way of watching participants to investigate their behaviour. It is also a primary source of information. |
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What is an experiment?& is it a primary or secondary source of information? |
A situation designed to test the participants. It is a primary source of information. |
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What are statistics? |
Numerical (quantitative) data collected by official organisations, private companies or other researchers. |
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What is a media report? |
A written report/ commentary usually by journalists etc. |
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What is a resarch study? |
A study conducted by other researchers. |
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of postal/ email questionnaires? |
Strengths- Reliable and representative as they are quick and easy to distribute, so can be sent to lots of people. Weaknesses- People might not send them back, also people might not understand the question, therefore they become less reliable and representative and less valid. |
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of direct questionnaires? |
Strengths- Everyone who receives one completes it so they are reliable and representative. Also the questions can be explained which make it more valid. Weaknesses- There could be researcher effects as the respondent could be influenced by the researcher making them not answer honestly. |
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of formal (structured/ semi-structured) interviews? |
Strengths- All participants are asked the same questions so they are reliable, also the questions and answers (in a semi-structured interview) can be explained making it valid too. Weaknesses- The respondent might be influenced by the researcher (researcher effects). |
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of informal (unstructured) interviews? |
Strengths- Participants can talk about what is important to them and the researcher can ask them to explain their answers, meaning it is valid. Weaknesses- Every interview is different, so it is hard to compare the results of all the interviews so it is less reliable. |
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of Official Statistics? |
Strengths- The date is usually based on the whole population so it is representative. Weaknesses- The way the data is collected can change meaning it is less reliable, also it could be less valid and it might be politically biased. |
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of media reports? |
Strengths- The data is easily accessible and can be analysed to understand historical events. Weaknesses- The information is biased, and newspapers and magazines have their own opinions. |
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of research studies? |
Strengths- Studies are conducted properly, using carefully planned research methods, meaning they are valid and reliable, they are also less biased than newspapers and government reports. Weaknesses- The original aim of the study may be different so the research might not all be relevant which means they are sometimes less valid. |
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of participant observations? |
Strengths- The researcher can directly watch how the participants behave and can see from the participants point of view, which means they are valid. Weaknesses- The participants might not act naturally if they know they're being watched meaning they are less valid, also could be unethical if the researcher has to get involved in illegal behaviour or if the participants can't consent as they don't know they're being watched. |
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What are the strengths and weaknesses of direct (non-participant) observations? |
Strengths- The researcher can watch directly how the participants behave which means it will be valid. Weaknesses- It will be less valid if the participants know they're being watched as they won't act naturally. Also if the participants don't know they're being watched it is unethical as they can't give consent. |
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What is the name for a observation where the participants do not know they're being watched? |
Covert Observation. |
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What is the name for an observation where the participants do know they're being watched? |
Overt Observation. |
