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71 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Ingredients to a Balanced Diet
Carbohydrates, Fats, Protein, Fibre and Vitamins/Minerals
Carbohydrates, Fats, Protein, Fibre and Vitamins/Minerals
Carbohydrates
Release Energy
Release Energy
Fats
Release energy as well as keeping the body warm
Release energy as well as keeping the body warm
Protein
For growth, cell repair and cell replacement
For growth, cell repair and cell replacement
Fibre
Smooth's the flow of food through the digestive system
Smooth's the flow of food through the digestive system
Vitamins and Minerals
Maintains healthy bones, skin and blood
Maintains healthy bones, skin and blood
Metabolism
The rate at which chemical reactions happen within cells
People with High Metabolic Rates
People who have a larger proportion of muscle to fat (a body builder for example - this is why men on average have a higher rate
How do you increase your Metabolic Rate?
To increase your metabolic rate you simply exercise more
To increase your metabolic rate you simply exercise more
The higher your metabolic rate...
... the more energy you should consume
Un-Balanced diets cause either...
... malnourishment, a change in weight or health problems
... malnourishment, a change in weight or health problems
Bacteria
Small cells that divide and reproduce rapidly in the body causing illness by damaging the cells and producing toxins (poison)
Small cells that divide and reproduce rapidly in the body causing illness by damaging the cells and producing toxins (poison)
Virus
NOT A CELL - replicate in the body by inhabiting cells and reproducing until the cell bursts, the cell damage is what causes the feeling of illness
NOT A CELL - replicate in the body by inhabiting cells and reproducing until the cell bursts, the cell damage is what causes the feeling of illness
First Line of Defence
Skin, hair and mucus
Skin, hair and mucus
Secondary Line of Defence
Platelets in the blood clot when and opening (cut/wound appears) forming a scab. The more platelets in your blood the better
Final Line of Defence
The immune system - Majorly, White blood cells
The immune system - Majorly, White blood cells
White Blood Cells

1) Engulf foreign cells and digest them


2) Produces antibodies to interlock with the antigens (foreign cells) to lock and kill the antigens


foreign


3) Produce antitoxins to counteract the toxins that the foreign cell creates

Vaccination
An injection of a weaker form or inactive version of the antigens so that the body produces antigens that prevent them. The body memorizes the antigen meaning if it ever re occurs then the antibodies can be redistributed to kill it.
Vaccination (Advantages)

- Control infectious diseases e.g.: polio and smallpox


- Epidemics can be prevented

Vaccination (Disadvantages)

- Not 100% successful in prevention


- Some people can react badly to vaccines

Drug Relief
Pain killers and antibiotics work great against bacteria only and vaccines cannot be prevented. Unfortunately, using drugs to often drastically lower your immune systems strength and therefore you are more likely to become ill more often.
Resistant Bacteria
Some bacteria can mutate and become resistant to the antibiotics meaning it is pointless using them
Dangers of Resistant Bacteria becoming more Common
Every bacteria in the world could become more resistant meaning an epidemic of an un-treatable virus or bacteria will spread and kill before we find a cure (as long as the bacteria isn't 100% resistant)
The Nervous System
All the nerves in your body are a chain - Peripheral nervous system, Central Nervous System, Brain etc..
The 5 Senses
Sight, smell, sound, taste and touch
The 5 Sense Organs
Eyes, nose, ears, tongue and skin
Central Nervous System (CNS)
The "motorway" in which all impulses travel down as the fastest route to the brain
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
The "A-Roads" in which impulses travel down to reach receptors or neurones
Sensory Neurones
The nerve cells that carry electrical signals from the receptors to the CNS
Relay Neurones
The nerve cell that carries signals from sensory neurones to the motor neurones
Motor Neurones
The nerve cells that carry the signals from the CNS to the effectors
Effector
Muscle or glands the respond in different ways to specific neurological impulses
Synapses
The connection between two neurones, uses diffusion to diffuse chemicals across the synapse. The time taken to diffuse across the synapse is effected by depressants and anti depressants such as drugs, alcohol, coffee etc...
Reflex Arc

The quick way of reacting to danger via a circuit.


stimuli > receptor > sensory neurone > relay neurone > motor neurone > effector > response

Advantages of Reflexes
Allow quick responses to avoid injury or to maintain posture
Automatic Reactions
Like reflexes but they go unnoticed such as blinking and breathing
Hormones
Chemicals that are released into the blood plasma via glands
Effects of Hormones
Long-lasting effect of development and can also alter the mood of the person secreting the hormone
Menstrual Hormones

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) = pituitary gland


Luteinizing hormone (LH) = pituitary gland


Oestrogen = Ovaries

The Menstrual Cycle
The four stage process of which a female produces and removes an egg in a 28 day cycle
Stages of the Menstrual Cyclestage

stage 1 - bleeding begins and lasts through days 1 - 4


stage 2 - uterus walls rebuild through days 4 - 14 stage 3 - a new egg is released on day 14


stage 4 - the wall is maintained through days 14 - 28 the process the repeats itself every 28 days

FSH
Made in the Pituitary Gland and causes an egg to mature in the ovaries as well as stimulating the ovaries to release oestrogen
Oestrogen
Made in the ovaries and causes the Pituitary Gland to produce LH which stops the further release of FSH
LH
Made in the Pituitary Gland and stimulates the release of an egg
Uses of Hormones
They can be used to stimulate the body which puts the reproductive system in a contraceptive mode - usually activated by 'the pill'
Pros of the Pill

- It's over 99% effective at preventing pregnancy


- It reduces the risks of some specific cancers



In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)
Collecting eggs from the ovary and sperm which are then fertilised in a lab until thy reach the stage of an embryo (undeveloped ball of cells). the embryo is then transferred back into the mother's uterus.
Pros of IVF

- can give an infertile couple a baby


- increases the chances of a 'pregnancy'

Cons of IVF

- Some women can have very bad reactions to the hormones


- increased risk of cancer via the hormones


- the cells can divide into multiple babies


- higher chance of a miss carriage if multiple babies are made

Auxin
A plant hormone near the roots and shoots that controls growth in response to light, gravity and moisture
Phototropism
When a root or shoot grows towards light
Gravitropism
When a root grows in the direction of gravity and shoots grow opposite the direction of gravity
Geotropism
When a root or shoot grows towards moisture
Use of Plant Hormones in Agriculture
They can disrupt the growth of weeds/bad plants and can induce the growth of the useful plant the farmer needs such as corn or wheat
Homeostasis
How the body keeps conditions inside it the same.
Kidney
Ions and urea are filtered in the kidneys and are regulated to healthy levels so the human survives
Water Loss via Homeostasis

water is lost from;


- the skin as sweat


- the lungs as moisture


- the kidneys as urine

Water Loss is higher on...
... a hot day than a cold day as you drink more fluids to counteract the water loss
Maintenance of the Core Body Temperature
The brain maintains a constant body heat of around 37 degrees Celsius as this is the optimum temperature for enzymes to function at
Blood Sugar Levels
Insulin helps to maintain the right concentration of blood sugar but it also keeps some excess in case of a sudden demand for energy (e.g. if you start vigorous exercise)
Drugs
A chemical that changes your body chemistry
Pro Drugs
People take the choice to take the drug however harmful it may be - people use different ways of gaining advantages such as athletes drinking protein shakes
Anti Drugs

- it's unfair and selfish for people to take drugs to gain an advantage


- there are serious health risks labelled with most drugs


- almost all drugs are addicting

Statins
Prescription drugs that help lower heart and circulatory diseases, they also lower blood cholesterol
Illegal Drugs
Drugs that are prohibited by law as the government see them to be dangerous
Drug Testing

The three main stages to drug testing are:


- testing on human cells and tissues (no direct effect)


- test drugs on live animals (causes ethical issues) - tests on human volunteers to calculate the safest and most effective doses for the drug for when it is mass manufactured

Past Problems - Thalidomide
Thalidomide was an intended sleeping pill but it wasn't tested on the pregnant woman. It was found to be a relief for morning sickness so pregnant woman took the drug and when the baby was born, it was deformed and only half the infected babies survived. an estimate predicts that there were around 10'000 babies effected by this drug
Recreational Drugs
Drugs divided into classes of legal and illegal and soft and hard. hard being drugs that are harmful and/or highly addictive. the use of recreational drugs is mostly for socializing or relaxing.
Problems with Smoking

-causes disease and internal failure


- can cause cancer


- it is addictive

Problems with Alcohol

- affects the nervous system


- causes poor coordination or even unconsciousness


- leads to liver disease and brain damage


- also addictive like smoking