Aqa Additional Chemistry

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ACID

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makes H+ ions when dissolved in water

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ACTIVATION ENERGY

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the minimum amount of energy required for a successful reaction to happen between colliding particles

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ALKALI

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water soluble base that makes OH- ions when dissolved in water

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ANHYDROUS

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water is absent in a crystal product (e.g anhydrous Copper Sulphate is white)

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ANODE

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positive electrode. Negative ions attracted to it

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AQUEOUS SOLUTION

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a solution that contains water as the solvent

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ATOMIC NUMBER

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number of protons or electrons an element has

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BASE

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substance that will neutralise an acid

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BAUXITE

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an ore that contains Aluminium

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BRINE

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Aqueous solution of salt (Sodium Chloride) and water

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CATALYST

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speeds up reaction, lowers activation energy, unchanged at end of reaction

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CATHODE

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negative electrode in electrolysis. Positive ions attracted to it

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CHROMATOGRAPHY

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a method for separating different mixtures of chemicals based on their properties (e.g. solubility)

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COLLISION THEORY

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describes how particles behave in a reaction

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CONCENTRATION

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the ‘amount’ of substance

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CORROSION

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electrochemical reaction between a material, usually a metal, and its environment that produces a deterioration of the material

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COVALENT BOND

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pair of electrons shared between non-metals

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CRYOLITE

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is a flux used to lower the melting point of Aluminium Oxide

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DECOMPOSE

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break down into simpler compounds or elements

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DELOCALISED

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where electrons are free to move within structure, allows a charge to be carried

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DIAMOND

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Giant covalent lattice made from Carbon atoms

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DUCTILE

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able to be drawn into thin wires

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ELECTROLYSIS

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decomposing IONIC compounds into elements using electricity

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ELECTROLYTE

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the molten salt or salt solution electrolysis is carried out in

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ELECTRON

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one of 3 particles that makes up an atom, has negative charge, found outside of the atom nucleus

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ELECTRON SHELL

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where electrons are found in an atom, electrons fill shells in the sequence 2,8,8,2.

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ELECTROPLATING

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Coat (a metal object) by electrolytic deposition with another metal

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ELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTION

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attraction between particles with opposite charges

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EMPIRICAL FORMULA

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simplest ratio of atoms in a compound

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ENDOTHERMIC

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a reaction which takes in heat energy from its surroundings

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EQUILIBRIUM

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A ‘balance’ in a reversible reaction when rate of forwards and backwards reaction are equal

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EXOTHERMIC

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a reaction which releases heat energy

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FORMULA MASS

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atomic masses added together

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FULLERENES

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A form of carbon having a large spheroidal molecule consisting of a hollow cage of atoms

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GRAPHITE

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Giant covalent lattice. Made of Carbon atoms. Layers can slide over each other. Has delocalised electrons

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HYDRATED

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when water is present in a crystal (e.g. Hydrated Copper Sulphate is Blue)

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HYDROXIDE

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ions that make a solution alkaline

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INDICATOR

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changes colour according to the pH of the solution

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INSOLUBLE

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will not dissolve in water

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INTERMOLECULAR FORCE

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weak force between simple molecules

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ION

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an element that has a charge (because it has lost or gained an electron)

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IONIC BONDING

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electrons are transferred from metal to non-metal atoms to make ions

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ISOTOPE

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atoms of same element with different numbers of neutrons

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LATTICE

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a 3-D structure with a repeating arrangement of atoms or ions

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MACROMOLECULE

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a large molecular structure (e.g giant covalent)

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MALLEABLE

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layers of metal ions can slide over each other so metals can be shaped

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MASS (Mr)

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the formula mass of a compound

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MASS SPECTROMETRY

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detects the mass or charge of chemicals in a substance

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MOLE

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number of particles of substance equal to the formula mass of a compound

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MOLECULAR ION PEAK

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the peak in a spectrum corresponding to the mass of the molecular weight of the compound

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MOLTEN

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liquefied by heat - particles are free to move

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MONOMER

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an alkene unit used to form polymers

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NANOTECHNOLOGY

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science of particles on a very very small scale

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NEUTRAL

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equal amounts of H+ and OH- ions

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NEUTRALISATION

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reaction when an acid reacts completely with a base to give a salt and water

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NITRATES

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salts formed by the reation of Nitric Acid with a base

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NUCLEUS

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centre of the atom – contains protons and neutrons

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NEUTRON

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has no charge and a mass of 1. Found in the nucleus

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OXIDATION

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the loss of electrons

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PRECIPITATE

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when you get a solid formed in solution

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PRODUCT

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what is made in a chemical reaction (on right hand side of equation)

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PROTON

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has a positive charge. Found in the nucleus. Mass of 1

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REACTANT

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the reacting chemicals in a reaction (on left side of equation)

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REACTION RATE

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how fast the reaction happens

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REDOX

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a reaction where oxidation and reduction happen

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REDUCTION

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the gain of electrons

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REVERSIBLE

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reaction can go forwards and backwards (double arrows)

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RETENTION TIME

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the amount of time taken from the injection of a sample into a Gas Chromatography machine to the recording of the maximum peak in the sample

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REVERSIBLE REACTION

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where the reactants make the products and products can re-form the reactants

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SOLUBLE

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dissolves in water

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SOLUTE

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substance being dissolved

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SOLUTION

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mixture of solvent and solute

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SULFATES

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salts formed when Sulfuric Acid reacts with a base

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SUSTAINABLE

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using resources without affecting the ability of people in the future to use those resources

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THERMAL DECOMPOSITION

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breaking down into simpler compounds using heat

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THERMOSOFTENING

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polymers that can be re-heated and re-moulded

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THERMOSETTING

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once set, these polymers cannot be remoulded

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TRANSITION METALS

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middle block of metals in the Periodic Table

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YIELD

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the amount of product you make in a reaction