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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is popular sovereignty? |
The idea that true political authority resides with the citizens and not with kings or monarchs |
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How was Newton's work influential on the enlightenment? |
His work indirectly lead to the enlightenment by promoting rational analysis, instead of relying on ancient sources, which prompted other scientists to also abandon the works of Aristotle and the Christian Doctrine and instead discover based on pure, unbiased analysis- the enlightenment |
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Who were the major enlightenment thinkers? What did they seek? |
All sought natural laws that governed human society John Locke: laws of politics. Attacked divine right of kings, advocate for constitutional government in England Adam Smith: laws of economics Monstesquieu: political laws that would lead to liberty and stability |
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Where was the center of the enlightenment? |
France. Home of 'philosophes': public intellectuals who addressed their writings to the general public |
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Who was Voltaire? What did he support? |
He was a Frenchman of the Enlightenment, and published many works and letters, filled with snark, supporting individual freedoms and tolerance. He especially hated the French Monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church |
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What is deism? |
The belief in a god who created the Universe and natural laws to govern it, but afterwards mostly just sat back and didn't intervene or even really care. Most philosophes believed this |
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What did philosophes believed about the future? |
They believed that rational understanding would lead to greater human control over nature, individual freedom, and a fair and equal society based on logic |
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What were the actual effects of the enlightenment? |
-Weakened power of organized religion -Encouraged replacement of Christian values with those based in reason -Promoted leaders to support and rule through rationale |
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What was the tradition of government before the enlightenment? |
Before the enlightenment, the vast majority of societies were absolute monarchies; often supported with theories like the Mandate of Heaven (China) or Divine Right of Kings (Europe), both of which justified the government by citing religious destiny |
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What style of government did the enlightenment thinkers support? |
They sought to make rulers responsible to the citizens, and many, especially John Locke, supported contractual government. He wrote the Second Treatise of Civil Government, which argued that the right to rule came from the consent of the ruled. |
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What specific individual freedoms did the philosophes fight for? |
No persecution of minorities, no government censorship, religious tolerance, freedom of expression without fear of punishment |
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What characterized the enlightenment equality movement? |
Many of the revolutionaries only wanted to eliminate the privilege of the classes above them, but did not envision being equal with women, people of color, or non-landowners |
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What were the global effects of the enlightenment? |
Revolutionaries used it's ideas to justify government overhaul, and individuals took up the claim to rights they had been previously denied. |
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What was the relationship between Britian and it's North American colonies like before the revolution? |
Mid-18th century colonists saw themselves as British, trade to/from the colonies brought prosperity, and the Bitish military protected them. |
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What key developments led up the American Revolution? |
The colonies had been fairly autonomous and had set up miniature governments of their own. Faced with financial trouble because of the wars, Britian impossed further taxes on the colonists to much disagreement. Specifically, they hated the Stamp, Sugar, Townshend, Tea, and Quartering acts. They argued that Britian was being unjust and that no taxes could be imposed on them but not in the homeland. |
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How did the colonists respond to increased British control? |
They argued injustice (the laws had been passed by parliment, which they had no representatives in), and used boycotts and movements like the Boston Tea party to protest. The Continental Congress organized the resistence efforts |
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How does the Declaration of Independence reflect englightenment thought? |
It lists inante and unalienable rights of man (John Locke), and that the British government was acting without the consent of the governed (Rousseu) |
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What was the divide of loyalties in America? |
The majority of colonists were partriots (revolutionaires) and on their side was native people who depended on colonial trade and from European states who just wanted to watch Britian burn. A minority were loyalists, and on their side were natives who lived east of the Mississippi who had a naturally less fond view of the colonists |
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What factors lead to the colonial win? |
Britian had trouble supressing the rebellion due to the sheer geographic distance, the cost of sending supplies and reinforcments, and the support of the patriots by France, Spain, the Netherlands, and German states |
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How does the United States Constitution represent englightenment ideals? |
It empahsises the rights of individuals, a government based on popular sovereignity, and granted legal rights only to white men of color |
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How was the French revolution different from the American one? |
The french revolution sougth to completely overhaul the whole of society, instead of just claiming independence bu otherwise being mostly the same |
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What were the causes of the French revolution? |
Unequal and suffocating taxes on the 3rd estate, government debt and burden on the poor, social inequality, and famine |
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What was the Estates General, and how did it work? Why was it called into session by Louis XVI? |
The Estates General was made of three estates (Roman Catholic Clergy, the Nobles, and Everyone Else). The third estate represented way more people, but each estate only got one vote. It was called into session in 1787 becuase Louis was broke the third estate didn't have any more taxes to give him, and the first two estates didn't want to pay taxes |
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What was the result of the meeting of the Estates General? |
The 1st and 2nd estates (naturally) voted against the reformation ideas put forth by the 3rd, becuase it would require them paying taxes. The 3rd estate, angry and unheard, seeceded and met on a tennis court, declaring themselves the National Assembly |
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What was the National Assembly? |
The seeceed 3rd estate, which swore to not disband until they had given France a new constitution. They didn't really intead to overthrow the monarchy, just create a set a rules through which there would be increased social and political equality |
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What were the imediate actions, and effects, of the National Assembly? |
In July, there was a Paris storming of the royal Bastille jail to collect weapons, which inspired other peasant uprisings in other cities. They published the Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen, which outlined their plans for social and political reform. |
