Apush Unit 7

Front 1

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Back 1

A United States Navy officer, geostrategist, and educator. His ideas on the importance of sea power influenced navies around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups before World War I.

SIG: His research into naval History led to his most important work, The Influence of Seapower Upon History,1660-1783, published in 1890

Front 2

Josiah Strong

Back 2

American clergyman who preached Anglo-Saxon superiority and called for stronger U.S. missionary effort overseas

SIG-Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis.' He said that Americans should spread their religion and values to the "backward" peoples

Front 3

Spanish-American War

Back 3

This war lasted 113 days, and advertised the fact that the US was a major world power. It was successful, low in casualties, and significantly boosted American morale. Despite bungling, the Americans enjoyed uninterrupted success, which predisposed them for further unpreparedness in other conflicts.

Front 4

Yellow Journalism

Back 4

Practiced by William R. Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer; this reporting style was sensationalist and obsessed with getting good "scoops."

SIG-It involved distorting fact and spreading gossip like wildfire.

Front 5

USS Maine

Back 5

US battleship that exploded in Havana harbor, causing much outrage and speculation of Spanish plotting.

SIG-Investigations by the US and Spanish proved inconclusive, as the US blamed Spain and Spain deflected such accusations. In the 70's, a US Admiral Rickover determined that it was accidental.

Front 6

Jingoism

Back 6

This practice or philosophy involves displaying strength, for example making war to prove a nation is force to be reckoned with, exercising military might

Front 7

Teller Amendment

Back 7

This proviso was passed after Congress essentially declared war on Spain for its actions in Cuba.

SIG-This legislation declared to the world that the US had overthrown Spanish misrule and would give Cubans their freedom. The US honored it in 1902, and withdrew from Cuba

Front 8

Annexation of Hawaii

Back 8

The islands were known as the "Crossroads of the Pacific." The US could have used them without annexing them, but Americans wanted to have them as a secure coaling and provisioning station to send supplies to admiral Dewey.

SIG-A joint resolution of annexatoin was approved July 7, 1898. The residents were granted US citizenship, and it received fully territorial status in 1900.

Front 9

US in the Phillipines

Back 9

US purchased from Spain for 20 million dollars

SIG-ater to become an indefensible hostage given to Japan.

Front 10

Platt Amendment

Back 10

Although the US honored the Teller Amendment of 1898 and withdrew from Cuba in 1902, it forced the Cubans to write this into their constitution.

SIG-It limited them severely, forbidding them from making treaties or contracting a debt beyond their resources. It agreed that the US could intervene with troops to restore order and provide mutual protection. It also provided for about 28,000 acres for coaling and naval stations.

Front 11

Open Door Policy

Back 11

The Open Door Policy was then introduced by John Hay, to hopefully give the American powers more influence within the trading spheres in the Eastern hemisphere.Hay had proposed to all nations that each nation would have been given equal trading rights in all parts of China and for the recognition of Chinese territorial integrity

SIG-every nation would have been given equal powers, and minimize the power of those nations with pre-existing powers within their own spheres of influences

Front 12

Boer Rebellion

Back 12

Dutch-descended residents of South Africa. When German kaiser Wilhelm II commended them for capturing a British raiding party, German-British tensions allowed for America to submit the British-Venezuelan dispute to arbitration.

Front 13

TR's Big-Stick Policy

Back 13

Diplomatic policy developed by T.R symbolizing his power and readiness to use military force if necessary.

SIG It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

Front 14

Panama Canal

Back 14

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America.

SIG-example of US flexing its imperialistic power. TR did something others could not accomplish

Front 15

Roosevelt Corollary

Back 15

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force.

SIG-Questionable extension of a traditional American policy; declared an American right to intervene in Latin America nations under certain circumstances

Front 16

Gentlemen's Agreement

Back 16

Agreement when Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japenese men already living in the US to join them.

Front 17

Great White Fleet

Back 17

1907-1909 - Roosevelt sent the Navy on a world tour to show the world the U.S. naval power.

SIG- Also pressured Japan into the "Gentlemen's Agreement."

Front 18

Dollar Diplomacy

Back 18

the use of a country's financial power to extend its international influence.

SIG-

Front 19

Lodge Corollary

Back 19

corollary to the the Monroe Doctrine proposed by Henry Cabot Lodge and ratified 1912 forbid any foreign power or foreign interest of any kind from acquiring sufficient territory in the Western Hemisphere so as to put that government in "practical power of control".

Front 20

Wilson's Moral Diplomacy

Back 20

Proposed by Pres WIlson, is the system in which support is given only to countries whose moral beliefs are analogous to that of the nation.

SIG-Democracy

Front 21

William Jennings Bryan

Back 21

Candidate who waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign on the issue of American imperialism in the Philippines

Front 22

Social Gospel

Back 22

"Square Deal" embraced the three Cs: control of the corporations, consumer protection, and the conservation of the United States' natural resources.

Front 23

Square Deal

Back 23

Embraced the three Cs: contol of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources introduced by TR

SIG:He was the first to threaten to seize a major industry, and he was the first to appoint a commission whose decision both sides agreed to accept.

Front 24

Pure Food and Drug Act

Back 24

tried to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals.

SIG: First regulation to protect consumer

Front 25

Meat Inspection Act

Back 25

said that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection from corral to can.

SIG: another regulation on corporate businesses to protect consumers

Front 26

Eugene Debs

Back 26

Head of the American Railway Union &director of the Pullman strike, was imprisoned for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America.

SIG:surprise Socialist who garnered 420,793 votes

Front 27

Clayton Anti Trust Act

Back 27

Exempted labor unions from being called trusts and legalized strikes and peaceful picketing by labor union members.

SIG:lengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act's list of practices that were objectionable

Front 28

Federal Trade Commission

Back 28

which empowered a presidential appointed position to investigate the activities of trusts

SIG: stopped unfair trade practices such as unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, & bribery.

Front 29

16th Amendment

Back 29

Amendment to the Constitution in 1913

SIG: gave Congress the power to tax income.

Front 30

The Great Migration

Back 30

The movement of African Americans from the South to the industrial centers of the Northeast and the Midwest.

SIG:Causes for migration : decreasing cotton prices, lack of immigrant workers in the North, increased manufacturing from war, and the strengthening of the KKK. Led to higher wages, more educational opportunities, and better standards of life for some blacks.

Front 31

19th Amendment

Back 31

Women's Suffrage

SIG: had been defeated earlier in the senate. It was ratified in 1920, because of feminists like Susan B Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Carrie Chapman Catt who started the movement in the 1860s.

Front 32

John Dewey

Back 32

Father of progressive education, was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" SIG: formed the foundation of progressive education.

Front 33

Veracruz

Back 33

In 1914 several American sailors were arrested at Vera Cruz by the Mexican gov. US responded by capturing Vera Cruz when Huerta refused to apologize.

SIG: Huerta soon lost popular support and was replaced by Carranza (a pro-US leader)

Front 34

Moral Diplomacy

Back 34

foreign policy proposed by President Wilson to condemn imperialism, spread democracy, and promote peace

SIG: support is given only to countries whose moral beliefs are analogous to that of the nation.

Front 35

League of Nations

Back 35

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. Ppromoted by Wilson

SIG: It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930 which led to war

Front 36

Lusitania

Back 36

American boat that was sunk by the German U-boat

sig:

made America consider entering WWI

Front 37

Zimmerman Telegram

Back 37

January 1917,the British intercepted a telegram from the German government to the Mexican government offering German support if Mexico declared war against the US, offered to return land Mexico lost the US.

SIG: US received message and many wanted to go to war

Front 38

Ludlow Massacre

Back 38

A CO state militia entirely destroyed a tent conlony of striking miners in Ludlow, CO. Strikers attacked South CO mines for ten days until Wilson sent the U.S. Army to subdue them

SIG: outraged many Americans

Front 39

Race Riots

Back 39

Wartime Riots in East. St. Louis and elsewhere were a prequelto a summer of much worse racial violence in 1919. In Chicago, a black teenager swimming in Lake Michigan accidentally started drifting toward a white beach and the white people on the shore stoned him until he drowned and died.

Front 40

Espionage ACct

Back 40

Passed after the US entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty.

SIG: It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection.

Front 41

Wilson's 14 point plan

Back 41

Wilson's peace plan: (1) open peace covenants (2) free navigation of seas (besides territorial waters) (3) equality of trade conditions between nations (4) national armaments will be reduced as low as possible (5) impartial adjustment of colonial claims (6) leave Russia alone, let it form its own new gov't (7) evacuate and restore Belgium (8) free French territory, fix Alsace-Lorraine (9) form Italian borders along nationality lines (10) Peoples of Austria-Hungary are free to form their own nations (11) get out of Romania, Serbia, & Montenegro, let them be autonomous (12) free non-Turk Ottoman territories (13) construct a Polish state of indisputably Polish peoples (14) League of Nations

Front 42

Palmer Raids

Back 42

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

Front 43

Bull Moose Party

Back 43

The Republicans badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or Bull Moose Party because he was "fit as a bull moose...").

SIG: His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before.

Front 44

Harlem Renaissance

Back 44

The growth of African American lit and arts. The center of this movement was Harlem, NY where many African Americans moved during the early 1900s. Southern African Americans brought jazz and influenced the Music scene, and other art forms grew.

SIG:The Great Depression led to the decline

Front 45

Langston Hughs

Back 45

A leading poet of the Harlem Renaissance who described the rich culture of African American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music.

SIG: He wrote of African American hope and defiance in poems such as "The Negro Speaks of Rivers" and "My People"

Front 46

Lost Generation

Back 46

a group of American writers that rebelled against America's lack of cosmopolitan culture in the early 20th century.

SIG: Many moved to cultural centers such as London in Paris in search for literary freedom. EX: T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and Ernest Hemingway and others.

Front 47

Maragaret Sanger

Back 47

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy.

SIG: Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Front 48

National Origins Act of 1924

Back 48

Restricted immigration from any one nation to two percent of the number of people already in the U.S. of that national origin in 1890.

SIG:Severely restricted immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe, and excluded Asians entirely

Front 49

Scopes Trial

Back 49

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

SIG: Caused some states to pass anti-evolution laws.

Front 50

Teapot Dome

Back 50

Bribery scandal involving President Harding's Secretary of the Interior, Albery Fall. Fall secured naval oil reserves in his jurisdiction. He leased reserves at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, to two major business owners in exchange for cash payouts.

SIG: The businessmen were acquitted, but Fall was imprisoned for bribery, making his the first cabinet member to go to jail.

Front 51

Welfare Capatalism

Back 51

when companies provide incentives to build better relationships with employees; health insurance, safety standards, buy stock in the company

SIG: Henry Ford shortened workweek, raised wages, paid vacations, US Steel improved safety and sanitation

Front 52

Dust Bowl

Back 52

Areas of American prairie states that experienced ecological damage. Mismanagment of grazing land and severe winds swept unprotected soil into the dust storms.

SIG: Led to both economic and health hardships for many. May moved to California

Front 53

Hoovervilles

Back 53

Used to describe makeshift shacks that housed groups of homeless people. Used in open areas near cities during the Depression.

SIG: Named after Herbert Hoover to mock his Presidency.

Front 54

Tariff Act of 1930

Back 54

1930, protective tariff that raised duty to almost 60%

SIG: charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation

Front 55

Bonus Army

Back 55

Group of WWI veterans who were supposed to be given economic relief from the government due to their involvement in the war. However, in 1932 the deadline for the veterans was pushed back by the government to a latter date thus causing the group to march onto Washington to demand their money. Excessive force was used to disband these protesters.

SIG: Hoover's popularity plummeted because of it because they were veterans and heroes of this country

Front 56

Scottsboro Case

Back 56

in 1931 authorities arrested 9 black teenagers and charged them with raping two white women on a train bound for Scottsboro; an all- white jury sentenced them to the electric chair; the Supreme Court overturned the conviction the following year, only to have it upheld by another court, which was then again reversed by the Supreme Court;

SIG: in 1935 four of the boys had the charges dropped, while the other five served long prison terms

Front 57

Social Security

Back 57

features three forms of aid: pensions for people over 65, unemployment compensation for people temporarily out of work, and "categorical assistance" for specific groups that could not qualify for WPA work or find other forms of unemployment,

SIG: a major step forward in assistance to the "forgotten man"

Front 58

Court Packing

Back 58

Bill proposed by FDR that gave presidents the power to add a new federal judge for those who did not retire at a certain age.

SIG: Was a reaction to the Supreme Court's new deal rulings. Lost some influence because of this.

Front 59

Indian Reorganization Act

Back 59

Reversed the Dawes Act. Attempted to restore the tribal basis of Native American life. Tribal life was to be recognized as normal.

SIG:provided for Indian self- government on reservations, new loans for economic development, and expanded medical and educational services

Front 60

New Deal

Back 60

Domestic reform program aimed to provide recovery and relief through public works, business and agricultural regulation, and stabilizing prices. Many new government agencies were founded.

SIG: Economy improved to a degree as unemployment decreased. Criticized by conservatives for going too far in the use of deficit spending and for spending on relief. Attacked by liberals for being in favor of business.

Front 61

Tennessee Valley Authority

Back 61

1933-TVA

This New Deal agency built a series of damn to provide electricity and flood control, damns gave economic and environmental boosts to an area needed of rehabilitation.

Front 62

National Recovery Admin.

Back 62

Administrative bureau est. under the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933. This oversaw the creation of fair competition codes.

SIG: They abolished child labor, created minimum wages, and capped hours for workers.

Front 63

Huey Long

Back 63

Louisiana governor who proposed a program of imposing heavy taxes on big business to pay for public works

SIG: immensely popular among Louisiana's workers and farmers, and used this as a foundation for an extremely powerful political machine which dominated the legislature and restricted the press

Front 64

FDIC

Back 64

An independent federal agency created by Glass-Steagall Reform Act. It insured up to $2,500 for bank deposits, thus helping put faith back into the banks.

SIG:These assured people that their money was safe and secure. This agency still functions today.

Front 65

Radio

Back 65

The first human voice broadcast in 1906 and first musical broadcast was in 1910, Woodrow Wilson was the first President to Broadcast. It helped break down regionalism and provided news and entertainment.

SIG:Single sponsor programs, from the late 1920's until the 1940's radio was the dominant medium for home entertainment

Front 66

Yiddish Theater

Back 66

plays written and performed primarily by Jews in Yiddish The range of Yiddish theatre is broad, operetta, musical comedy, and satiric or nostalgic revues, melodrama, naturalist drama, expressionist and modernist plays.

SIG: Satiric Plays most popular. Succesful b/c increased leisure time

Front 67

Jazz

Back 67

Roots from the Caribbean, Africa, and Mexico was a melting pot for ragtime syncopations, blues, and driving brass bands.

SIG: Jazz dominated the liberal counter-culture in the roaring twenties. flappers, young women unrestrained by past conventionalist ideas of feminine behavior. Represented America's worship of youth and vitality at the turn of the century. Young musicians such as Louis Armstrong, Jelly Roll Morton, and Duke Ellington contributed to the integration of multi-cultural music into American Society.

Front 68

Edward Hopper

Back 68

member of the so- called Fourteenth Street School New York who tried to capture the vitality of urban life on his canvases

Front 69

Red Scare

Back 69

Most instense outbreak of national alarm, began in 1919. Success of communists in Russia, American radicals embracing communism followed by a series of mail bombings frightened Americans. Attorney General A. MItchell Palmer led effort to deport aliens without due processs, with widespread support. Did not last long as some Americans came to their senses.

SIG: Sacco/Vanzetti trial demonstrated anti-foreign feeling in 20's. Accused of armed robbery & murder, had alibis. "Those anarchists bastards". Sentenced to death and executed.

Front 70

Braceros program

Back 70

Program established by agreement with the Mexican government to recruit temporary Mexican agricultural workers to the United States to make up for wartime labor shortages in the Far West.

SIG: The program persisted until 1964, by when it had sponsored 4.5 million border crossings.

Front 71

Washington Naval Conference

Back 71

A conference hosted by the US which called for US and British de-fortification of Far East possessions (though Japan could fortify all it wanted). Also called for general naval disarmament.

Front 72

Neutrality Acts

Back 72

1933, 1935, 1937, 1939

imposed an automatic embargo on American arms and ammunition to all parties at war; added a ban on loans to belligerents; banned American ships from war zones and prohibited Americans from traveling on belligerent ships; extended the embargo to include supplies needed for machines

SIG: Many were ineffective in being truly neutral

Front 73

Atlantic Charter

Back 73

most famous product of the summit held at Placentia Bay between FDR and Winston Churchill, the two leaders pledged to honor self-determination, free trade, nonagression, and freedom of the seas.

SIG: Under Churchill's urging, FDR promised to wage war, but not declare it

Front 74

Manhattan Project

Back 74

Led by Robert J Oppenheimer.A secret research and development project of the US to develop the atomic bomb.

SIG: Its success granted the US the bombs that ended the war with Japan as well as ushering the country into the atomic era.

Front 75

Rosie the Riveter

Back 75

A feminist image that represented to growth of women's economic power.

SIG: Women had to take the roles of men in the workplace during the war.

Front 76

Relocation Centers

Back 76

FDR authorized the evacuation of Japanese on the West Coast to relocation centers. 120,000 were relocated, two thirds were native born American citizens.

SIG: Reasons included fear of Japanese sabotage after Pearl Harbor and racial discrimination

Front 77

Lend-Lease

Back 77

American proposal to aid the British. Offered to give the British American supplies in exchange for payment after the war.

SIG: Put the US on the allies side. Evolved into Cash and Carry, where Br and Fr ships could come into US ports and buy anything they could carry.

Front 78

Dawes Plan

Back 78

Debt reconstruction plan for Germany after WW1. American banks made loans to Germany, Germany paid reparations to Allies, and Allies paid back the US government. Cycle based on loans from American banks.

SIG: played a part in the development of the Great Depression.

Front 79

Good Neighbor Policy

Back 79

FDR's foreign policy doctrine. It withdrew marines from Haiti, the Dominican, and other areas. America stayed out of the Cuban revolution, and America settled with Mexico on American properties in that country.

Front 80

Henry Stimpson

Back 80

Secretary of war for FDR who stated that business should be allowed to make money when the US entered WWII

Front 81

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Back 81

A rather idealistic agreement between the great world powers to never engage in war except for defensive purposes.

Front 82

Appeasement Policy

Back 82

A policy advocated by the British and French toward the Germans.

SIG: The hope was to maintain peace by allowing Hitler to annex the Sudentenland region of Czechoslovakia.