Apush Unit 24-25

Front 1

Black Thursday

Back 1

• October 1929→ stock market crashes
• Caused by…
o lots of speculation in 1920’s
o buying stocks on “margin” (aka on credit)- spending what they can’t afford
o Income tax cuts (imposed by secretary of treasury Andrew Mellon) leave more money for speculation
o People were too confident that the stock market would continue to prosper→ so lots of speculation was going on
o Assembly line creates overproduction problems
o Europe was in depression too

Front 2

Black Tuesday

Back 2

• The stock market falls even more after black Thursday (12%)

Front 3

Hoover's response to Great Depression

Back 3

o Republican
o didn’t believe govmt should give direct relief to the poor→ gave money to the big businesses and hoped the money would trickle down to the poor in the form of jobs
o volunteerism-→ the American people will bail themselves out of the depression without the help of the govmt through locally organized charities
o didn’t believe in deficit spending to get out of depression
o Set up the Emergency Committee for Employment to coordinate voluntary relief efforts
o Persuaded big banks to set up National Credit Corporation-→ helped smaller banks make business loans
o Reconstruction Finance Corporation
o made loans to banks/insurance companies etc.
o put money into the economy and gave money to businesses to keep them alive

Front 4

Hoovervilles

Back 4

• slums of unemployed homeless people nicknamed hoovervilles b/c they blamed the depression on hoover

Front 5

Farmer's Holiday Association

Back 5

• 1931→ Midwestern farmers organize a boycott movmt
• wanted to get farm prices higher by withholding grain/livestock from the market

Front 6

Bonus marchers

Back 6

• WWI veterans march on Washington
o 1924-→ Congress gave veterans a bonus over a 20 year period
o 1932→ veterans get hit by the depression and march on Washington- demanded their payment
• congress refused- some of the veterans boycotted in Washington
• hoover had to call the army- General Douglas McArthur lead a thousand troops to drive out the veterans from Washington

Front 7

Election of 1932

Back 7

• Republicans re nominate Hoover
• Democrats
o Want prohibition, farmers aid programs, cuts in federal spending
o FDR wins- democrats take majority

Front 8

Francis Perkins

Back 8

• First women cabinet member under FDR

Front 9

First New Deal (1933-35)

Back 9

• Focused on immediate relief, reform, and regulation
• 1932→1935
• focused on businesses and banks

Front 10

John Maynard Kaynes

Back 10

• British economist→ influenced FDR’s policies
• The boom bust cycle is a natural economic process
• The govmt can control the bust cycle by deficit spending and decreasing? taxes
• The govmt must deficit spend during depression to stimulate the economy and counter the depression

Front 11

The Hundred Days

Back 11

• First 100 days of FDR’s office where tons of legislation gets passed
• Emergency banking act, CCC, AAA, Federal Emergency Relief Act, TVA, Federal securities Act, Home Owners Refinancing Act, Farm Credit Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (banking act of 1933), National Industry Recovery Act

Front 12

fireside chats

Back 12

• FDR gave speeches over the radio (Fireside chats) → first radio president

Front 13

Emergency Banking Act

Back 13

• 1933→ FDR orders all banks to close for five days
• tried to prevent rush on the banks
• separated healthy banks from unhealthy ones

Front 14

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

Back 14

• Glass Steagall Banking Reform Act
o Created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to oversee the law
o Insured money in the banks up to $5000
o Tried to get Americans to trust the banks again

Front 15

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Back 15

• Employed jobless youths in govmt conservation projects like planting trees, building national parks etc.
• Mandated that the youths give 1/3 of their salary to their families (to spread the wealth)

Front 16

Federal Emergency Relief Act

Back 16

• Gave $500 million to state and local relief agencies
• Harry Hopkins was in charge of this program
• Created Civil Works Administration
o Public work agency that provided short term work projects for unemployed
• Created Agricultural Adjustment Administration to oversee Agricultural Adjustment Act

Front 17

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Back 17

• Gave federal subsidies to farmers in return for cutting production
• Tried to bring crop prices up by reducing production
• Agricultural Adjustment Administration supervised the law
• Didn’t subsidize tenants and sharecroppers (who got fired b/c their landlords were forced to cut down on production)
• Schnector Poultry Corp. vrs. US 1936
o Ruled AAA unconstitutional→ said the govmt can’t exercise that much power and tell farmers where and where not to plant their crops
o Soil conservation act replaced it
• Paid farmers to plant grasses and clovers instead of crops→ still tried to reduce overproduction

Front 18

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

Back 18

• Gave 3.3 billion to finance govmt public works projects which provided jobs to stimulate the economy
o Overseen by the Public Works Administration (Harold ickes)
• Set up National Recovery Administration→ encouraged businesses to reduce competition
o Enacted production limits, forbade unfair competition, reduced wage cuts, encouraged cooperation between businesses and govmt
o Tried to decrease overproduction
o Was ruled unconstitutional in 1935 b/c it gave the president too much power
• Banned child labor

Front 19

Harold Ickes

Back 19

• Head of Public Works Administration, National Planning Board,

Front 20

Federal Securities Act

Back 20

• Required corporations to inform the federal trade commission on stock offerings
• Made executives personally liable for misrepresentation of securities their companies issues

Front 21

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

Back 21

• 1934-→ Congress limits the purchase of stock on credit (which caused the depression)
• Securities and Exchange Commission oversees this law

Front 22

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Back 22

• Expanded the hydroelectric station on the Tennessee River in Alabama to bring more electricity to local farmers
• Supplied jobs and electricity
• Helped the poverty stricken area grow

Front 23

Civilian Works Administration (CWA)

Back 23

• Public work agency that provided short term work projects for unemployed
• Created by Federal Emergency Relief Act
• Overseen by Harry Hopkins

Front 24

Harry Hopkins

Back 24

• In charge of works progress administration and civilian works administration

Front 25

Father Charles Coughlin

Back 25

• Radio catholic preacher
• Attacks FDR and the new deal
• Blames depression on jews
• Wants to nationalize the banks to prevent depression
• His followers=National Union of Social Justice

Front 26

Francis Townsend

Back 26

• Proposed that govmt pay 200 dollars a month to retired people and require them to spend in 30 days to help the economy

Front 27

Huey Long

Back 27

• Proposed a “Share Our Wealth” program→ 100% taxes on rich people
• Redistribute the money to the poor and confiscate it from the rich
• Got assassinated

Front 28

Second New Deal (1935-36)

Back 28

• 1935→1936
• criticized the wealthy and business class and focused on aiding the disadvantaged
• focused on helping workers, poor people, disadvantaged
• more long term reform
• expanded public works programs, assistance to poor, support for organized labor, tougher business regulation, heavier rich taxes etc.

Front 29

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Back 29

• Hopkins in charge
• Assisted individuals by giving them jobs
• Built roads bridges buildings etc.
• Gave jobs to artists
o Federal Writers Project, Music Project, Theater Project
o Was controversial b/c some people saw the art as federal propoganda b/c the art often glorified the new deal

Front 30

Mary McLeod Bethune

Back 30

• Appointed head of minority affairs in the National Youth Administration
• FDR is trying to rid New Deal agencies of racism

Front 31

Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act

Back 31

• Soil conservation act replaces AAA after it gets ruled unconstitutional
o Paid farmers to plant grasses and clovers instead of crops→ still tried to reduce overproduction

Front 32

Dust Bowl and "Oakies"

Back 32

• Resettlement Administration (1935)
o Headed by Rexford Tugwell
o Made loans to help tenant farmers buy their own farms
o Helped dust bowl farmers move to productive areas
• Oakies→ people who move to oaklahoma b/c they’re displaced by the dust bowl

Front 33

Schechter Poultry Corp v United States (May 1935)

Back 33

• Ruled AAA unconstitutional→ said the govmt can’t exercise that much power and tell farmers where and where not to plant their crops
• Soil conservation act replaced it
o Paid farmers to plant grasses and clovers instead of crops→ still tried to reduce overproduction

Front 34

National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) (1935)

Back 34

• 1935
• guaranteed collective bargaining rights and closed shops to laborers
• outlawed management tactics like blacklisting
• created National Labor Relations Board to oversee shop elections and labor law violations
• stimulated a wave of unionization (lots of unionization during 1930’s)

Front 35

Social Security Act (1935)

Back 35

• Drafted by Francis Perkins
• Established the first govmt social security→ the govmt is taking responsibility for the welfare of the people
o workers’ pensions
o unemployment insurance
o aid for disabled people
• Pensions were funded by employers and workers taxes
• Some of the money from your paycheck goes into your social security (your employer pays it too) and when you get old you get a monthly social security check
• New deal is increasing federal responsibility for the welfare of its people and the economy
• Socialist in nature

Front 36

Landslide Election of 1936

Back 36

• Alfred Landon→ Republican
• FDR→ Democrat
• Norman Thomas→ Socialist
• FDR carries all but two states
• FDR’s landslide victory shows that people like his New Deal policies

Front 37

Union party

Back 37

• Political party of Townsend and Huey Long supporters
• ran in the election of 1936 and barely got any votes

Front 38

new Democratic coalition

Back 38

• Democrats gain more country wide support as a result of FDR’s landslide victory
• Ex. Blacks support democrats now

Front 39

Roosevelt's "Black Cabinet"

Back 39

• FDR appoints more than 100 blacks to policy level and judicial positions
• Mary McLeod Bethune
• “Roosevelt supreme court” tended to rule in favor of blacks

Front 40

Marian Anderson's Easter Concert

Back 40

• Daughters of the American revolution wouldn’t let black singer Marian Anderson perform at washington’s constitution hall
• Eleanor Roosvelt resigned from the organization and Ickes arranged an Easter concert for Anderson to perform at

Front 41

FDR's "Court-Packing" scheme (Feb 1937)

Back 41

• FDR doesn’t like the old conservatives in the senate who keep turning down his New Deal policies through supreme court cases
• The bill said that after a senate member gets old the president can appoint a younger senate member to “help” the elderly
• Basically he’s trying to get rid of the senate members he doesn’t like
• The bill never went through

Front 42

Roosevelt Recession (August 1937)

Back 42

• 1937→ economy plunges again after improving a little→ Roosevelt Recession happens b/c…..
o of federal policies that reduced consumer income
o social security taxes withdrew money from circulation→ created recession
o Federal reserve board reduced the amount of money in circulation (to prevent inflation)→ created recession
o FDR stopped some of his New deal relief programs b/c the economy was getting better

Front 43

Farm Security Administration (FSA) (1937)

Back 43

• Farm Tenancy Act of 1937
o Created Farm Security Administration (replaced Resettlement Administration)
o Made low interest loans to tenant farmers and sharecroppers to buy their own farms
o offered camps to provide sanitary shelter and medical services to migrant farm families

Front 44

Housing Act (1937)

Back 44

• Gave $500 million for urban slum clearance and public housing
• Created system of public housing→ but they were basically slums

Front 45

Fair Labor Standards Act (1938)

Back 45

• Banned child labor
• Set national minimum wage and maximum work hours
• Gave govmt more power in regulating worker abuses
• improved working conditions

Front 46

Hatch Act (1939)

Back 46

• Hatch Act 1939→ forbade federal employees from participating in electoral campaigns (they were suspicious that FDR was using the spoils system and using WPA staff for campaign purposes)

Front 47

Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) (1935-1938)

Back 47

• Part of the AFL
• started by John L Lewis and Sidney Hillman
• organized a strike to win union recognition by the steel industry
o 1937→ US steel recognizes steel workers unions
• renamed the Congress of Industrial Organizations

was like the AFL--> it was a giant union that worked for workers rights

Front 48

General Motors (GM) strike of 1937

Back 48

• Organizers try to unionize General Motors
o Walter Reuther (leader)→ socialist
o GM workers go on strike→ strikers had to fight with the police
o GM later signs a contract recognizing the United Automobile Workers (union)

Front 49

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

Back 49

• part of the AFL
• started by John L Lewis and Sidney Hillman
• organized a strike to win union recognition by the steel industry
o 1937→ US steel recognizes steel workers unions
• renamed the Congress of Industrial Organizations

Front 50

Scottsboro Boys trial (1931)

Back 50

• 8 black youths were sentenced to death for alleged rape
• the supreme court ordered a retrial b/c the jury was all white and the prosecuted kids weren’t given legal guidance
• five of them ended up in jail in the end
• reflected racism

Front 51

Confederacion de Uniones de Campesinos y Obreros Mexicanos (1933)

Back 51

• Mexican worker union that emerged from a 1933 strike of grape workers

Front 52

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

Back 52

• Inspired by Collier’s bill
• Halted sale of tribal lands
• Enabled tribes to regain title to unallocated lands
• Didn’t give tribes self govmt
• The law reflects a greater acceptance of Indian culture and rights

Front 53

John Collier

Back 53

• Founded the American Indian Defense Association to preserve Indian life and culture
• Commissioner of Indian affairs
• Built schools hospitals irrigation on Indian land
• Drafted a bill that inspired the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

Front 54

"Good Neighbor" policy

Back 54

• US signs a formal convention that said no state has the right to intervene in the affairs of another
• Basically the US can’t interfere with latin America anymore
• FDR withdraws US troops from Haiti and Dominican Republic
• Persuaded American bankers to loosen their grip on Haiti’s central banking system
• Renounced the Platt Amendment (which gave US control over Cuba)
• Reduced US role in panama affairs

Front 55

Benito Mussolini and Fascist party

Back 55

• Fascists
o Right wing
o Extreme nationalists, militarists
o One party rule govmt that silences all dissent
o Stigmatizes minorities
o There’s private property
o Mussolini in Italy is an example
• 1922→ Benito Mussolini and his fascist party seize power in Italy

Front 56

Adolph Hitler and National Socialist (Nazi) party

Back 56

• Adolf Hitler rises to power in 1933 as challcellor→ Nazis take power b/c of economic unrest
• Fascist scare!

Front 57

Reichstag

Back 57

• Nickname for nazi govmt

Front 58

Rhineland

Back 58

• 1935→ Hitler begins a military buildup (violated the treaty of Versailles) and declares Austria and Germany an alliance
o militarized the Rhineland (area between Germany and France) which violated the peace treaty

Front 59

Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia)

Back 59

• Hitler tries to take Sudetenland (which is mostly german)
• Munich Conference
o British prime minister Neville Chamberlain gives Sudentenland to Germany (Munich Pact) b/c he wanted to avoid hostilities (appeased Germany)

Front 60

Manchuria invasion (1932)

Back 60

• Militarists took control of Japan
o To gain raw material needed for industry (and just to build an empire) they invaded and took control of Manchuria in China
o Japan allies with Germany and Italy and attacks China in 1937


After Japanese invade Manchuria FDR cuts trade off with Japan (b/c he thinks them invading china hurts the US's right to free trade) which leads them to attack pearl harbor

Front 61

Neutrality Acts (1935-37)

Back 61

• Outlawed arms sales and loans to nations at war
• Barred americans from traveling on the war nation’s ships

Front 62

Ludlow Amendment (1938)

Back 62

• Louis Ludlow Proposes an amendment that requires a national referendum on any US declaration of war
• FDR rejects the Ludlow amendment

Front 63

German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939)

Back 63

• Hitler and Stalin agree that their nations won’t fight
• Agreed they would divide Poland after Germany invaded it
• Hitler invades Poland

Front 64

Joseph Stalin

Back 64

• Head of the communist party of the Soviet Union during WWII

Front 65

Nuremberg laws (1935)

Back 65

• Outlaw marriage and sex between jews and non jews
• Hitler is going against the jews
• Took away citizenship from jews
• Increased restrictions on jewish life

Front 66

Kristallnacht (Nov.9-10, 1938)

Back 66

• Kristallnacht→ Nazis launch a full scale attack/looting against jews

Front 67

St. Louis refugee incident (June 1939)

Back 67

• Jewish refugees immigrate to US
o But quotas still remained in place→ US did little to accommodate the refugees

US turns away thousands of jews back to europe

Front 68

invasion of Poland (Sept. 1, 1939)

Back 68

• Soviets and Germans agreed they would divide Poland after Germany invaded it
• Hitler invades Poland
o Hitler demands Poland to return the city of Danzig which was taken from Germany after WWI
o Poland refuses→ Nazis invade Poland
o Britain and France (who are allied with Poland) declare war on Germany

Front 69

"cash-and-carry" scheme

Back 69

• FDR amends the Neutrality Acts
o They now allowed the US to sell weapons to the allies
o “cash and carry”→ allies can buy US weapons if they paid cash and carried the arms in their own ships→ hoped it would give allies control of the seas

Front 70

Prime Minister Winston Churchill

Back 70

• british prime minister during WWII

Front 71

election of 1940

Back 71

• 1940→ FDR gets re nominated for a third term (usually you can’t run for three terms but since there was a world crisis he was allowed to run for a third term)
o FDR→ Democrats
o Wendell Willkie→ Republican→ he wanted to give lots of aid to Britain
o FDR gets elected for a third term b/c of world crisis

Front 72

Selective Service and Training Act (Sept, 1940)

Back 72

• First peacetime war draft in US history
• Increased spending for rearmament

Front 73

America First committee (1940)

Back 73

• Very conservative and very isolationist
• Financed by Henry Ford
• Charles Lindbergh (pacifist→ main speaker for the group)
• Believed in isolationism and didn’t support the war→ America first!

Front 74

"lend-lease" program

Back 74

• 1941→ FDR creates a program to supply war material to Britain (who doesn’t have any money)
o abolishes the cash provision of the Neutrality Acts
o allowed the president to lend or lease supplies to any nation

Front 75

Atlantic Charter (August 1941)

Back 75

• Roosevelt and Churchill make a document that condemns international aggression, affirmed the right of national self determination, and endorsed free trade, disarmament, and collective security

Front 76

Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Back 76

• Japan wants to expand farther into asia—inspired by Hitler
o Wants to create a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
o Aka japan wants to build an empire
o Invades china
• 1940→ US ends its trade treaty with Japan in order to force japan out of China (FDR sees the invasion as a threat to free trade)
o banned the sale of aviation fuel and scap metal to japan
o Tokyo response by occupying northern indochina

afterwards japan bombs pearl harbor in protest

Front 77

Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis

Back 77

• Tripartite Pact
o Japan Germany and Italy form an alliance
o Berlin Rome Tokyo Axis

Front 78

Pearl Harbor attack (Dec. 7, 1941)

Back 78

• Japan plans a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor to destroy the American fleet and compel FDR to negotiate with Japan
• December 7 1941→ Japanese surprise attack pearl harbor in Hawaii
• December 8 1941→ Congress approves a declaration of war against Japan
o 3 days later Hitler declares war on the US (b/c Germany is allied with Japan)
o Mussolini of Italy declares war on US

Front 79

War Powers Act

Back 79

• Granted the president authority over all aspects of the war

Front 80

War Production Board

Back 80

• Allocated materials, limited the production of civilian goods, distributed contracts among manufacturers
• Created to help reorganize the American economy into a war economy for production

Front 81

War Manpower Commission

Back 81

• Supervised the mobilization of men and women for the military, agriculture, and industry

Front 82

Office of Price Administration

Back 82

• Rationed scare products and imposed price controls to prevent inflation

Front 83

Manhattan Project (1941-1945)

Back 83

• Project that developed the atomic bomb
• 1939→ Einstein warns FDR that the germans are making an atomic bomb
• 1941→ FDR launches a secret program to develop an atomic bomb
• 1942→ achieved the first controlled atomic reaction
• created a successful atomic bomb

Front 84

Office of Censorship

Back 84

• Examined letters going overseas and worked with broadcasters to suppress info that hinders the war effort

Front 85

Office of War Information (1942)

Back 85

• Employed artists and writers to explain the war and counter enemy propaganda
• Basically it made propaganda

Front 86

Operation TORCH

Back 86

• US General Dwight D Eisenhower invades German territory by going through North Africa
• Invades north Africa instead of Europe
• General Bernard Montgomery (British) forces thousands of german and Italian troops to surrender in North Africa

Front 87

D-Day (June 6, 1944)

Back 87

• 1944→ D Day
o American British and Canadian troops storm Normandy (French beach- France was taken over by Germany)
o Led by General Eisenhower (Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force)

Front 88

Battle of the Bulge

Back 88

• Germans (Hitler) attack the americans for nearly a month
• Americans depleat the german army and the war is almost over

Front 89

Gen. Douglas MacArthur

Back 89

• General Douglas MacArthur
o American general starts to advance towards Japan through the pacific islands
o “Island hopped” with Admiral Chester Nimitz across the pacific to seize strategic bases which put Tokyo in range of American bombers
o 1944→ the navy defeats the japanse fleet at the battles of the Philippine Sea and Leyte Gulf
• US has control of japan’s air and shipping lanes

Kicked the veterans out of washington during veteran march on washington
Received japan's surrender on the Missouri

Front 90

Grand Alliance/Big Three

Back 90

• Britain, Soviet, America (Churchill, Stalin, FDR)

Front 91

Casablanca (Morocco) Conference (Jan. 1943)

Back 91

• FDR and Churchill agree to attack Italy before France and fight the war until the Axis surrender→ hoped to reduce Soviet mistrust of the west

Front 92

Cairo Conference (Nov.22-26, 1943)

Back 92

• FDR wants to keep China in the war
• FDR promises the return of Manchuria and Taiwan to China and a free and independent Korea → negotiates with Jiang Jieshi

Front 93

Chiang Kai-shek

Back 93

• FDR Churchill and Jiang Jieshi (anticommunist head of Chinese govmt)
o FDR wants to keep China in the war
o FDR promises the return of Manchuria and Taiwan to China and a free and independent Korea

Front 94

Tehran conference (Nov. 28-Dec. 1, 1943)

Back 94

• Plan to invade France in 1944 and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation and impose reparations on Germany
• Stalin pledges to enter the war against Japan after Hitler’s defeat

Front 95

election of 1944

Back 95

• FDR makes Harry S Truman his VP candidate
• FDR remains in office (he's serving his fourth term)

Front 96

"Rosie the Riveter"

Back 96

• “Rosie the Riveter” → picture of a women holding a gun-→ symbol of the woman war worker

Front 97

Women's Army Corps (WACs)

Navy's Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES)

Back 97

• women replaced men in noncombat jobs (mechanics, radio operators)

Front 98

Women's Airforce Service Pilots (WASPs)

Back 98

• Women serve as civilian pilots

Front 99

"Double V" campaign

Back 99

• people campaign for blacks to support the war in order to defeat racial discrimination as well as the axis powers

Front 100

Congress for Racial Equality (CORE)

Back 100

• 1942→ new civil rights organization
• sought to nonviolently desegregate public facilities in the north

Front 101

A. Philip Randolph and Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

Back 101

• President of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
• Proposed nonviolent action for black rights
• Called for a march on Washington
• Warned FDR that if he didn’t end racial discrimination in the army then blacks would attack Washington
o FDR responds with Executive Order 8802

Front 102

Executive Order 8802

Back 102

o First presidential directive on race since reconstruction
o Prohibited discriminatory employment practices by federal agencies, unions, and companies engaged in war related work
o Established Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the policy

Front 103

Tuskegee airmen

Back 103

• Most successful all black air fleet

Front 104

zoot-suit riots

Back 104

• Pachucos
o Mexican workers who suffered the most discrimination from americans
o Lots of violent racial riots against them in California
• They wore “zoot suits”

Front 105

Executive Order 9066 (Feb. 1942)

Back 105

• FDR authorizes the removal from military areas of anyone deemed a threat (aka Japanese people)
• Military orders the eviction of all Nisei and issei from the west coast (but not hawaii)
• Japanese were herded into detention camps in the west

Front 106

Korematsu case (1944)

Back 106

• Korematsu case of 1944→ Supreme court upholds the executive order 9066

Front 107

Yalta Conference (Feb 1945)

Back 107

• Stalin, Churhill, FDR meet in soviet city of Yatsu
• Yalta Accords
o Stalin vowed to declare war on japan after germany’s surrender
o In return, Churchill and FDR keeps their agreement with Jiang Jieshi and promises the Soviets concessions in Manchuria and territories lost in Russo Japanese war
o Called for interim govmts in eastern Europe→ first step towards permanently elected govmts
o Agreed to form the United Nations

Front 108

death of FDR (April 12, 1945)

Back 108

• FDR dies, Truman takes over, War ends 1 month later

Front 109

suicide of Hitler (April 30, 1945)/ Fall of Berlin

Back 109

• 1945→ Soviets prepare to attack Berlin, Americans invade Germany
• Soviet troops invade germany→ Hitler commits suicide
• Berlin falls to the soviets
• German govmt surrenders

Front 110

V-E day (May 7, 1945)

Back 110

• Day that the germans surrendered and the allies defeated germany

Front 111

Okinawa and Iwo Jima

Back 111

• As germany surrendered the war with japan continued
• 1945→ marines invade Iwo Jima
• America invades Japan’s home islands→ invades Okinawa
• America suffers from major causalities at Iwo Jima and Okinawa

Front 112

Holocaust

Back 112

• Most americans didn’t believe the holocaust was happening
• US govmt didn’t do much to stop the holocaust even though they knew it was happening
• US govmt was too focused on winning the war

Front 113

Potsdam Conference (June 25, 1945)

Back 113

• Truman meets with Stalin and Churchill and orders the use of an atomic bomb on Japan if they didn’t surrender
• (Potsdam Declaration) Warned Japan to surrender unconditionally or face the atomic bomb
• Japan ignores the threat
• B29 bomber Enola Gay dropped a uranium bomb on Hiroshima

Front 114

Kamikaze

Back 114

• Japanese suicide bombers that attacked the allies

Front 115

Nagasaki (Aug. 9, 1945)

Back 115

• US threatens Japan with another atomic bomb if they don’t surrender
o Bock’s Car drops an atomic bomb on Nagasaki
o Japan surrenders on the Missouri in 1945

Front 116

Auschluss

Back 116

after invading the Rhineland Hitler invaded Austria and took over Austria

Front 117

Battleship Missouri

Back 117

Japanese surrendered to the Americans on the Missouri (General Douglas MacArthur received the surrender)