Apush Unit 2

Front 1

Common Sense

Back 1

written by Thomas Paine; called boldly for independence; attacked King George III and the monarchy itself.

Front 2

Thomas Paine

Back 2

a onetime English corset maker and civil servant turned pamphleteer, a man who had been in America scarcely a year

Front 3

Loyalists

Back 3

aka. Tories; ppl who hesitated to take up arms against mother country Britain; Tories lacked organization and leaders often didn’t know each other

Front 4

Second Continental Congress

Back 4

On May 10, the day Ticonderoga fell, the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia; it was more radical than the first Congress; J. Hancock (Boston Merchant) appointed president of Congress; Congress had no legal authority but had to act under pressure of unfolding military events; future of America depended upon its actions; it organized forces around Boston into a Continental Army and appointed G. Washington commander in chief - after Washington and his staff left for the front on June 23, the Congress turned to the task of requisitioning men and supplies

Front 5

Lexington and Concord

Back 5

night of Apr 18, Gen. Gage sent 700 crack troops to seize supplies in Concord where Patriots had been accumulating arms; Patriots were forewarned by Paul Revere and other horseman (“shot heard round-the-world”); Redcoats reached LEXINGTON in morning and found 70 minute men waiting for them – minute men fled after a flurry of gunfire; Brit then marched to CONCORD where they destroyed whatever supplies the Patriots had been unable to carry off – but militiamen started pouring in from all sides => an odd 16 mile battle occurred and Gage had to send out an additional 1500 soldiers to avoid total disaster; after first day of Revolutionary War, Brit 273 casualties; America 100.

Front 6

Yorktown

Back 6

Gen. Clinton asked Cornwallis to estab. a base at Yorktown because Brit vessels outnumbered American ones, but communication was slow; summer of 1781, Washington, De Grasse, and Comte de Rochambeau (Fr commander of land forces) carried out a plan to bottle Cornwallis; Admiral Sir George sent only part of his Brit fleet under Admiral T. Graves and as a result, De Grasse won and cut Cornwallis off from the sea; next move was Washington’s “finest hour as a commander” who acted in conjunction with Rochambeau and tricked Clinton that they were to strike at NY then pushed south; reached Yorktown in Sept and joined with Fr Troops (around 17,000 Fr and Am soldiers), Cornwallis held out till Oct 17 then asked for terms; two days later, more than 7,000 Brit soldiers marched out and laid down their arms

Front 7

Declaration of Independence

Back 7

was based on state constitutions; Congress appointed Jefferson, Franklin, Adams, Sherman, and Livingston to frame a suitable justification of independence; Jefferson’s declaration consisted of two parts: 1) justified right of ppl to revolt, and described theory that Americans based their creation of a new, republican government on 2) section on “injuries and usurpations” by George III and held him responsible for Parliaments efforts to tax colonies, restrict trade, and slavery; liberty and equality

Front 8

Saratoga

Back 8

American forces under Philip Schuyler and later under Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold had erected formidable defenses immediately south of Saratoga ; "Gentleman Johnny" Burgoyne struck twice at Saratoga and was thrown back each time with heavy losses; each day more local militia joined the American forces; soon Burgoyne was pinned down from every side – Gen. Clinton was only hope, but decided to turn back 80 miles below Saratoga on Oct 16 for more reinforcements; next day, Burgoyne surrendered and 5,700 Brit prisoners were marched off to VA; this victory reached France and Louis XVI immediately recognized the U.S. and was eager to help weaken Britain

Front 9

Franco-American Alliance

Back 9

1778; French wanted to get back at Britain so saw helping Americans as a way to do so

Front 10

Articles of Confederation

Back 10

– Nov 1777; provided a legal basis for the authority Continental Congress had already been exercising; each state regardless of size had one vote; Article 11 defined the limit of nat’l power; it was an inadequate arrangement because the central government lacked the authority to impose taxes and enforce its powers

Front 11

Peace of Paris

Back 11

1783; The British gave up trying to suppress the rebellion after Yorktown; existence of the U.S. acknowledged; boundaries were set at the Great Lakes, Mississippi River, and 31 degrees north latitude (roughly the northern boundary of Florida), Brit recognized right of Americans to fish on the Grand Banks off Newfoundland and to dry and cure their catch on unsettled beaches in Labrador and Nova Scotia; Brit agreed to withdraw troops

Front 12

Imposts and Indirect Tax

Back 12

section 8 of the Constitution; The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defense and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States

Front 13

Society of the Cincinnatus

Back 13

After the publication of Common Sense and the Declaration of Independence, it became fashionable to denounce "aristocrats" and any privilege based on birth. In 1783 a group of army officers founded a fraternal organization, the Society of Cincinnati. Although the revered George Washington was its president, many citizens found the mere existence of a club restricted to officers alarming; the fact that membership was to be hereditary, passing on death to the deceased's oldest son, caused a furor

Front 14

Shays' Rebellion

Back 14

MA government was fanatical and tried to impose harsh taxes that fell most heavily on farmers and others of modest income; Bad times and deflation led to many foreclosures, and the prisons were crowded with honest men unable to pay their debts; summer of 1786, mobs in the western communities began to stop foreclosures by forcibly preventing the courts from holding their sessions; under the leadership of Daniel Shays, the "rebels" marched on Springfield and prevented the state supreme court from meeting. When the state sent troops against them, the rebels attacked the Springfield arsenal; they were put down and Shays fled to Vermont

Front 15

(Land) Ordinance of 1785

Back 15

Provided for surveying western territories into thirty-six six- mile-square townships before sale at auction; compromise between south’s sale. One of the townships had to be for a school.

to individuals and NE’s sale to groups or companies

Front 16

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Back 16

established gov’ts for the West; decided they’d have same rights as original 13 states; first governed by governor and three judges, then became territory w/legislature; finally a state – could say anything in constitution but had to be “republican” and prohibit slavery. Said that more than 3 but no more than 5 states could be created from the Western Territory.

Front 17

Annapolis Convention

Back 17

5 states met “to discuss common problems of commerce”; decided not to make any changes due to lack of reps from other states, so Hamilton suggested they meet in Philadelphia to “fix” the Articles of Confederation

Front 18

Great Compromise

Back 18

Delegates at Great Convention decided to have bicameral legislature: House of Reps dependent on population (Virginia Plan – favored by larger states) and Senate, w/equal # reps/state (New Jersey Plan – small states)

Front 19

3/5 Compromise

Back 19

North argued slaves should be counted for federal taxation; South disagreed but still wanted slaves counted as people to determine # House Reps – eventually they decided to count 5 slaves as 3 people.

Front 20

Judiciary Act of 1789

Back 20

said the Supreme Court could issue writs of mandamus – basis for Marbury v. Madison, in which Chief Justice Marshall declared clause in this act unconstitutional; established precedence: legislature writes laws and courts interpret them

Front 21

Electoral College

Back 21

“Each state was to choose "electors" equal in number to its representation in Congress. The electors were to vote for two persons for president. This would prevent a local hero not universally known from getting a majority in the "electoral college," in which case the House would choose the president from among the leading candidates, each state having but one vote.”

Front 22

Anti-Federalists

Back 22

Those that opposed the Constitution; against a strong national gov’t and for state’s rights. Included Patrick Henry, Sam Adams, Richard Henry Lee, and Chase; appealed to “common man” as they didn’t want an elected aristocracy - they gave in a bit when promised the Bill of Rights, which they wanted because the British constitution is unwritten so no one can claim any rights.

Front 23

Bill of Rights

Back 23

1st 10 amendments to Constitution
1. Separation of church and state
2. Ability to form militias
3. No quartering soldiers against homeowner’s wishes
4. No unreasonable search/seizure w/out warrant
5. Due process; can’t be tried twice for same offense (double jeopardy)
6. Right to fair, public trial
7. Right to trial by jury
8. No cruel/unusual punishment
9. The fact that the Constitution lists certain rights doesn’t mean that people don't have other ones, too.
10. “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” -state sovereignty

Front 24

Slave trade compromise

Back 24

Agreement in the Great Convention that they wouldn’t discussing banning slavery until 1808

Front 25

checks and balances

Back 25

phrase to describe the separation of powers/branches of gov’t: by dividing powers between legislature, executive (Prez), and judiciary no one branch can be too powerful – each one can “check” the other’s actions

Front 26

Federalist Papers

Back 26

a series of papers written by Hamilton, John Jay, and Madison to convince the people of New York to support the Constitution

Front 27

Virginia Plan

Back 27

representing the larger states, wants the national legislature based on population

Front 28

New Jersey Plan

Back 28

representing the smaller states, wants to maintain the existing system of equal representation for each state regardless of population

Front 29

Election of 1788

Back 29

George Washington's first term as President, John Adams is VP

Front 30

Funding and Assumption

Back 30

Hamilton's economic plans
1) Funding - funding the national debt; 'spend your way out of debt' by funding the old debt. Gov't taxes and uses bonds (citizens lend government $)—people who gave $ will pay taxes, will want government to succeed so they get their money back.
2) Assumption - The central gov't takes (assumes) all of the state debts. Funding and assumption later lead to the formation of political parties.

Front 31

Edmund Genet

Back 31

French representative sent to US to seek support for France. Fr Rev had much support in America; American democratic ideals seemed to be spreading. Genet illegally commissioned privateers, angering Washington.

Front 32

British Orders in Council

Back 32

Allowed American goods to go through only British ships and crew; impressments; UK bars Am products from British West Indies.

Front 33

Jay's Treaty

Back 33

GW sent John Jay to get a treaty with UK because of the problems impressment was causing. The treaty was humiliating, the British made no real concessions. In 1795, the treaty was ratified; Spain heard about the Americans making a treaty with Britain, which led to Pinckney's Treaty.

Front 34

Pinckney's Treaty

Back 34

1795; treaty granting the United States the free navigation of the Mississippi River and the right of deposit at New Orleans that western Americans urgently needed

Front 35

Whiskey Rebellion

Back 35

1794; Hamilton places a tax on whiskey, Americans refuse to pay, Washington raises an army but the 'rebellion' dissipates before fighting really begins. Shows that the government will use force.

Front 36

Election of 1796

Back 36

John Adams (Federalist) wins, with Vice President Jefferson (Republican)

Front 37

Washington's Farewell Address

Back 37

1796; Washington saying he will not run for the Presidency again
1) the US must stay neutral and not get involved in foreign affairs, the US is too weak at this point
2) Do not form political parties, they're not needed (already have the Federalists)

Front 38

Impressment

Back 38

UK invades American ships, ‘impress’ Am.’s into UK navy because of America's stance of neutrality regarding the wars between Britain and France.

Front 39

Bank of the U.S.

Back 39

The government needs a bank for Assumption. Jefferson says the constitution says nothing about banks. Hamilton says constitution allows gov't to tax and hold $, and there's a clause saying can enact laws that are necessary and proper.

Front 40

XYZ Affair

Back 40

American delegates meet with 3 French delegates (XYZ) to find a way to stop the French from attacking American ships, the foreign minister Talleyrand sent delegates to demand for bribes to make a deal; Am refused; talks broke up. Americans are mad, war fervor grows.

Front 41

Alien and Sedition Acts

Back 41

These acts were passed in 1798 (Adams), because the federalists were paranoid. They also included the Naturalization Act, which said that immigrants had to live here for 14 years before they could be citizens. The Alien Enemies Act gave the president the power to kick immigrants out of the country during the time of a declared war. The Sedition Act first made it a crime "to impede the operation of any law" or to attempt to instigate a riot or insurrection; the act also made it illegal to publish, or even to utter, any "false, scandalous and malicious" criticism of high government officials.

Front 42

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Back 42

Resolutions by Madison (Virginia) and Jefferson (Kentucky) that claimed that individual states could decide whether a law was constitutional or not. A reaction to the Alien and Sedition Acts. Basically marked the first step of secession for a state.

Front 43

Election of 1800

Back 43

The election of 1800 was wacky. Jefferson and Burr tied with 73 electoral votes, so the House of Reps (which was still all federalist) had to pick which republican would run the country. Finally, Hamilton put his support behind Jefferson (because he really, really hated Burr), so the matter was decided. This is called the bloodless revolution of 1800 because it was the transfer of power from one ideological group (ferderalists) to another (republicans) and it was done peacefully.

Front 44

Midnight Judges

Back 44

As the end of Adam’s term neared, he desperately tried to stack the courts toward the federalist side by commissioning a ton of new judges.

Front 45

Louisiana Purchase

Back 45

Because of the successful slave rebellion in Haiti, Napoleon no longer needed the extensive track of land along the Mississippi River as his bread basket; he agreed to sell it to Jefferson for 3 cents an acre. Jefferson violated his strict Constitutionalist policies to buy it.

Front 46

Lewis and Clark

Back 46

1803-1806; along with Sacagawea, explored the far west. They did a lot of stuff. Besides locating several passes across the Rockies, Lewis and Clark established friendly relations with a great many Indian tribes and brought back a wealth of data about the country and its resources. The journals kept by members of the group were published and, along with their accurate maps, became major sources for scientists, students, and future explorers.

Front 47

Barbary Pirates

Back 47

The North African Arab states of Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli had for decades made a business of piracy, seizing vessels and their cargoes and holding passengers and crews for ransom. Under Washington and Adams, the United States just paid them tribute. Jefferson would not stand for this, and sent a small fleet to combat them. In 1815, tribute ended, and the states got a much better treaty.

Front 48

Burr Conspiracy

Back 48

Tensions between Jefferson and his VP, Burr, had grown exponentially. Burr entered a conspiracy in which he tried to rally support of a forceful secession of the western states. At the last minute, his general Wilkinson betrayed him to Jefferson and he was put on trial for high treason. Jefferson tried his best to get him convicted, but Chief Justice Marshall (one of the Midnight Judges who hated Jefferson) made sure Burr was found not guilty. The whole thing was a huge blow to Jefferson’s prestige.

Front 49

Chesapeake - Leopard Affair

Back 49

1807; The Chesapeake was an American ship that had just left port when the British Leopard ordered it to pull over. The Chesapeake did so. A British officer boarded and demanded that three American and one British sailor be handed over. The Chesapeake refused, so the Leopard opened fire, killing three. This event was the zenith of naval conflict between the US and Europe.

Front 50

Continental System

Back 50

Napoleon’s policy, composed of the Berlin and Milan decrees that forbid Europe from trading with Britain.

Front 51

Embargo Act

Back 51

The result of the Chesapeake – Leopard affair. Jefferson declared that no American ship could leave its port. This was an outrage to merchants, and a disaster for Jefferson.

Front 52

Toussaint L'Ouverture and Haiti

Back 52

during the French Revolution, Haiti had revolted against the French under Toussaint, the “Black Napoleon”, and by 1801 Haiti was free. The French sought to re-conquer it in 1802, but failed miserably when their armies fell ill with yellow fever. This opened the door for the sale of the Louisiana Purchase. The US refused to recognize Haiti’s independence.