Apush Sem 1 Id's And Questions

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Triangular trade

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a) Slaves and other goods from Africa were imported to the Caribbean.
b) From the Caribbean, sugar and molasses were imported to the colonies and Europe. Colonial slaves were imported from the Caribbean plantations.
c) From the colonies flour, lumber, and other goods went to the Caribbean. Rum went to Africa. Fish, Meat and Fruits went to Europe.
d) From Europe manufactured goods went to the colonies.

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Town Meetings

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a) New England – towns were closer together
b) Plantations- father apart. More focused around the hose of the planter.

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Middle Passage

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Middle Passage - refers to that middle leg of the transatlantic trade triangle in which millions of Africans were imprisoned, enslaved, and removed from their homelands.

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Halfway Covenant

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Halfway Covenant – made to keep people in church. People had to reveal a conversion experience and would be promised that their children would be baptized in the church.

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Jonathon Edwards

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he is often associated with his defense of Reformed theology, the metaphysics of theological determinism, and the Puritan heritage. Recent studies have emphasized how thoroughly Edwards grounded his life's work on conceptions of beauty, harmony, and ethical fittingness, and how central The Enlightenment was to his mindset

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. “old lights” vs. “new lights”

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two groups who were initially the same, but have come to a disagreement.
a) New light- revivalists
b) Old Light - traditionalists

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Hysteria over witchcraft

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a) most were widows or poor women who had no male support.
b) independent women who challenged norms.
c) women who caused trouble in the community.
d) Salem – 19 residents had been put to death by 1692

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Enlightenment

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is the era in Western philosophy, intellectual, scientific and cultural life, centered upon the 18th century, in which reason was advocated as the primary source for legitimacy and authority. It is also known as the Age of Reason. The enlightenment was a movement of science and reason.

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Benjamin Franklin

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(1) An amateur scientist
(2) Enlightenment thinker
(3) Theories regarding electricity
(4) Promoted scientific discoveries in almanacs

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Cotton Mather

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– idea of exposure to disease to immunize the person. Spread the practice of inoculation against smallpox

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Harvard and Yale

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intended for Puritan theologians
(1) Harvard – 1636 by General Court of Mass.
(2) Yale –established 1701 because of unorthodoxy at Harvard.
(3) Was dominated by intellectuals and became more secular.
(a) Copernican astronomy
(b) Newtonian Physics

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Salutary neglect and American freedom

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British policy of restricting enforcement on colonial trade, in hope stimulate economy (Robert Walpole P.M.)
1. This promoted American freedom because parliament had less control over trade.

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The Albany Plan and lack of American unity

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1. Most Americans support British control in the 1750s
2. Albany Plan proposed by Franklin to unite colonies and make united gov. Wanted right to deal with Indians. Make treaty with Iroquois.
3. Colonies more in favor with England than with each other

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Impact of the French and Indian War

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he final conflict broke this pattern by beginning in North America. In addition, the British used more regular troops alongside colonial militia. They returned almost none of the French territory seized during the war. France was forced to cede its extensive territory in present-day Canada and Louisiane. The British victory in the French and Indian Wars reduced France's New World empire to St. Pierre and Miquelon, a small island fishing colony off Newfoundland; a few West Indian islands; and French Guiana.

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Proclamation of 1763

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it is a proclamation to organize Britain's North American empire and to stabilize trade and conflicts, by limiting the expansion of colonists beyond the Appalachian Mountains.
1. Prevent movement from important costal colonies.
2. It was ineffective because it did not benefit the Natives. Withte settlers continued to expand.

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Sugar Act – 1764

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designed to stop illegal colonial sugar trade between French and Spanish West Indies. Affected mainly merchants.

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Stamp Act

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- imposed a tax on most printed documents: newspapers, almanacs, deeds, wills, and licenses. Affected all Americans.

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Henry and the Sons of Liberty

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a) Colonials saw it as an effort to raise money not to regulate commerce. And it was done without the consent of colonial assemblies.
b) Patrick Henry – speech in House of Burgesses 1765
(1) Claimed K. G III to be tyrant. Made Virginia Resolves to claim that taxes in Virginia should be administered by Virginian officials not Britain.
c) Sons of Liberty – 1765 riots
(1) Attacked stamp officials. Stamp tax ceased in colonies.
(2) Attacked royalist aristocrats.

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Stamp Act Congress

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a congress of representatives from the 13 colonies to discuss the Stamp Act laws passed by parliament.

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Townshend Acts

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acts passed by parliament to bring money to governors
a) Mutiny Act 1765 – colonists had to provide supplies to British troops.
(1) Colonists had been supplying, but became angry that it was mandatory.
b) Later put taxes on goods such as paper paint and tea.
c) Led to boycotts.

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Boston Massacre

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a) Because of presence of British soldiers threatening independence and taking jobs.
b) March 5,1770. 5 people killed in Boston, while british solders fired into a crowd of “liberty boys”

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Opposition to Gov. Thomas Hutchinson

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though he opposed the Stamp
Act, he did not publically criticize the parliament because he saw it as his duty to enforce the law. This made him unpopular in Boston.

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Role of Samuel Adams

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talked in Boston against the Townshend acts.
a) Proposed to publicize the grievances against England

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Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer

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written by the Pennsylvania lawyer John Dickinson
a) Important in uniting colonies against Townshend Acts.

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Boston Tea Party

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colonists got on tea ships and dumped it into the harbor in protest to the Tea Act.

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The Coercive Acts

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closed ports of Boston, reduced colonial self government.
(1) Quebec Acts – laws governing French catholics in the colonies
(a) Colonists were afraid the tolerance of Catholics would lead to the Church of England to enforce Anglicanism.
(2) Lead to boycotts of British goods.

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Committees of Correspondence

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inaugurated by Adams in 1772
(1) Lead to better communication and better cooperation among the colonies.

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First Continental Congress

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1. Rejected plan for colonial union under Britain
2. List of grievances to remove oppressive legislation passed since 1763.
3. Colonists make military preparations against British troops in Boston.
4. Non-importation, non-exportation, and non-consumption to stop trade with Britain.
5. War began before British Parliament could do anything.

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Lexington and Concord

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1. General Thomas Gage hoped to confiscate illegal gunpowder in Concord and arrest Hancock and Adams who were in Lexington.
2. Bostonians send Dawes and Revere to warn the villagers of the British.
3. Shots between the Rebels and British were fired beginning the war.

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Second Continental Congress and the Declaration of Independence

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was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that met beginning on May 10, 1775, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, soon after warfare in the American Revolutionary War had begun. It succeeded the First Continental Congress, which met briefly during 1774, also in Philadelphia. The second Congress managed the colonial war effort, and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4th, 1776.

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Role of John Locke-

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his ideas were used to justify a revolution. “ governments were formed to protect the rights of life liberty and property”
a) Used as the foundation for the declaration of independence.

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“Common Sense”

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written by Thomas Paine.
a) Propaganda against the English Constitution. 10000 copies sold
b) Blamed the king’s tyranny and supported independence using common sense

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Loyalists vs. Tories

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Loyalists supported the crown (minority). Tories supported independence from England

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Battle of Bunker Hill

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June 17,1755. British lost most casualties in the entire war.
2. British thought of attacking Boston because it had the most anit-British pop.
3. Americans invaded Canada. But failed, so it did not become part of the new nation.
4. British evacuated Boston 1776.

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Valley Forge

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cold winter, lack of supplies, lack of food. Howe did not target them.

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Battle of Saratoga and the French Allianc

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– Burgoyne and army of 5000 surrendered to Americans on Oct. 17, 1777.
a) Turning point for Americans because it made the French their allies

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Betrayal of Benedict Arnold

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began war in the Continental Army but later joined the British. While he was still a general on the American side, he obtained command of the fort at West Point, New York, and planned to surrender it to the British.

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Battle of Yorktown and the Treaty of Paris

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a) Yorktown - was a victory by American and French forces against British Army. It was the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War. The surrender of Cornwallis's army prompted the British government to eventually negotiate an end to the war.
b) Treaty – September 3,1783. British and Americans ended war. Spanish and French promised to end hostilities between the nations.

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Mary Wollstonecraft

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“A Vindication of the Rights of Woman” , she argues that women are not naturally inferior to men, but seem so because they lack education. Suggests both men and women should be treated as rational beings and wants a social order founded on reason.

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Statute on Religious Liberty

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by Thomas Jefferson. It supported separation of church and state, and freedom of conscience. This took away the power the Church in Europe used to enjoy.

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Shays Rebellion

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led by Daniel Shays, a veteran of the war, they demanded paper money, tax relief, a halt on debts, relocation of state capital from Boston, and abolition of imprisonment for debt.

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The Constitutional Convention

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- took place from May 25 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to address problems in governing the United States of America, which had been operating under the Articles of Confederation following independence from Great Britain.
a. Power to the people – federalists and republicans fought against what degree it should be applied.
i. Although intended only to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one.
b. Virginia and New Jersey plans
i. Virginia Plan - was a proposal by Virginia delegates, drafted by James Madison. It set forth the idea of population-weighted representation in the proposed national legislature.
ii. New Jersey Plan - created in response to the Virginia Plan's call for two houses of Congress, both elected with apportionment according to population or direct taxes paid.
1. Proposed an alternate plan that would have given one vote per state for equal representation under one legislative body

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3/5 Compromise

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between Southern and Northern states reached during in which three-fifths of the population of slaves would be counted for enumeration purposes regarding both the distribution of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States House of Representatives. It was proposed by delegates James Wilson and Roger Sherman.

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Federalists vs. antifederalists

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argued on who should rule the government, the war with France, and financial reforms.
a. Anti-Federalists or Republicans dictate that the central governing authority of a nation should be equal or inferior to, but not having more power than, its sub-national states

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Federalist Papers

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The Federalist remains a primary source for interpretation of the U.S. Constitution, as the essays outline a lucid and compelling version of the philosophy and motivation of the proposed system of government.
a. The authors of the Federalist papers wanted both to influence the vote in favor of ratification and to shape future interpretations of the Constitution

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Bill of Rights

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1st 10 amendments. An agreement to create the Bill of Rights helped to secure ratification of the Constitution itself

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Hamilton’s Three Reports

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1. Report on Public Credit - All debts were to be paid at face value. The Federal government would assume all of the debts owed by the states, and it would be financed with new U.S. government bonds paying about 4% interest.
2. The government would not pay back the principal on the bonds, merely the interest, which would be paid by a new tariff and a stiff excise tax on liquor.
3. Report on a National Bank - request of Congress for consideration on establishing a national banking system with the creation of the Bank of the United States; privately operated but owned in part by the government.
4. Report on Manufacturing - recommended economic policies to stimulate the new republic's economy and ensure the independence won with the conclusion of the Revolutionary War in 1783.

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Jeffersonian viewpoint

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wanted lower voting qualifications, distrusted the privilege of the wealthy.

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Whiskey Rebellion

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western dissatisfaction with various policies of the eastern-based national government. The name of the uprising comes from a 1791 excise tax on whiskey that was a central grievance of the westerners.

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French Revolution and the Proclamation of Neutrality

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issued by United States President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain. It threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to warring countries.

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Jay’s Treaty

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was a treaty between the United States and the Great Britain that is credited with averting war, solved many issues left over from the American Revolution and the Treaty of Paris of 1783, and opened ten or more years of mostly peaceful trade between the United States and Britain in the midst of the French Revolutionary Wars that began in 1793.

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Pinckney Treaty

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signed in San Lorenzo de El Escorial on October 27, 1795 and established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain. It also defined the boundaries of the United States with the Spanish colonies and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River.

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Washington’s Farewell Address -

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written with the help of Hamilton. Supported the constitution, why he wanted to retire and the danger of partisanship.
1. avoid partisan politics and entangling alliances

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Quasi war with France

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undeclared naval war with France. Conflict over the Kingdom and Republic of France.

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XYZ Affair

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was a diplomatic episode that soured relations between France and the United States and led to an undeclared naval war called the Quasi War; it took place from March of 1798 to 1800.

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Alien and Sedition Acts-

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were four bills passed in 1798 by the Federalists in the 5th United States Congress during the Quasi-War. They were signed into law by President John Adams. Proponents claimed the acts were designed to protect the Catholics from alien citizens of enemy powers and to prevent seditious attacks from weakening the government. Southerners and Westerners were against it.

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Virginia and Kentucky Resolution

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political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799, in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures resolved to not abide by Alien and Sedition Acts. They argued that the Acts were unconstitutional and therefore void, and in doing so, they argued for states' rights and strict constructionist of the Constitution.

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“Revolution of 1800”

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Jefferson took office and since he was anti- federalist it was considered revolutionary.

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“midnight appointments”

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when John Adams tried to secure federalist control in the Judiciary section by appointing federalists in the positions even into the last few hours in the White House.

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John Marshall

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was an American jurist and statesman who shaped American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court a center of power. Marshall was Chief Justice of the United States, serving from January 31, 1801, until his death in 1835. Secretary of State under President . Marshall was from the Commonwealth of Virginia and a leader of the Federalist Party.

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Deism

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people denounced the Christian faith. They believed in a god but were irreligious.

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Second Great Awakening

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a religious revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States, which expressed Arminian theology by which every person could be saved through revivals. It enrolled millions of new members, and led to the formation of new denominations.
i. democratization of religion – a majority would determine what in theology was acceptable.
ii. Impact on American society – brought about new ideas. People waited for the Second Coming of Christ. Created new denominations.

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Samuel Slater and the textile industry

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– brought British textile technology to America. Making America self sufficient.

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Eli Whitney – cotton gin

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made short staple cotton into a profitable crop, which strengthened the economic foundation of slavery. Despite the social and economic impact of his invention, Whitney lost his profits in legal battles over patent infringement, closed his business and nearly filed for bankruptcy.

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Albert Galatin

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He was an important leader of the new Democratic-Republican Party, and its chief spokesman on financial matters and opposed the entire program of Alexander Hamilton. He also helped found the House Committee on Finance and often engineered withholding of finances by the House as a method of overriding executive actions to which he objected.

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Louisiana Purchase

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The purchase was a vital moment in the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. At the time, it faced domestic opposition as being possibly unconstitutional. Although he felt that the U.S. Constitution did not contain any provisions for acquiring territory, Jefferson decided to purchase Louisiana because he felt uneasy about France and Spain having the power to block American trade access to the port of New Orleans.

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Louis and Clarke expedition

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was the first overland expedition undertaken by the United States to the Pacific coast and back. The expedition team was headed by the United States Army soldiers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. Sent to explore the territory and establish trade with the natives

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Marbury v. Madison and the right of judicial review

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The landmark decision helped define the "checks and balances" of the American form of government.

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McCullough v. Maryland* and the constitutionality of the bank.

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This fundamental case established the following two principles:
i. The Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order to create a functional national government.
ii. State action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government.

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Gibbons v. Ogden and Congressional control of commerce

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the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution. Supported the growth of monopolies protected by the federal government.

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Dartmouth College V. Woodward* – property rights

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The decision settled the nature of public versus private charters and resulted in the rise of the American business corporation.

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Burr conspiracy

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a suspected treasonous cabal of planters, politicians, and army officers led by former U.S. Vice President Aaron Burr. According to the accusations against him, Burr’s goal was to create an independent nation in the center of North America and/or the Southwest and parts of Mexico.

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Samuel Slater and the textile industry

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created the first yarn producing and cloth weaving factory. Feared by Republicans who saw an agrarian future.

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. Impressment

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People liable to impressment were eligible men of seafaring habits between the ages of 18 and 45 years, though, albeit rarely, non-seamen were impressed as well.
i. U.S. ships were searched for deserters of the British navy.
ii. Issue came when they forced American natives too.

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peaceable coercion” and the embargo

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An embargo is the partial or complete prohibition of the movement of merchant ships into or out of a country's ports, in order to isolate it.
i. Embargo to all foreign sea ports crippled the economy.
ii. Then revised to only exclude British and French.
iii. Then later only British

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War of 1812

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a military conflict fought between the forces of theUnited States of America and those of the British Empire
i. Causes - The Americans declared war in 1812 for a number of reasons,
1. including trade restrictions,
2. impressment of American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy,
3. British support of American Indian tribes against American expansion,
4. and the humiliation of American honor.

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role of the warhawks

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War Hawk is a term originally used to describe members of the Twelfth Congress of the United States who advocated waging war against the United Kingdom in the War of 1812. The term has evolved into an informal Americanism used to describe a political stance of being for aggression, by diplomatic and ultimately military means,

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role of Tecumseh

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was a Native American leader of the Shawnee and a large tribal confederacy that opposed the United States during Tecumseh's War and the War of 1812. He grew up in the Ohio country during the American Revolutionary War and the Northwest Indian War, where he was constantly exposed to warfare

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Hartford Convention

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The Hartford Convention was an event spanning from December 15, 1814–January 4, 1815 in the United States during the War of 1812 in which New England's opposition to the war reached the point where secession from the United States was discussed

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Battle of New Orleans

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The Battle of New Orleans took place on January 8, 1815 and was the final major battle of the War of 1812.[7][8] American forces, commanded by Major General Andrew Jackson, defeated an invading British Army intent on seizing New Orleans and the vast territory America had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase

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Treaty of Ghent

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An agreement negotiated in Ghent, Belgium, and signed on December 24, 1814, by Great Britain and the United States to end the War of 1812. Peace was established on the status quo ante bellum. It included the concession to the United States of all British territory in the American Northwest, which enabled American expansion.

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“Era of Good Feelings”-

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A spirit of nationalism that persisted after the war of 1812, the era of good feelings contained an economic expansion, white settlement and trade in the west, and the creation of new states.

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Chartering the Second Bank-

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With the expiration of the first Bank's charter in 1811, a large number of state banks had begun operation. But because each often issued large quantities of bank notes without retaining enough reserves of gold or silver on demand, actual value of the notes depended on the bank's reputation. Because Congress became aware of this currency problem, the second bank was chartered in 1816. The size of the national bank served to compel state banks to issue currency with sound investment or risk being forced out of business.

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Steamboats-

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while Robert Fulton and others refined the idea, steamboats allowed a great deal of cargo to be moved from down the Mississippi to the Ohio River and up the Ohio river as far as Pittsburgh.

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. National Road

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Established due to a need for a better transportation system. First promised to Ohio in 1803 when it entered the Union, national road construction began in 1811 at Cumberland, Maryland on the Potomac and by 1818 ran as far as Wheeling Virginia on the Ohio River.(had a crushed stone surface and stone bridges)
- The national roads led to manufacturers (textiles) moving from the Atlantic seaboard to the Ohio Valley even with the additional fares.
- Over these roads, stagecoaches, Conestoga wagons, private carriages, and other vehicles traveled (made transportation costs lower than before)

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Erie Canal

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First proposed in 1807, it was under construction from 1817 to 1825 and officially opened[1] on October 26, 1825.
It was the first transportation system between the eastern seaboard (New York City) and the western interior (Great Lakes) of the United States that did not require portage, was faster than carts pulled by draft animals, and cut transport costs by about 95%.

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Florida Purchase and the Adams-Onis Treaty

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While John Quincy Adams reasoned with the Spanish minister Luis de Onis, Adams implied that the nation might consider taking Florida by force. This lead to Onis coming terms with the Americans. Under the Onis Treaty, Spain ceded all of Florida to the United States and gave up its territory north of the 42nd parallel to the Pacific Northwest. In return the American govt gave up claims to Texas.

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Monroe Doctrine

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In 1823, Monroe announced a policy under which the United States would consider any foreign challenges to the sovereignty of the American nations an unfriendly act. The doctrine emerged out of America's relations with Europe in 1820's and the fear that Spain's European allies (France) might assist Spain in an effort to retake its lost Empire. Or, that Britain might take Cuba from the Spanish.
a. Europeans leave newly freed republics alone in Western
Hemisphere

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Panic of 1819 and “the monster”-

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Right after the war of 1812, a period of high foreign demand for american farm produce led to rising prices for farm goods resulted in a land boom in the western US.
B. sectional divide

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. Missouri Compromise and the 36-30 parallel

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Missouri Compromise was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30' north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri.

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“American System”

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was a mercantilist economic plan based on the "American School" ideas of Alexander Hamilton, expanded upon later by Friedrich List, consisting of a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building, and a national bank to encourage productive enterprise and form a national currency. This program was intended to allow the United States to grow and prosper, by providing a defense against the dumping of cheap foreign products, mainly at the time from the British Empire.

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“corrupt bargain”-

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Jackson had the most electoral votes while Adams had the second greatest amount. Clay was too old to continue and so, Adams was made president and Clay vice president.

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Charles River Bridge case

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The case settled a dispute over the constitutional clause regarding obligation of contract.

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Five Civilized Tribes

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were the five Native American nations: the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole, which were considered civilized by Anglo-European settlers during the colonial and early federal period because they adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors.

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Seminole War

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were three conflicts in Florida between various groups of Native Americans, collectively known as Seminoles, and the United States Army.

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Worchester v. Georgia

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was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that Cherokee Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty.

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Trail of Tears

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was the forcible relocation and movement of Native Americans, including many members of the Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, and Choctaw nations among others in the United States, from their homelands to Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) in the Western United States.
II. Increased Presidential powers

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Expanded use of the veto – Maysville Road veto

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Jackson vetoed a bill which would allow the Federal government to purchase stock in the Maysville, Washington, Paris, and Lexington Turnpike Road Company, which had been organized to construct a road linking Lexington and the Ohio River, the entirety of which would be in the state of Kentucky. He declared that such bills violated the principle that the government shouldn't be an economic affair. Jackson also pointed out that funding for these kinds of projects interfered with the paying off of the national debt.

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Spoils system

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is a practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party—as opposed to a system of awarding offices on the basis of some measure of merit independent of political activity.

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Kitchen Cabinet

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was a term used by political opponents of President of the United States Andrew Jackson to describe the collection of unofficial advisers he consulted in parallel to the United States Cabinet (the "parlor cabinet") following his purge of the cabinet at the end of the Eaton affair and his break with Vice President John C. Calhoun in 1831

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Bank War and the election of 1832 -

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it was the only nationwide bank and, along with its president Nicholas Biddle, exerted tremendous influence over the nation's financial system. Jackson viewed the Second Bank of the United States as a monopoly since it was a private institution managed by a board of directors, and in 1832 he vetoed the renewal of its charter. This Veto was hoped to bring votes for Clay.

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Henry Clay

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After the election of Andrew Jackson, Clay led the opposition to Jackson's policies. Those in Clay's camp included the National Republicans who were beginning to refer to themselves as "Whigs" in honor of their ancestors during the Revolutionary War, who opposed the tyranny of King George III just as they opposed the "tyranny" of Jackson.

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. Nicolas Biddle

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he decided to apply for the Bank's re-charter four years before the charter was scheduled to expire. Until 1832, Jackson, for three years, had ignored the Bank and Biddle. But, once challenged, he decided to veto the bill to re-charter the bank, which was being pushed by Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky in preparation for another Presidential run later that year.
C. Veto message – Jackson gained support instead of shame
D. “removal of government funds” – Jackson removed any money that would be unnessary for the Federal Govt.

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Roger Taney

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his stand on slavery: one supported South Carolina's law prohibiting free Blacks from entering the state, and one argued that Blacks could not be citizens. In 1833, as secretary of the Treasury, Taney ordered an end to the deposit of Federal money in the Second Bank of the United States, an act which killed the institution.

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“pet banks”

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degrading term for state banks selected by the U.S. Department of Treasury to receive surplus government funds in 1833. They were made among the big U.S. bank when President Andrew Jackson vetoed the recharter for the Second Bank of the United States, proposed by Daniel Webster and Henry Clay four years in advance in 1832.

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. Specie Circular

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was an executive order issued by U.S. President Andrew Jackson in 1836 and carried out by President Martin Van Buren. It required payment for government land to be in gold and silver

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. Martin Van Buren and the Panic of 1837

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was a financial crisis in the United States built on a speculative fever. The bubble burst on May 10, 1837 in New York City, when every bank began to accept payment only in specie (gold and silver coinage). This was based on the assumption by former president, Andrew Jackson, that government was selling land for state bank notes of questionable value. The Panic was followed by a five-year depression, with the failure of banks and record-high unemployment levels. Martin Van Buren, who became president in March 1837, five weeks before the Panic engulfed the young republic's economy, was blamed for the Panic. His refusal to involve the government in the economy was said by some to have contributed to the damages and duration of the Panic.

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Independent Treasury

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was a system for the retaining of government funds in the United States Treasury and its subtreasuries, independently of the national banking and financial systems. In one form or another, it existed from 1846 to 1921

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. Nullification Crisis

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created by South Carolina's 1832 Ordinance of Nullification. This ordinance declared, by the power of the State itself, that the federal Tariff of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of South Carolina. The controversial, and highly protective, Tariff of 1828 (best known as the "Tariff of Abominations") was enacted into law during the presidency of John Quincy Adams. Opposed in the South and parts of New England, the tariff’s opponents expected that the election of Jackson as President would result in the tariff being significantly reduced

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Ordinance of Nullification

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declared the Tariff of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state borders of South Carolina. It began the Nullification Crisis.

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John C. Calhoun

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Under Andrew Jackson, Calhoun's vice presidency was also controversial. In time he developed a rift over policy with President Jackson, this time about hard cash, a policy which he considered to favor Northern financial interests. Calhoun opposed the Tariff of 1828. Calhoun had been assured that Jacksonians would reject the bill, but Northern Jacksonians were primarily responsible for its passage. Frustrated, Calhoun returned to his South Carolina plantation to write "South Carolina Exposition and Protest", an essay rejecting the nationalist

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. Eaton Affair

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was an 1830–1831 U.S. scandal involving members of President Andrew Jackson's Cabinet and their wives. Although it started over a private matter, it affected the political careers of several men and resulted in the informal "Kitchen Cabinet".

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Webster-Haynes debate

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Webster's description of the US government as "made for the people, made by the people, and answerable to the people," was later echoed by Abraham Lincoln in the Gettysburg Address in the words "government of the people, by the people, for the people."

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Compromise Tariff of 1833

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was proposed by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun as a resolution to the Nullification Crisis. It was adopted to gradually reduce the rates after southerners objected to the protectionism found in the Tariff of 1832 and the 1828 Tariff of Abominations, which had prompted South Carolina to threaten secession from the Union. This Act stipulated that import taxes would gradually be cut over the next decade until, by 1842, they matched the levels set in the Tariff of 1816--an average of 20%.

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Whig party

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the party was formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. Daniel Webster, William Henry Harrison, and their preeminent leader, Henry Clay of Kentucky.

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Log Cabin campaign of 1840

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Having tried unsuccessfully to become the new Whig Party's only candidate for president in 1836 (he ended up being one of three), William Henry Harrison continued campaigning for the nomination until the next election cycle. At the December 1839 Whig convention, Harrison became the party's official nominee for president.

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Nativism and the Know Nothing Party

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Nativism favors the interests of certain established inhabitants of an area or nation as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants. It may also include the re-establishment or perpetuation of such individuals or their culture.
The Know-Nothing movement was a nativist American political movement of the 1840s and 1850s. It was empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by German and Irish Catholic immigrants, who were often regarded as hostile to Anglo-Saxon values and controlled by the Pope in Rome.

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factory system

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The factory system was a method of manufacturing first adopted in England at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the 1750s and later spread abroad. Fundamentally, each worker created a separate part of the total assembly of a product, thus increasing the efficiency of factories.

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Lowell mills

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With the invention of the power loom, running off the river, Francis Cabot Lowell invented the first factory system " where all the factory steps are under one roof ". impacted by economic instability and by immigration. A minor depression in 1834 led to a sharp reduction in wages, which in turn produced organization by the female workers and two of the earliest examples of a successful strike.

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de Tocqueville’s America

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as a French political thinker and historian best known for his Democracy in America. He explored the effects of the rising equality of social conditions on the individual and the state in western societies. Democracy in America (1835), his major work, published after his travels in the United States, is today considered an early work of sociology and political science.

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“cult of domesticity”

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women were supposed to embody perfect virtue in all senses. The women who abided by and promoted these standards were generally literate and lived in the northeast, particularly New York and Massachusetts. Women were put in the center of the domestic sphere and were expected to fulfill the roles of a calm and nurturing mother, a loving and faithful wife, and a passive, delicate, and virtuous creature. These women were also expected to be pious and religious, teaching those around them by their Christian beliefs, and expected to unfailingly inspire and support their husbands.

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planter class

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A term used to identify one of those southerners whose combination of land and slaves was such that they stood out as the prominent staple producers in their area. A social as well as an economic designation, it was used to identify the agricultural elite in the South.

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: “peculiar institution”

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expression as specifically intended to gloss over the apparent contradiction between legalized slavery and the statement in the Declaration of Independence that "all men are created equal". But, in fact, at the time this expression became popular, it was used in association with a vigorous defense of this institution as a good thing.

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. DeBows Review

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a widely circulated magazineof "agricultural, commercial, and industrial progress and resource" in the American South during the upper middle of the 19th century, from 1846 until 1884. It contained everything from agricultural reports, statistical data, and economic analysis to literature, political opinion, and commentary.

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.Nat Turner

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an American slave who led a slave rebellion in Virginia on August 21, 1831 that resulted in 56 deaths among their victims, the largest number of white fatalities to occur in one uprising in the antebellum southern United States. He gathered supporters in Southampton County, Virginia. Turner's killing of whites during the uprising makes his legacy controversial. For his actions, Turner was convicted, sentenced to death, and executed. In the aftermath, the state executed 56 blacks accused of being part of Turner's slave rebellion.

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William Lloyd Garrison and The Liberator

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was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, he promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States. Garrison was also a prominent voice for thewomen's suffrage movement.

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Frederick Douglas

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was an American social reformer, orator, writer andstatesman. After escaping from slavery, he became a leader of the abolitionist movement, gaining renown for his dazzling oratory and incisive antislavery writing. He stood as a living counter-example to slaveholders' arguments that slaves did not have the intellectual capacity to function as independent American citizens. He became a major speaker for the cause of abolition.

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Republican mother

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- centered on the belief that children should be raised to uphold the ideals of republicanism, making them the ideal citizens of the new nation. Republican motherhood meant a new and important role for women, especially regarding civic duty and education, but it did not soon lead to the vote for women.

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. Seneca Falls Convention

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was an early and influentialwomen's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, July 19–20, 1848. It was organized by local New York women upon the occasion of a visit by Boston-based Lucretia Mott, aQuaker famous for her speaking ability, a skill rarely cultivated by American women at the time. The local women, primarily members of a radical Quaker group, organized the meeting along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a skeptical non-Quaker who followed logic more than religion.

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Transcendentalism

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core beliefs was the belief in an idealspiritual state that "transcends" the physical and empirical and is realized only through the individual'sintuition, rather than through the doctrines of established religions.
1. transcend limits of the intellect and allow the soul to relate
to the universe

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Texas annexation

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of 1845 was the annexation of the Republic of Texas to the United States of America as the twenty-eighth state. This act quickly led to the Mexican War (1846–48) in which the U.S. captured additional territory (known as the Mexican Cession of 1848) extending the 19th century southern U.S. territorial acquisitions from Mexico all the way to the Pacific Ocean.

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“54-40 or fight”

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appeared by January 1846, driven in part by the Democratic press. The phrase is frequently misidentified as a campaign slogan from the election of 1844.

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gold rush of 1848

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began on January 24, 1848, when gold was found by James W. Marshall at Sutter's Mill, in Coloma, California.[1] News of the discovery brought some 300,000 people to California from the rest of the United States and abroad.[2] Of the 300,000, approximately half arrived by sea and half walked overland.

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Mexican War

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The Mexican–American War was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas, which Mexico considered part of its territory despite the 1836 Texas Revolution.

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Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo

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The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is the peace treaty, largely dictated by the United States to the interim government of a militarily occupied Mexico City, that ended the Mexican-American War (1846 – 48). With the defeat of its army and the fall of the capital, Mexico City, in September 1847 the Mexican government surrendered to the United States and entered into negotiations to end the war.

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Wilmot Proviso

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one of the major events leading to the Civil War, would have banned slavery in any territory to be acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War or in the future, including the area later known as the Mexican Cession, but which some proponents construed to also include the disputed lands in south Texas and New Mexico east of the Rio Grande

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Fugitive Slave Act

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was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slave holding interests and Northern Free-Soilers. This was one of the most controversial acts of the 1850 compromise and heightened Northern fears of a 'slave power conspiracy'. It declared that all runaway slaves be brought back to their masters. Abolitionists nicknamed it the "Bloodhound Law" for the dogs that were used to track down runaway slaves.

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Uncle Tom’s Cabin

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Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852, the novel, "helped lay the groundwork for the Civil War", according to Will Kaufman

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Kansas Nebraska Act

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was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slave holding interests and Northern Free-Soilers. This was one of the most controversial acts of the 1850 compromise and heightened Northern fears of a 'slave power conspiracy'. It declared that all runaway slaves be brought back to their masters. Abolitionists nicknamed it the "Bloodhound Law" for the dogs that were used to track down runaway slaves.

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Republican Party

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Founded in northern states in 1854 by anti-slavery activists, modernizers, ex-Whigs and ex-Free Soilers, the Republican Party quickly became the principal opposition to the dominant Democratic Party. It first came to power in 1860 with the election of Abraham Lincoln to the Presidency and oversaw the American Civil War and Reconstruction.

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Popular sovereignty and “Bleeding Kansas”-

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is the belief that the legitimacy of the state is created by the will or consent of its people, who are the source of all political power. was a series of violent events, involving anti-slavery Free-Staters and pro-slavery "Border Ruffian" elements, that took place in the Kansas Territory and the western frontier towns of the U.S. state of Missouri roughly between 1854 and 1858. At the heart of the conflict was the question of whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free state or slave state.

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. Lecompton Constitution

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was the second of four proposed constitutions for the state of Kansas (it was preceded by the Topeka Constitution and followed by the Leavenworth and Wyandotte). The document was written in response to the anti-slavery position of the 1855 Topeka Constitution of James H. Lane and other free-state advocates

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Dred Scott Decision

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was a ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court that people of African descent imported into the United States and held as slaves were not protected by the Constitution and could never be U.S. citizens. The court also held that the U.S. Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories and that, because slaves were not citizens, they could not sue in court. Lastly, the Court ruled that slaves, as chattels or private property, could not be taken away from their owners without due process.

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Lincoln Douglas Debates

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The debates previewed the issues that Lincoln would face in the aftermath of his victory in the 1860 presidential election. The main issue discussed in all seven debates was slavery.

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Freeport Doctrine

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was articulated by Stephen A. Douglas at the second of the Lincoln-Douglas debates on August 27, 1858, in Freeport, Illinois. Lincoln tried to force Douglas to choose between the principle of popular sovereignty proposed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the United States Supreme Court case of Dred Scott v. Sandford, which stated that slavery could not legally be excluded from the territories. Instead of making a direct choice, Douglas' response stated that despite the court's ruling, slavery could be prevented from any territory by the refusal of the people living in that territory to pass laws favorable to slavery.

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John Brown’s Raid

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was an attempt by white abolitionist John Brown to start an armed slave revolt by seizing a United States Arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia in 1859. Brown's raid was defeated by a detachment of U.S. Marines led by Col. Robert E. Lee. John Brown had originally asked Harriet Tubman to join him when he attacked the armory, but on the night of the raid she was ill, and therefore did not show up.

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Election of 1860

Back 147

Abraham Lincoln
1. Split in Democratic Party

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Republican Party platform

Back 148

protect slavery where it exists, but do not
allow it to expand into the territories

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Secession crisis

Back 149

- Discussions and threats of secession have often surfaced in American politics, but only in the case of the Confederate States of America was secession actually declared.

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Crittenden Compromise

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was an unsuccessful proposal by Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden to resolve the U.S. secession crisis of 1860–1861 by addressing the concerns that led the states in the Deep South of the United States to contemplate secession from the United States.

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the Confederate States of America

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was an unrecognized state set up from 1861 to 1865 by eleven southern slave states of the United States of America that had declared their secession from the U.S. The U.S. government rejected secession as illegal, and after four years of fighting in the American Civil War, the Confederate armies surrendered, its government collapsed, and its slaves were emancipated.

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. Confederate Constitution and advantages in war

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It is largely believed that in general, the military officers from the confederate states were better trained and more experienced. Most of the fighting took place in the confederate states so they had excellent knowledge of terrian and available resources.

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Union advantages

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. Population – higher population, more soilders to fight
b. liquid capital – had money, and economy was very strong
c. Naval superiority and blockade – navey grew to 800 ships, to weaken southern trade

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Homestead Act

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is one of two United States federal laws that gave an applicant freehold title to up to 160 acres (65hectares or one-fourth section) of undeveloped federal land outside the original Thirteen Colonies. The law required three steps: file an application, improve the land, and file for deed of title.

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Morrill Land Grant Act

Back 155

- are United States statutes that allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges,

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Morrill Tariff

Back 156

raised rates to protect and encourage industry and the high wages of industrial workers

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National Banking Acts

Back 157

were two United States federal laws that established a system of national charters for banks, the United States national banks. They encouraged development of a national currency based on bank holdings of U.S. Treasury securities, the so-called National Bank Notes and established the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency as part of the Department of the Treasury and authorized the Comptroller to examine and regulate nationally-chartered banks.

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Transcontinental Railroad

Back 158

was a railroad line built in the United States of America between 1863 and 1869 by the Central Pacific Railroad of California and the Union Pacific Railroad that connected its statutory Eastern terminus at Council Bluffs, Iowa/Omaha, Nebraska[1][2] (via Ogden, Utah and Sacramento, California) with the Pacific Ocean atAlameda, California on the southern shore of San Francisco Bay opposite San Francisco. By linking with the existing railway network of the Eastern United States, the road thus connected the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States by rail for the first time.

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Fort Sumter

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- is a Third System masonry coastal fortification located in Charleston harbor, South Carolina. The fort is best known as the site upon which the shots initiating the American Civil War were fired, at the Battle of Fort Sumter.

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Bull Run

Back 160

was fought on July 21, 1861, near Manassas, Virginia. It was the first major land battle of the American Civil War.

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Peninsular Campaign

Back 161

was a majorUnion operation launched in southeastern Virginia from March through July 1862, the first large-scale offensive in the Eastern Theater. The operation, commanded by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan, was an amphibiousturning movement intended to capture the Confederate capital of Richmond by circumventing the Confederate States Army in Northern Virginia

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George McClellan

Back 162

Early in the war, McClellan played an important role in raising a well-trained and organized army for theUnion. Although McClellan was meticulous in his planning and preparations, these characteristics may have hampered his ability to challenge aggressive opponents in a fast-moving battlefield environment.

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Robert E. Lee

Back 163

distinguished himself as an exceptional soldier in the U.S. Army for 32 years. He is best known for having commanded the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War.

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Antietam

Back 164

was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with about 23,000 casualties

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Gettysburg

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was the battle with the largest number of casualties in theAmerican Civil War[6] and is often described as the war's turning point.[7] Union Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, ending Lee's invasion of the North.

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. Vicksburg

Back 166

was the final major military action in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. In a series of maneuvers, Union Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee crossed the Mississippi River and drove the Confederate army of Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton into the defensive lines surrounding the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi.

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. Battle of Atlanta

Back 167

- Continuing their summer campaign to seize the important rail and supply center of Atlanta, Union forces overwhelmed and defeatedConfederate forces defending the city. Despite the implication of finality in its name, the battle occurred mid-way through the campaign and the city would not fall for another six weeks.

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“March to the Sea” and total war -

Back 168

The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta, Georgia on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannahon December 21. It inflicted significant damage, particularly to industry and infrastructure (as per the doctrine of total war), and also to civilian property.

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Appomattox

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was a series of battles fought March 29 – April 9, 1865, in Virginia that culminated in the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and the effective end of the American Civil War.

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E. Emancipation Proclamation

Back 170

roclaimed the freedom of 3.1 million of the nation's 4 million slaves, and immediately freed 50,000 of them, with the rest freed as Union armies advanced.

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Confiscation Acts

Back 171

were laws passed by the United States Congress during the Civil War with the intention of freeing the slaves still held by the Confederate forces in the South.

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Freedman’s Bureau

Back 172

was a U.S. federal government agency that aided distressed refugees and freedmen (freed slaves) in 1865-1872, during the Reconstruction era of the United States.

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54th Massachusetts

Back 173

was an infantry regiment that saw extensive service in the Union Army during the American Civil War. The regiment was one of the first official black units in the United States during the Civil War.

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“contraband”

Back 174

a slave who during the American Civil War escaped to or was brought within the Union

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Dorothea Dix

Back 175

- was an American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums. During the Civil War, she served as Superintendent of Army Nurses.

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Clara Barton

Back 176

was a pioneer American teacher, nurse, andhumanitarian. She is best remembered for organizing the American Red Cross.

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Presidential Reconstruction

Back 177

Lincoln’s plan
1. Wade Davis Bill - a program proposed for the Reconstruction of the South written by two Radical Republicans, Senator Benjamin Wade of Ohio and Representative Henry Winter Davis of Maryland. In contrast to President Abraham Lincoln's more lenient Ten Percent Plan, the bill made re-admittance to the Union for former Confederate states contingent on a majority in each Southern state to take the Ironclad oath to the effect they had never in the past supported the Confederacy.

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John Wilkes Booth

Back 178

was an American stage actor who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre, in Washington, D.C., on April 14, 1865. Booth was a member of the prominent 19th century Booth theatrical family from Maryland and, by the 1860s, was a well known actor

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Black Codes

Back 179

were laws passed on the state and local level in the United States to limit the basic human rights and civil liberties of blacks.

Front 180

Congressional Reconstruction

Back 180

Radical Republicans in Congress, led by Stevens and Sumner opened the way to suffrage for male freedmen. They were generally in control, although they had to compromise with the moderate Republicans (the Democrats in Congress had almost no power). Historians generally refer to this period as Radical Reconstruction

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Radical Republicans

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Republicans with raical moties to keep power In Congrress, and give suffrage rights to blacks.
1. Role of the Freedman’s Bureau- The bureau opened 4000 free schools, including several colleges, and educated 250,000 African Americans. By 1870, 21% of African-American population could read.

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14th Amendment

Back 182

Its Citizenship Clause provides a broad definition of citizenship that overruled the decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford which held that blacks could not be citizens of the United States.
Its Due Process Clause prohibits state and local governments from depriving persons (individual and corporate) of life, liberty, or property without certain steps being taken. This clause has been used to make most of the Bill of Rights applicable to the states, as well as to recognize substantive rights and procedural rights.
Its Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people within its jurisdiction. This clause later became the basis for Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court decision which precipitated the dismantling of racial segregation in the United States.

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Federal control – Carpetbaggers and Scalawags

Back 183

- scalawag was a nickname for southern whites who supported Reconstruction following the Civil War.Some were former Unionists.
"carpetbaggers" was a negative term Southerners gave to Northerners (also referred to as Yankees) who moved to the South during the Reconstruction era, between 1865 and 1877.

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. Impeachment of Johnson

Back 184

The Impeachment was the consummation of a lengthy political battle, between the moderate Johnson and the "Radical Republican" movement that dominated Congress, for control of Reconstruction policies after the American Civil War.

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Tenure of Office Act

Back 185

- enacted over the veto of President Andrew Johnson, denied the President of the United States the power to remove anyone who had been appointed by a past President without the advice and consent of the United States Senate, unless the Senate approved the removal during the next full session of Congress.

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“swing around the circle”

Back 186

a disastrous speaking campaign undertaken by U.S. President Andrew Johnson August 27 - September 15, 1866, in which he tried to gain support for his mild Reconstruction policies and for his preferred candidates (mostly Democrats) in the forthcoming midterm Congressional election.

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15th Amendment

Back 187

prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude" (i.e., slavery). It was ratified on February 3, 1870.

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The Redeemers

Back 188

“solid south” - were a political coalition in the Southern United States during the Reconstruction era, who sought to oust the Republican coalition of freedmen, carpetbaggers and scalawags. They were the southern wing of the Bourbon Democrats, who were the conservative, pro-business wing of the Democratic Party.

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. Jim Crow

Back 189

were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for black Americans. In reality, this led to treatment and accommodations that were usually inferior to those provided for white Americans, systematizing a number of economic, educational and social disadvantages.

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. Plessy v. Ferguson

Back 190

is a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in the jurisprudence of the United States, upholding the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in private businesses (particularly railroads), under the doctrine of "separate but equal".
2. Limitations on voting rights

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Poll taxes

Back 191

is a head tax set at a fixed amount per person (sometimes according to a schedule or formula giving different amounts for different sets of people, e.g. only applying to males from the age of sixteen to sixty not otherwise exempt, on pain of forced but paid labour in lieu

Front 192

“Grandfather Clause”

Back 192

- is an exception that allows an old rule to continue to apply to some existing situations, when a new rule will apply to all future situations.

Front 193

Role of the Ku Klux Klan

Back 193

- is the name of three distinct past and present far-right[2][3][4] organizations in the United States, which have advocated extremist reactionary currents such as white supremacy, white nationalism, and anti-immigration,[5][6][7] historically expressed through Christian terrorism and a fervent anti-communist stance.[8] The current manifestation is splintered into several chapters and is widely considered to be a hate group

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sharecropping and tenant farming

Back 194

Farm tenancy is a form of lease arrangement whereby a tenant rents, for cash or a share of crops, farm property from a landowner. Different variations of tenant arrangements exist, including sharecropping, in which, typically, a landowner provides all of the capital and a tenant all of the labor for a fifty percent share of crops.

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crop lien system -

Back 195

The crop-lien system was a way for farmers to get credit before the planting season by borrowing against the value for anticipated harvests. Local merchants provided food and supplies all year long on credit; when the cotton crop was harvested farmers turned it over to the merchant to pay back their loan.

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Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois -

Back 196

was an American educator, author, orator, and political leader. He was the dominant figure in the African American community in the United States from 1890 to 1915. He was representative of the last generation of black leaders born in slavery and spoke on behalf of blacks living in the South.

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Atlanta Compromise

Back 197

was an address on the topic of race relations given by black leader Booker T. Washington on September 18, 1895
IV. The Grant Administration

Front 198

demand for greenbacks

Back 198

was an American political party with an anti-monopoly ideology[2] that was active between 1874 and 1884. Its name referred to paper money, or "greenbacks," that had been issued during the American Civil War and afterward. The party opposed the shift from paper money back to a bullion coin-based monetary system because it believed that privately owned banks and corporations would then reacquire the power to define the value of products and labor. I

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Credit Mobilier scandal

Back 199

involved the Union Pacific Railroad and the Crédit Mobilier of America construction company in the building of the First Transcontinental Railroad. The distribution of Crédit Mobilier shares of stock by Congressman Oakes Ames along with cash bribes to congressmen took place during the Andrew Johnson presidency in 1868. The revelation of the congressmen who received cash bribes or shares in Crédit Mobilier took place during the Ulysses S. Grant administration in 1872. The scandal's origins actually go back to the Abraham Lincoln presidency with the formation of the Crédit Mobilier in 1864.

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. Whiskey Ring

Back 200

was a scandal, exposed in 1875, involving diversion of tax revenues in a conspiracy among government agents, politicians, whiskey distillers, and distributors. The Whiskey Ring began in St. Louis but was also organized in Chicago, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, New Orleans, and Peoria

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Compromise of 1877 and the end of Reconstruction

Back 201

- refers to a purported informal, unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 U.S. Presidential election and ended Congressional ("Radical") Reconstruction. Through it, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops that were propping up Republican state governments in South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. Consequently, the incumbent President, Republican Ulysses S. Grant, removed the soldiers from Florida before Hayes as his successor removed the remaining troops in South Carolina and Louisiana. As soon as the troops left, many Republicans also left (or became Democrats) and the "Redeemer" Democrats took control.

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Cattle Kingdom

Back 202

– the growth of the cattle industry and the open range grazing of cattle in the west.
1. open-range ranching and the role of the cowboy
2. women’s suffrage – women in the west were the first to get voting rights. Some to increase votes for statehood, others because they were important and influential parts of the community.

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Turner thesis

Back 203

that the origin of the distinctive equalitarian, democratic, aggressive, and innovative features of the American character has been the American frontier experience.
C. Building the Western railroad – the railroad helped make it easier for migrants from the east to settle in the west.

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Plains Indians -

Back 204

- are the Indigenous peoples who live on the plains and rolling hills of the Great Plains of North America.

Front 205

Dawes Act

Back 205

provided for the division of tribally held lands into individually-owned parcels and opening "surplus" lands to settlement by non-Indians and development by railroads

Front 206

. Battle of Wounded Knee

Back 206

150 men, women, and children of the Lakota Sioux had been killed and 51 wounded..

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Bessemer Process

Back 207

was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. The oxidation also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten.

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Andrew Carnegie

Back 208

was a Scottish-American industrialist, businessman, entrepreneur and a major philanthropist. He earned most of his fortune in the steel industry. In the 1870s, he founded the Carnegie Steel Company, a step which cemented his name as one of the "Captains of Industry". By the 1890s, the company was the largest and most profitable industrial enterprise in the world
1. Railroads

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J.P. Morgan

Back 209

was an American financier, banker and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time.

Front 210

What is generalized grievance standing? What is an exception to it?

Back 210

Generalized grievance standing means that there is no generalized citizenship/taxpayer standing to sue the government.

The exception is that taxpayers have standing to challenge government expenditures as violating the Establishment Clause.

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Thomas Edison

Back 211

was an American inventor, scientist, and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and a long-lasting, practical electric light bulb.

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Gospel of Wealth

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an essay written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889[3] that described the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich. The central thesis of Carnegie's essay was the peril of allowing large sums of money to be passed into the hands of persons or organizations ill-equipped mentally or emotionally to cope with them. As a result, the wealthy entrepreneur must assume the responsibility of distributing his fortune in a way that it will be put to good use, and not wasted on frivolous expenditure.

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Horatio Alger

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was a prolific 19th-century American author, most famous for his novels following the adventures of bootblacks, newsboys, peddlers, buskers, and other impoverished children in their rise from humble backgrounds to lives of respectable middle-class security and comfort. His novels about boys who succeed under the tutelage of older mentors were hugely popular in their day.

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Social Darwinism

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- is a term used for various late nineteenth century ideologies which, while often contradictory, exploited ideas of survival of the fittest.[1] It especially refers to notions of struggle for existence being used to justify social policies which show no sympathy for those unable to support themselves

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Herbert Spencer

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was an English philosopher, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era.Spencer developed an all-embracing conception of evolution as the progressive development of the physical world, biological organisms, the human mind, and human culture and societies

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trusts

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a trust is a relationship whereby property (including real, tangible and intangible) is managed by one person (or persons, or organizations) for the benefit of another. A trust is created by a settlor (or feoffor to uses), who entrusts some or all of their property to people of their choice (the trustees or feoffee to uses).

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vertical and horizontal integration

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hor. - occurs when a firm is being taken over by, or merged with, another firm which is in the same industry and in the same stage of production as the merged firm, e.g. a car manufacturer merging with another car manufacturer
vert. - Vertically integrated companies in a supply chain are united through a common owner. Usually each member of the supply chain produces a different product or (market-specific) service, and the products combine to satisfy a common need.

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Taylorism and the assembly line

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- Scientific management was a theory of management that analyzed and synthesized workflows. Its main objective was improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity.. He was one of the first people to try to apply science to this application, that is, understanding why and how these differences existed and how best practices could be analyzed and synthesized, then propagated to the other workers via standardization of process steps.
assembly line is a manufacturing process in which parts (usually interchangeable parts) are added to a product in a sequential manner using optimally planned logistics to create a finished product much faster than with handcrafting-type methods.

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Henry Ford -

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was a prominent American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production. His introduction of the Model Tautomobile revolutionized transportation and American industry

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Haymarket Square Bombing

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was a demonstration and unrest that took place on Tuesday May 4, 1886, at the Haymarket Square[3] in Chicago. It began as a rally in support of strikingworkers. An unknown person threw a bomb at police as they dispersed the public meeting. The bomb blast and ensuinggunfire resulted in the deaths of eight police officers, mostly from friendly fire, and an unknown number of civilians.

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National Labor Union

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was the first national labor federation in the United States. Founded in 1866 and dissolved in 1873, it paved the way for other organizations, such as the Knights of Labor and the AF of L (American Federation of Labor). It was led by William H. Sylvis.

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Knights of Labor

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was the largest and one of the most important American labor organizations of the 1880s. Its most important leader was Terence Powderly. The Knights promoted the social and cultural uplift of the workingman, rejected Socialism and radicalism, demanded the eight-hour day, and promoted the producers ethic of republicanism.

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American Federation of Labor

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was one of the first federations of labor unions in the United States. It was founded in 1886 by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the Knights of Labor, a national labor association.

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Samuel Gompers

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was an English-born American labor union leader and a key figure in American labor history. Gompers founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL), and served as that organization's president from 1886 to 1894 and from 1895 until his death in 1924. Gompers and the AFL worked with the government to avoid strikes and boost morale, while raising wage rates and expanding membership.

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. Homestead and Pullman Strikes

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Both strikes were broken by violent attacks on the strikers by both private (Pinkerton) armies. cops and state militia. The bravery of the strikers provided inspiration and energy to workers in other industries to fight and win for their own right to Unions and better lives.

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Injunctions

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is an equitable remedy in the form of a court order that requires a party to do, or to refrain from doing, certain acts. A party that fails to comply with an injunction faces criminal or civil penalties and may have to pay damages or accept sanctions. In some cases, breaches of injunctions are considered serious criminal offenses that merit arrest and possible prison sentences.

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Eugene Debs

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was an American union leader, one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), and several times the candidate of theSocialist Party of America for President of the United States.[2] Through his presidential candidacies, as well as his work with labor movements, Debs eventually became one of the best-known socialists living in the United States.

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Pendleton Act

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Allowed the president to decide which federal jobs would be filled according to rules laid by a bipartisan Civil Service Commission

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Stalwarts and Halfbreeds

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were a political faction of the United States Republican Party that existed in the late 19th century. The Half-Breeds were a moderate-wing group, and they were the opponents of the Stalwarts, the other main faction of the Republican Party. The main issue that separated the Stalwarts and the Half-Breeds was political patronage. The Stalwarts were in favor ofpolitical machines and spoils system-style patronage, while the Half-Breeds, led by Maine senator James G. Blaine, were in favor of civil service reform and a merit system.

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McKinley Tariff

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was a name popularly given to a law enacted by the United States Congress in 1890 increasing the tariffs on some goods imported into the United States. It was named after Congressman William McKinley who would later become President of the United States.

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Interstate Commerce Commission

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purpose was to regulate railroads (and later trucking) to ensure fair rates, to eliminate rate discrimination, and to regulate other aspects of common carriers.

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Sherman Antitrust Act

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requires the United States Federal government to investigate and pursue trusts, companies, and organizations suspected of violating the Act. It was the first Federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies, and today still forms the basis for most antitrust litigation by the United States federal government. However, for the most part, politicians were unwilling to use the law until Theodore Roosevelt's Presidency

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. U.S. v. E.C. Knight

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also known as the "'Sugar Trust Case,'" was a United States Supreme Court case that limited the government's power to control monopolies. The case, which was the first heard by the Supreme Court concerning the Sherman Antitrust Act, was argued on October 24, 1894 and the decision was issued on January 21, 1895.

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Long haul Short haul abuse

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The Act required that railroads publicize shipping rates and charge no more for short hauling than for long hauling. Railroads were also prevented from practicing price fixing and price discrimination against smaller markets. The Act created a federal regulatory agency, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), which it charged with monitoring railroads to ensure that they complied with the new market standards.
3. problems with middlemen

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the Grange

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The Grange movement was a fraternal organization that created legislation to assist farmers.

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Farmer’s Alliance

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was an organized agrarian economic movement amongst U.S. farmers that flourished in the 1880s. One of its goals was to end the adverse effects of the crop-lien system on farmers after the US Civil War

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Populism

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of sociopolitical thought that compares "the people" against "the elite", and urges social and political system changes. It can also be defined as a rhetorical style employed by members of various political or social movements

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Omaha platform

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The platform preamble was written by Ignatius L. Donnelly. The planks themselves represent the merger of the agrarian concerns of the Farmers' Alliance with the free-currency monetarism of the Greenback Party while explicitly endorsing the goals of the largely urban Knights of Labor. In the words of Donnelly's preamble, the convention was "[a]ssembled on the anniversary of the birthday of the nation, and filled with the spirit of the grand general and chieftain who established our independence, we seek to restore the government of the Republic to the hands of the plain people, with which class it originated."

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Panic of 1893

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and the overexpansion of railroads - was a serious economic depression in the United States that began in that year.[1] Similar to the Panic of 1873, this panic was marked by the collapse of railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing which set off a series of bank failures. Compounding market overbuilding and a railroad bubble was a run on the gold supply and a policy of using both gold and silver metals as a peg for the US Dollar value. Until the Great Depression, the Panic of '93 was considered the worst depression the United States had ever experienced.

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2. Election of 1896: Battle of the Standards

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aw Republican William McKinleydefeat Democrat William Jennings Bryan in a campaign considered by historians to be one of the most dramatic and complex in American history.The 1896 campaign is often considered by political scientists to be a realigning election that ended the old Third Party System and began the Fourth Party System.[1] McKinley forged a coalition in which businessmen, professionals, skilled factory workers and prosperous farmers were heavily represented; he was strongest in the Northeast, Upper Midwest, and Pacific Coast. Bryan was the nominee of theDemocrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans. He was strongest in the South, rural Midwest, and Rocky Mountain states.

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William Jennings Bryan and the “Cross of Gold” speech

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was an American politician in the late-19th and early-20th centuries. He was a dominant force in the liberal wing of the Democratic Party, standing three times as its candidate forPresident of the United States. was delivered by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Democratic National Convention in Chicago on July 8, 1896.[1][2][3] The speech advocated bimetallism. Following the Coinage Act (1873), the United States abandoned its policy of bimetallism and began to operate a de facto gold standard. In 1896, the Democratic Party wanted to standardize the value of the dollar to silver and opposed a monometallic gold standard. The inflation that would result from the silver standard would make it easier for farmers and other debtors to pay off their debts by increasing their revenue dollars. It would also reverse the deflation which the U.S. experienced from 1873 to 1896.

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International Darwinism

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“White Man’s Burden”- its theme and title, it has become emblematic both of Eurocentric racism and of Western aspirations to dominate the developing world. notions of struggle for existence being used to justify social policies which show no sympathy for those unable to support themselves. While the most prominent form of such views stressed competition between individuals in free market capitalism, it is also associated with ideas of struggle between national or racial groups

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Naval expansion: Alfred Thayer Mahan

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Mahan used history as a stock of lessons to be learned—or more exactly, as a pool of examples that exemplified his theories. Mahan believed that national greatness was inextricably associated with the sea, with its commercial usage in peace and its control in war. His goal was to discover the laws of history that determined who controlled the seas.

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Spanish American War

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was a conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United StatesRevolts against Spanish rule had been endemic for decades in Cuba and were closely watched by Americans Compromise proved impossible, resulting in an ultimatum sent to Madrid, which was not accepted. First Madrid, then Washington, formally declared war.

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. Cuban independence

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- In 1898, the United States assisted in war to protect its citizens and businesses in Cuba. This war was known as the Spanish-American War. The United States declared war on Spain after the U.S. warship, the Maine, exploded and sank on February 15, 1898 while visiting Havana, Cuba. No one really knows what caused the warship to explode, but the United States blamed Spain. Thousands of United States troops fought in Cuba.

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Yellow press

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is a type of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well-researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines to sell more newspapers. Techniques may include exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering, or sensationalism. By extension "Yellow Journalism" is used today as a pejorative to decry any journalism that treats news in an unprofessional or unethical fashion.

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. “Remember the Maine”

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After the mysterious sinking of the American battleship Maine in Havana harbor, political pressures from the Democratic Party pushed the government headed by President William McKinley, a Republican, into a war McKinley had wished to avoid

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DeLome letter

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set off an 1898 diplomatic incident, was written by Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, the Spanish Minister with the Portfolio of Cuba. In a personal letter, which was stolen despite being under diplomatic protection. This event fired up an otherwise inactive President McKinley and helped stir public sentiment in favor of the Cuban Junta and against the Spanish, and is seen as one of the principal triggers of the Spanish-American War of 1898.

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Adm. George Dewey

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was an admiral of the United States Navy. He is best known for his victory at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War. He was also the only person in the history of the United States to have attained the rank of Admiral of the Navy, the most senior rank in the United States Navy.

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Treaty of Paris

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he Treaty of Paris of 1898 was signed on December 10, 1898, at the end of the Spanish-American War.
The Treaty signaled the end of the Spanish Empire in America and the, and marked the beginning of an age of United States colonial power

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. Platt Amendment

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- was a rider appended to the Army Appropriations Act presented to the U.S. Senate by Connecticut Republican Senator Orville H. Platt (1827–1905) replacing the earlier Teller Amendment. The amendment stipulated the conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba after the Spanish-American War, and defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations until the 1934 Treaty of Relations. The Amendment ensured U.S. involvement in Cuban affairs, both foreign and domestic, and gave legal standing to U.S. claims to certain economic and military territories on the island including Guantanamo Bay Naval Base.

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. Teller Amendment -

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was an amendment to a joint resolution of the United States Congress, enacted on April 19, 1898, in reply to President William McKinley's War Message. It placed a condition of the United States military in Cuba. According to the clause, the U.S. could not annex Cuba but only leave "control of the island to its people."

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Filipino insurrection

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was an armed conflict between a group of Filipino revolutionaries and the United States which arose from the struggle of the First Philippine Republic to gain independence following annexation by the United States.

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. Role of antiimperialists

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was an organization established in the United States on June 15, 1898 to battle the American annexation of the Philippines as an insular area. The anti-imperialists opposed the expansion because they believed imperialism violated the credo of republicanism, especially the need for "consent of the governed." They did not oppose expansion on commercial, constitutional, religious, or humanitarian grounds; rather they believed that annexation and administration of backward tropical areas would mean the abandonment of American ideals of self-government and isolation - ideals expressed in the Declaration of Independence, Washington's Farewell Address and Lincoln's Gettysburg Address

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Open Door policy

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- is a concept in foreign affairs, which usually refers to the policy around 1900 allowing multiple Imperial powers access to China, with none of them in control of that country.