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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Jamestown
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The first American Colony established by the Virginia Company, primary motive was to search for gold.
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John Smith
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Explorer, leader who played major role in the settlement of the Jamestown colony. First explorer to map the Chesapeake Bay area.
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Joint-Stock Company
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A company entirely owned by stock holders. All owners of stock own a portion of the company
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Maryland Act of Toleration
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Second law requiring religious tolerance and the first putting a limit on "hate speech" enacted 1649. Only protected trinitarian Christians, but sentenced those who didn't believe in Jesus to death.
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Headright System
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Incentive system used to build stable labor base in the colonies. The Company awarded 50 acres to settlers who payed for the passage of an indentured servant into the New World.
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Bacon's rebellion
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rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon against William Berkely, who had failed to address the colonists' concern about their safety. Former indentured servants rebel and try to throw down the government.
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Puritans
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Pilgrims who had left England with the hope of finding new land elsewhere and purifying the church from within. Reformation led by Martin Luther, who disdains at the selling of indulgences.
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Model of Christian Charity
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Thesis written by Jonathan Winthrop aboard the Arbella in 1630. Preaches the idea of "A City Upon A Hill."
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Roger Williams
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A protestant theologian who was one of the first proponents of religious freedom, as well as the separation of the church and state. Exiled to Rhode Island, where Narraganset Indians took him in. Started the first Baptist church in America. Also a minister who taught people how to interpret the word of God
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Jonathan Winthrop
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A lawyer who converted to the Puritan faith, believed in Predestination, and believed in conformity. Large proponent of education. Urges Roger Williams to flee to Rhode Island, though the two do not get along
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Ann Hutchinson
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Preached Anti-nomianism (latin for "against the law" Meaning that if pre-destination does, in fact, exist, one does not have to behave a certain way to go to heaven or hell. Believed that the Holy Spirit dwells inside people. When tried, she knew the Bible better than anyone else, and her intelligence intimidated townsmen into building Harvard university. Later banished
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William Penn
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Founder of the colony of Pennsylvania. A quaker who began Pennsylvania as a holy experiment, where society would be tolerant of all religion.
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Mercantilism
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Economic System developed in the 17th century, as a transition from Feudalism. Argued that power derives from the wealth of a country, and that increases in wealth come from vigorous trade. Mercantilists also believed in the pursuit of greed, and that creating economic incentives will cause a state to work for the good of the country as a whole.
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town meetings
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Quakers had no sermons, but instead had these, where they would discuss affairs and share stories.
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Powhatan
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Indian chief who dominated a few dozen small tribes in the area. Saw the Englishmen as allies, and "adopted" John Smith.
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Pequot war
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1636-37. A war initiated by the Pequot Indians, a very powerful tribe in the Connecticut River Valley. The Whites allied with the Narraganset Indians and attacked Pequot villages, burning down village homes and shooting survivors.
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King Philip's War.
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Also called Metacom's war. Armed fighting between Native Americans and white settlers. War ended in failure for the Indians. Metacom was beheaded and then drawn and quartered. His wife and son were sold into slavery, and there was never an Indian Uprising in New England after that.
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Navigation Acts
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Loosely-enforced set of acts whose goals were to regulate trade and provide favorable balance of trade (sell more, buy less) The first act banned foreign ships from entering the colonies. The second act enforced that African and Asian goods could be brought in, but only by English Ships. Third one required 3/4 of the crew to be English.
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Salutary neglect
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English did not totally enforce Navigation laws, because that meant more money for the colonists to buy English-made goods. So, in return, they neglected them instead.
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Middle Passage
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Torturous route of slave ships in which the African Americans were treated as cargo and stacked. Sanitary conditions were ghastly, and many Africans developed dysentery
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Great Awakening
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A time period of Revivalism in America, where Evangelical Christians developed, and brought life to the church. Also came with the invention of the printing press, and the idea that reason should be applied to religious doctrine
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Jonathan Edwards
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An Evangelical Minister in 1734, most famous for his involving and dramatic sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God."
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George Whitefield
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Evangelical Minister who, like Jonathan Edwards, gave very dramatic sermons and drew his audiences. One of the founders of Methodism and the Evangelical Movement in general
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French and Indian War
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War in which the English and the French battled for Colonial Domination in North America. Also called the 7 years war. French mostly allied with the Indians.
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Half-way covenant
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allowed for partial church membership, for children of members. allowed children of non-members to be baptized in the church.
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Proclamation Act
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British instituted a line of Proclamation, enforcing that Americans could not cross into the Ohio river valley, because fights had broken between settlers and the Indians.
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Stamp act of 1765
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Institituted an internal, direct tax upon all paper goods, including newspapers and playing cards. All items needed a British Seal which costed extra
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Virtual Representation
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The idea that Parliamentary members were indirectly representing the American Colonies, because they would not allow colonists to send representatives to Parliament.
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Committee of Correspondence
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Pseudo-American Government who met and collaborated over ways to respond to Great Britain. They would keep other colonies informed of what was going on throughout Colonial America
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Samuel Adams
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The radical leader of the Sons of Liberty, Cousin to John Adams
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Sons of Liberty
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Organization created in America that opposed the British rule and sometimes led violent acts against British soldiers
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Townshend Acts`
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Instituted by Charles Townshend. Called for an Indirect and external tax on imported goods such as tea, ink, chocolate, paint, and glass. Also disbanded New York legislation
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Boston Massacre
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An event primarily characterized by Propaganda, in which a mob formed, attacking British Soldiers in front of the Boston Custom House. Confused British soldiers fired on Americans and started a chain reaction
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Boston Tea Party
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In response to the tea act (in which British sold tea to the Americans, tax-free) Sons of Liberty banded together and threw $900k dollars worth of Tea into the Boston Harbor.
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Intolerable Acts
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following the Boston tea Party, Britain instilled a series of Coercive (Intolerable) Acts upon the Americans.
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Port Bill
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The Boston Port would be closed by a blockade
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Government Act
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Massachusets no longer had a charter, and General Thomas Gage became the military leader, imposing harsh military law. Town meetings were not allowed
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New Quartering Act.
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The City Must find a place to Quarter Soldiers. After awhile, this responsibility fell to the American Citizens
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Administration of Justice Act
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All Trials must take place outside of the Colonies
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Quebec Act
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An act that gave more rights to the French territory of Quebec. Allowed the French to keep their legislature and their Catholic religion. Also allowed them to extend territory into the Ohio River Valley
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Olive Branch Petition
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Final attempt at peace between Britain and America. Fails
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Loyalist
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Colonial American who is against the revolution and wants to remain loyal to the British Crown
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Patriot
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Colonial American who dislikes/hates British rule and wishes to break away from the Crown
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"Common Sense"
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Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine, stating the reasons why America should break from the crown. Took many indifferent people and swayed them in the direction of breaking away
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Battle of Trenton
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The battle taking place around Christmas, in which Washington famously crosses the Delaware River and attacks the Hessians
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John Adams
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Boston Lawyer, as well as the second president of the United States. A radical advocate of breaking away from Britain
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Declaration of Independence
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Document written by Thomas Jefferson, as an appeal to the world stating why America wanted to break away from the British crown
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Saratoga
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First battle in the revolutionary war taking place between major British and American forces. Battle lasts for 8 weeks and eventually ends in American Victory, though they were outnumbered by 10,000. George Washington cannot take the credit for the win, as he is wounded and whisked away. This goes to Horatio Gates
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Ben Franklin
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A diplomat from Philadelphia, who went to Britain and France various times to negotiate for terms of peace
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Articles of Confederation
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the original governmental plan by which the United States would govern themselves. Weak and ineffective. Required 9 of 13 states to pass a law, and all 13 to amend the Articles. Could not impose taxes or raise armies, and did not call for an Executive branch or Judicial
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Land Ordinance
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laid the foundations of Land Policy in colonial America, and governed how these lands would be divided
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Northwest Ordinance
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created the Northwestern territories in the Great Lakes area
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Shays' Rebellion
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Farmer's rebellion led by Captain Daniel Shays, that took place due to financial frustration following the Revolutionary war.
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Constitutional Convention
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A gathering that took place with the purpose of dismissing the Articles of Confederation and replacing it with a Federal Constitution
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James Madison
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The Fourth President of the United States, and "The Father of the constitution."
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Federalist 10
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One of the Federalist papers arguing against factions
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Federalist 51
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The federalist paper that focuses on the idea that "if men were angels." governments would not need to be instituted."
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Great Compromise
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The Compromise that resolved in the two houses of Congress, and how they would be represented. The Senate would send two representatives per state, and the House would send delegates proportionally to the population of each state.
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Three-Fifths compromise
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The compromise regarding House representation, primarily in the Southern States, as Slaves were not true citizens of the United States. This compromise stated that for every five slaves, three would be counted in the population census to determine the representation in the House.
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Alexander Hamilton
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Federalist and Loose Constructionist, who favored creating a National Bank for the united States. Economic plan consisted of that National Bank, the assumption of all state debts into one national debt, taxes on imports (tariffs) and the establishment of credit.
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assumption
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the adoption of all state debts into one large national debt
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tariffs
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taxes placed on internationally imported goods
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Bank of the United States
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Bank created to stabilize and improve nation's credit and financial matters. Chartered for twenty years, greatly opposed by republicans
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Whiskey Rebellion
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Tax protest in United States against Whiskey taxes during Washington's presidency. Rebels attacked the home of a tax inspector
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Neutrality Act
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outlawed military operations against nations with which the U.S. is at peace; still in force in amended form
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Jay's Treaty
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Treaty to relieve post Revolutionary War tension between America and Britain
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Jeffersonian Republicans
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Strict Constructionists, who were against the national Bank of the united states, and followed the constitution with no deviation.
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Washington's farewell address
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In this speech, Washington warned against the development of political factions, as well as the formation of permanent alliances with other countries
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XYZ Affair
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In response to the French attacking of American Ships, President John Adams sent American Diplomats to negotiate with representatives from France, later referred to as X, Y, and Z. The French would not negotiate without the Americans paying a large bribe. Though this endeavor proved unsuccessful, and provoked a potential war, further attempts solved the issue.
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Alien and Sedition Acts
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In response to French threat, these acts were enacted by J. Adams, in an effort to keep people from speaking out against the government and keep people from immigrating into the United States
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Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
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repealed the Alien and Sedition acts
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Revolution of 1800
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Transition of Presidential Power from the Federalists to the Republicans, with the election of President Thomas Jefferson
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Louisiana Purchase
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Due to bankruptcy from the war, Emperor Napoleon desperately needed money, and sold America the Louisiana territory for about a good price. Though this purchase was unconstitutional, the American People greatly praised it
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Embargo Act
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Thomas Jefferson enacted this to keep America from trading with France and Great Britain
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Marbury v. Madison
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case which set the stage for the supreme court process of judicial review (power of the court to declare something constitutional)
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Impressments
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Navies from foreign nations would raid American ships, steal their soldiers, and force them to join their own naval forces
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War of 1812
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America's first war fought as its own nation. Established the country with an identity and proved its power
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McCulloch v. Maryland
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States can establish banks, but taxing must be done at the federal level. The bank is Contitutional
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Republican Motherhood
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way to raise kids by teaching them Republican morals and values
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Manumission
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the act of a slave owner freeing his slaves
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American System
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Platform proposed by Henry Clay, involved federal funds for improvements in transportation, protective tariffs, and a national bank
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Tariff of 1816
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Tariff placed on imported goods to encourage the buying of American-made products
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Missouri Compromise
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Compromise that resulted in the criteria for Missouri to become a State (whether it would be free or slave) In the end, Missouri became a slave state in return for Maine becoming a free state. This also established the 36-30 line which would separate the free from the slave states
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Monroe Doctrine
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Stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention. United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries.
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Era of Good feelings
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After the Federalist party dissipated, the republican party solely remained. There was only one political party throughout the nation
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Mass Production
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Factory-like production of goods in incredibly large quantities
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Lowell Factory Girls
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First women to hold jobs besides nurses and midwifes. Worked looms in factories, had their own dormitories, and worked from age 15 - 22. Showed that women took pride in making their own money.
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interchangeable parts
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Specific apparatus for equipment were all created equally instead of the equipment as a whole. That way, one could buy the broken part for that equipment instead of buying a whole new device.
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2nd Great Awakening
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Consisted of Spiritual and Social reforms in response to some feeling that America was losing its Christianity. Some states removed their state mandated religions
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Temperance
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The abstinence from drinking alcohol
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Suffrage
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The right to vote, primarily for women and blacks
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Party Patronage
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The idea that, when a President holds office, they will appoint cabinet or staff members from their own political party
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Corrupt Bargain 1824
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Referred to the incident in which Jacksonian Republicans were angered by Quincy-Adams election win, followed by his appointment of Henry Clay to the position of Secretary of State, the traditional stepping stone to the Presidency
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Tariff of 1828 (Also The Tariff of Abomination)
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Tariff designed to protect industry in the Northern Part of the United States. The South was forced to pay more for goods produced outside of their own region.
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Nullification Crisis
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The process by which Jackson must eradicate the Tariff of 1828. John C. Calhoun writes a pamphlet anonymously (The South Carolina Exposition) and threatens to secede S. Carolina. In response, Jackson creates the Compromise Tariff
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Indian Removal Act
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Jackson removes all of the Native Americans and sends them to reserved lands in order to "save" their culture.
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Jackson's bank war
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Henry Clay makes the bank of the United States a campaign issue for Jackson's second term, and puts it up for renewal in 1832. Jackson declares it unconstitutional, which he cannot do. (Overruled by McCulloch v. Maryland) Unfortunately, Jackson's veto makes him seem like a man of the common people, so the charter is to expire in 1836
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