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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gilded age: Political machines
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group that controls the activities of political party.
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Poll tax
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Southern states levied taxes of $1 to $2 on all citizens wishing to vote. This prevented many blacks from voting because they were usually so poor and in debt that they rarely had money for anything.
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Plessy vs. Ferguson
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allowed states to segregate on a “separate but equal” basis
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Women’s suffrage
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led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony to advocate women’s rights in courts and the workplace, and fought on a national level for women’s right to vote.
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Progressive Age: Vanguard
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group of people leading the way in new development
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Abolitionists
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someone who wants to end slavery
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Muckrakers
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were the journalists who supported this reform movement. They published scandal and sensation by exposing social, economic, and political wrongs.
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Initiative
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permitted voters to propose new laws.
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Referendum
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enabled voters to accept or reject a law.
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Booker T. Washington
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The advocate of the idea of "self-help" a strategy that offered one populate alternative He believed that the most realistic solution to racism is to work hard, acquit property, and prove that blacks are worthy of respect. He is the founder of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama which is an all-black vocational school.
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W.E.B. Du Bois
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Both a Progressive and a member of the black elite. Du Bois was the advocate of the idea, "Talented Tenth", which is a belief that highly trained blacks could advance the race by using their skill to pursue racial equality. He also helped start the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) which is founded on the beliefs that nonviolent protests and legal action were the best way to achieve equal rights for blacks and white.
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NAACP
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Founded by Du Bois and his white allies, this organization was used to end racial discrimination and get voting rights through legal redress in the courts. It is an African-American civil rights organization In the United States, formed in 1909. Its mission is "to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination"
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Upton Sinclair
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A socialist who wanted to improve working condition, Sinclair wrote The Jungle, to point out the troubles of the working class and to show the corruption of the American meatpacking industry during the early-20th century.
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The Jungle
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Written by Upton Sinclair, The novel depicts in harsh tones poverty, absence of social programs, unpleasant living and working conditions, and hopelessness prevalent among the working class, which is contrasted with the deeply-rooted corruption on the part of those in power.
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Theodore Roosevelt
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during the Spanish-American War, Roosevelt organized a volunteer cavalry brigade, called Rough Riders, to fight in Cuba. Even though this brigade made a little impact in the war, it excited people and made him a media hero. As a Progressive, Roosevelt believed that strong government guides national affairs broadly. Also, especially in economic matters, he wanted the government to act as an umpire, deciding when big business was good and when it was bad.
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William Howard Taft
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Roosevelt's successor, Taft was Roosevelt's Secretary of War. Aided by Roosevelt, Taft won by 1.25 million popular votes. He was the 27th President of the United States, and he was the president who weighed more than any other presidents. He approved of the 16th Amendment which legalized the federal income tax as a permanent part of federal power.
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Woodrow Wilson
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Democrat nominee for the Presidential election in 1912 with the idea of "New Freedom." Although Wilson was too aloof to be fond with the public unlike the former president, "Teddy", Wilson was a powerful orator and a charismatic leader. One of the three Progressive presidents, Wilson and his administration passed and supported many Progressive laws that helped to shape the society.
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Farmer’s Alliance
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farmer’s organizations established between 1877 and 1892. These groups sought to ameliorate debt, poverty, and low crop prices by educating and mobilizing rural men and women, engaging in cooperative economic organizing, and asserting their power in electoral politics. led to the formation of the Peoples' party in 1891–92.
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Imperialism- Colonies
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a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country
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William H. Seward
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A senator from New York (1849-1861) and secretary of state (1861-1869) who envisioned a large United States Empire expanding overseas. Although most of his plans of expansion failed, he had some successes in the Purchase of Alaska.
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Alfred T. Mahan
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The president of the Naval War College in New Port, Rhode Island and a major popularize of the “New Navy”. This New Navy would be a larger and more modernized navy that would be able to withstand the larger navies of Europe, especially that of Germany.
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Hawaii
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Hawaii emerged as a new frontier for Americans. It consists of eight major islands 2,000 miles from the west coast of the United States in the Pacific. It had commanded American attention—commercial, religious, missionary, naval, and diplomatic.
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Queen Liliuokalani
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was the last reigning monarch of the Hawaiian islands. She felt her mission was to preserve the islands for their native residents. In 1898, Hawaii was annexed to the United States and Queen Liliuokalani was forced to give up her throne
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Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War (Spanish-American War)
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The name represents the major participants, location, and whose interests were at stake. Motives for the war were mixed and complex. McKinley believed the war would end the nightmarish anxiety of the question about Cuba once and for all.
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The Open Door policy
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Means that foreign markets should be accessed equally by all nations. Secretary of State John Hay used this policy with the major powers that had spheres of influence in China.
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The Panama Canal
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The United States had plans to construct a canal across Panama. The Clayton-Bulwer treaty (1850) between American and Britain provided joint control of the canal, but Britain quickly gave up their control because they wanted good relations with the U.S. The Hay-Pauncefole Treaty of 1901 permitted sole U.S. control over the canal. When Colombia rejected America’s plans for the canal, Roosevelt offered to help the Panamanian rebels and supported the Panamanian Revolution. In 1903, the new Panamanian government awarded the U.S. with the Panama Canal Zone with long-terms rights for control.
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Philippines
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In 1905, America acknowledged Japanese hegemony over Korea in return for Japan’s pledge not to take away U.S. control in the Philippines.
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Teller Amendment
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Allowed U.S. troops into the island of Cuba, but disclaimed U.S. intention to annex or control the island.
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Platt Amendment
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Showed U.S. hegemony. The statement prohibited Cuba from making a treaty with a nation that could hurt their independence. Basically, all treaties made must be approved by the United States. The Platt Amendment granted the United States “the right to intervene” to preserve the island’s independence. It also required Cuba to lease a naval base to the U.S.—Guantánamo Bay.
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Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
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In 1904, Roosevelt issued the corollary because of fears that Latin American debts owed to European banks would cause a war. He advised the nation to stabilize their finances.
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Boxer Rebellion
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an unsuccessful rebellion in China in 1900, the objective of which was to drive out all foreigners, remove all foreign influence, and compel Chinese Christians to give up their religion
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Monroe Doctrine
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an American foreign policy opposing interference in the western hemisphere from outside powers.
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WW1- Austria Hungary
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after Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife were killed by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo, Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, effectively beginning the First World War.
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Franz Ferdinand
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Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife were killed by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo.
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Belgium
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When World War I began; Germany invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg as part of the Schlieffen Plan, in an attempt to capture Paris quickly by catching the French off guard by invading through neutral countries
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Germany
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Germany was the Central Power most involved in the war
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Neutrality Act
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When World War I broke out in August, 1914, the United States decided to retain its doctrine of neutrality. President Wilson issued a formal Proclamation in August 4, and in August 19 declared that America was neutral "in thought as well as in action."
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Wilsonianism
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the inclination to use the U.S. foreign policy as a means of spreading American political and economic values throughout the world
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U Boat
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Term for submarines used in world war 1
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Naval Policy
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started the largest naval expansion in American history.
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Declaration of War
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- Germany’s violation of its pledge to suspend unrestricted submarine warfare in the North Atlantic and the Mediterranean, and its attempts to entice Mexico into an alliance against the United States, lead to the U.S. declaration of war.
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• African Americans in war
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Some 400,000 African Americans also served in the military. They were drafted in segregated units, where they were assigned to menial labor and endured crude abuse and miserable conditions. More than 42,000 blacks would see combat in Europe, however, and several black units served with distinction in various divisions of the French Army. The French government awarded the entire regiment the Croix de Guerre.
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• Bonds
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Liberty bonds were utilized during the first World War to support the allied cause in World War I. Subscribing to the bonds became a symbol of patriotic duty in the United States and introduced the idea of financial securities to many citizens for the first time. This allowed private citizens to purchase a bond to help support the military effort. After the war, the bond could be redeemed for its purchase price plus interest.
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• Zimmerman telegram
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Mexico's German ambassador told Germany's foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman that if Germany could help Mexico regain its lost territories , they would attack America.
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• CPI
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the CPI formed in April 1917 and was headed by Progressive journalist George Creel. Using America’s most talented writers, this organization created propaganda to manipulate the public into supporting the war. Germans were portrayed as demons, and the CPI “Four-Minute Men” spoke at movie theatres, schools, and churches to create patriotism.
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• Sedition Acts
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The Wilson administration also helped Congress to pass the Sedition Act (1918). The Sedition Act made it illegal to stop the selling of war bonds and insult the government, the Constitution, the flag or the military uniform. The government used the broad language of these laws to punish anti-war supporters.
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• Paris Peace Conference
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The Paris Peace Conference was held at Versailles, with the goal of ensuring peace after the war. The Big Four (President Woodrow Wilson of the United States, Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Britain, Premier Georges Clemenceau of France, and Premier Vittorio Orlando of Italy) tried to work out an agreement. Wilson immediately abandoned the first of his Fourteen Points, diplomacy “in the public view”. The victors demanded that Germany pay a refund those who had been affected by the war. Wilson suggested a smaller price, fearing that Germany might disrupt the peace that had just been attained if it was to be hurt badly. Eventually Wilson gave into “peer pressure”, agreeing to a clause blaming the war on the Germans and to the creation of a commission to determine the amount of reparations ($33 billion).
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• Treaty of Versailles
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This treaty officially ended World War I, signed on June 28, 1919. According to this treaty, Germany was responsible for the war. Therefore, Germany also had to pay reparations for the war it had caused.
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• 14 Points
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President Wilson set down 14 points as a blueprint for world peace that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I.
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Roaring Twenties: • Role of women
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Whether the issue was birth control, peace, education, Indian affairs, or opposition to lynching, many women in their associations publicized their causes and lobbied legislators instead of trying to elect their own candidates. In contrast to heavy, floor-length dresses and long hair of previous generations, short skirts and bobbed hair of 1920s "flapper" symbolized independence and sexual freedom. Although few women lived in the flapper life, the look became fashionable among office workers, store clerks, college coeds, and models.
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• Consumerism
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The consumerism of the 1920s tempted working class and middle class families to satisfy their wants and needs by living beyond their means or by sending women into the labor force.
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• Radio-
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Radio became one of the era's most influential advertising and entertainment media. By 1929, over 10 million families owned radios, and Americans spent $850 million a year on radio equipment. The radio focused more on entertainment than educational content.
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• The Automobile
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The automobile stood as the leader of this era's materials. During the 1920s, there was one car for every five Americans. Mass production and competition brought the price down, making it affordable to even some working-class families. Cars were no longer seen as a luxury but as a necessity. They altered daily life by allowing cleaner, horse-dung-free city streets. It also created a way to socializing and gain independence, especially for women.
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• Ku Klux Klan
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a revived version of the hooded order that terrorized southern communities after the Civil War. Reconstructed by William J. Simmons, the Klan was the most sinister reactionary movement of the 1920's. This Klan however, compared to the other, has a much broader membership. They hated immigrants and their religions along with African Americans.
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• Immigration quotas
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This allowed only a certain amount of people from each country to enter into the U.S. every year. So the annual immigration of a given nationality could not exceed 3% of the number of immigrants that resided in the U.S. in 1910. This act discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe.
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• Nicole Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti-
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Controversy arose in 1921 when they were convicted of murdering a guard and a paymaster during a robbery in Massachusetts. This created greater fear of immigrant radicalism.
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• The Scopes Trial
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Early in the year of 1925, state legislature passed a law forbidding public school instructors to teach the theory that humans evolved from lower forms of life rather than from Adam and Eve. However, high school teacher, John Thomas Scopes volunteered to serve in a test case and was arrested for violating the law
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• William Jennings Bryan
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decided the best strategy for Democratic victory was to bring his message to the people by speaking around the country, often from the backs of railroad cars. This was a new tactic, since presidential candidates traditionally stayed home and let others speak on their behalf. It won Bryan both criticism and fame
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• Prohibition
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- In their quest for fun and self-expression, many Americans refused to give up drinking. The Eighteenth Amendment and federal law prohibited manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages and legislators mostly refrained from enforcing prohibition.
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• Literature-
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With the rising demand for living expensive and intoxicating lives, writers began to question society's priorities and morals. Rejecting materialism, they wrote of individualism, and feeling alienated in a world of materialistic people.
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• Harlem Renaissance
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The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the 1920's, formally known as the "New Negro Movement" after the 1925 anthology by Alain Locke. Based in Harlem, New York, the famous works of African American artists became known all over the country. These African Americans, typically middle-class and educated, share their powerful feelings of pride for their heritage.
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• JAZZ-
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This age owes its name to the music of black culture. Early Jazz communicated exuberance, humor, and authority that African Americans seldom experienced in their public and political lives. With emotional rhythms and emphasis on improvisation, jazz created intimacy between performer and audience. As African Americans moved northward, their jazz followed them. Urban dance halls and bars often featured jazz.
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Peace Seekers/ War makers: • The Rockefeller Foundation’s anti-mosquito campaign-
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The foundation declared war on the mosquito carrying the yellow fever in Latin America.
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• Independent Internationalism
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U.S foreign policy at the time; U.S was active on a global scale but retained independence of it's actions; Wanted no part of European political conflicts, military alliances, or the League of Nations.
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• Five Power Treaty
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Established at the Washington Conference; Naval reduction of 500,000 tons each for British & America; 300,000 tons for Japan; 175,000 for Italy & France; Also set a 10 year waiting period for construction of battleships and aircrafts
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• Nine Power Treaty
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Established at the Washington Conference; Reaffirmed the Open Door policy in China, recognizing Chinese sovereignty.
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• Four Power Treaty-
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United Stated, Britain, Japan, and Fance agreed to respect one another's Pacific possession
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• Kellogg Brian Pact-
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62 nations agreed to condemn recourse to war for the solution of international controversies and renounce it as an instrument of national policy; reflected popular opinion that war was barbaric and wasteful
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• Webb-Pomerene Act
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- exempted certain exporters' associations from certain antitrust regulations.
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• War debts and reparations issue
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Europeans urged Americans to erase war debts, 9.6 billion of 26.5 billion owed to the U.S alone; U.S insisted on repayment and argued that new territories seized by countries could assist in repayment via natural resources (however it did decrease Allied reparations); Triangular Trade formed from war debts: Americans loaned Germany more money, Germany paid back their reparations to the Allies, and then Allies paid some of their debts to the U.S
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• Dawes Plan
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which attempted to stabilize German economy and decreased reparations structure.
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• Young Plan of 1929
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reduced German reparations and organized structure at which reparations would be paid.
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• Johnson Act of 1934-
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Forbade U.S government loans to foreign countries who had not paid their war debts; est. by Congress when Allies had only paid a small fraction of reparations
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• Secretary of State Cordell Hull
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Exemplified American independent internationalism; Argued that increase world trade would improve U.S depression and boost chances of global peace
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• Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act
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reduced U.S tariffs as much as 50% through special agreements with foreign countries.
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• Good Neighbor Policy-
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Renounced unpopular military intervention in Latin America; Pan Americanism: a concept which aimed to bring about closer ties between N&S America; Resulted in: supported strong local leaders; financial supervision; Export-Import Bank loans; political undermining.
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• Rome-Berlin Axis
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Alliance between Italy and Germany.
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• Anti-Comintern Pact
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Alliance between Japan and Germany
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• Policy of Appeasement
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- France and British response to German alliances with Italy and Japan; appeased Hitler by permitting him seizure of some territories; ineffective because Hitler continued to raise his demands
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• Munich Conference
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After Hitler seized a German speaking region of Czechoslovakia, France and Britain agreed to allow Hitler this territory if he pledged he would not take more; France and Britain did not consult Czechs.
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• American isolationist sentiment
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- Resistance to war and opposition to alliances with other nations; isolationism from WW1; believed that war damages reform movements, undermines civil liberties, expands federal and presidential power, disrupts economy, and increases race/class tensions; Conservatives feared
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• Nye Committee
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- believed that corporations and businessmen had promoted war and manipulated the public into entering WW1; Uncovered evidence that bribed foreign politicians to strengthen arm sales and opposed arms control
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• Neutrality Act (1935)-
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prohibited arm shipments to either side in the war
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• Neutrality Act (1936)-
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forbade loans to agitators and belligerents
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• Neutrality Act (1937)-
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warring nations wishing to trade with the United States would have to pay cash for their nonmilitary purchases and carry good from U.S ports in their own ships; forbade American ships from sailing to belligerent nations
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• Nazi-Soviet Pact-
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Formed a non-aggression pact; Stalin claimed he had to cut a deal with Germany after the West's appeasement of Hitler; Soviets received portion of territory gained by Germany
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• German invasion of Poland
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launching a new kind of war blitzkrieg: lighting war using highly mobile land forces and armor combined with tactical aircraft; Britain and France declare war on Germany
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• Repeal of the arm embargo (Neutrality Act of 1939)-
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Congress approved cash-and-carry exports of arms; FDR began to aid Allies.
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• Japanese seizure of Manchuria
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Japanese sought to oust western imperialists from Asia and dominate Asian territories that produced raw materials; violated the 9 Power Treaty and Kellog-Briand pact but U.S & League of Nations did not have power to compel Japanese withdrawal; Japanese claimed they needed to expand in order to survive.
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• Stimson Doctrine
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stated the United State would not recognize any impairment of China's sovereignty or of the Open Door policy.
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• Sino-Japanese War
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- intensifies anti-Japanese sentiment in U.S; war between Japanese and China; FDR refused to declare the existence of war in order to avoid Neutrality Acts and permit trade with China of military goods
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• Roosevelts quarantine speech
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proposed an alternative to the political climate of American neutrality and non-intervention that was prevalent at the time; speech intensified America's isolationist mood, causing protest by non-interventionists and foes to intervene.
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• Japanese New Deal
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Japanese announced a New Order for East Asia; Chinese in this New Order were to be led by a Chinese; trade would be mainly between Japan and China and nations like United States, Britain, Germany and France would be allowed to continue to function in China but would have to settle for leftovers.
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• Lend- lease Act
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Gives aid to Allies; lends military aid instead of selling because Britain was broke; also send aid to the Soviet Union which Hitler had attacked despite Nazi-Soviet alliance.
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• Japanese occupation of French Indochina
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resulted in Washington ending trade with Japan in order to deter Japanese expansion in the Pacific; cut off vital supplies such as oil.
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• Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
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December 7th, 1941; 60 Japanese ships, six carriers, 360 airplanes crossed the Pacific; avoided detection through radio silence; 2,403 dead; 1,178 wounded.
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