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146 Cards in this Set

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Monroe Doctrine
1823, called on noncolonization and nonintervention from European powers in the Western hepisphere
Missouri Compromise
1820:
1) MO admitted as a slave state
2) ME admitted as a free state
3) MO could keep slaves, bu future bondage prohibited in rest of LA purchase territory (north of 36°30' line)
McCulloch v. Maryland
1819, MD tried to destroy branch of the Bank of US by taxing its notes, Marshall denied MD that right
> increased federal authority
> stressed loose construction, making judicial review more important
Florida Purchase Treaty
1819, Spain ceded FL land to US for some TX claims in return
Era of Good Feelings
period during Monroe's one-party Republican rule, a time of supposed nationalistic peace but nation was plagued with economic and political issues (tariff, bank, slavery, sectionalism)
spoils system
the rewarding of political supporters with public office introduced during Jackson's presidency
Tariff of Abominations
the name Southerners gave the Tariff of 1828 b/c they believed it discriminated a/g them and their world market-cotton; the tariff was a perfect scapegoat for a Southern stand for states' rights
Nullification Crisis
the battle over the right to nullify federal acts, the South esp. SC threatened to secede if the Tariff of 1828 (and of 1832, not much better than 1828) was not abolished, Jackson countered by using military power to snuff out the battle for nullification, Compromise Tariff of 1833 (8 year 10% reduction of 1832 Tariff) ended crisis
Force Bill
pushed through Congress with Compromise Tariff of 1833, authorized president to use army and navy if necessary to collect federal tariff duties
Indian Removal Act
1830 passed by Congress, transplanted Indian tribes that we're east of MS with intent to preserve heritage in open land
Alamo
where MX army killed 400 American volunteer soldiers
Ecological imperialism
Pioners aggressively exploited natural bounty of West (1790-1860): exhausted soil, cleared fields, beaver/bison hunting
Tammany Hall
the powerful NY political machine that provided immigrant services esp. to Irish
Know Nothing Party
1845-1860, American political party run by nativists, advocating strict immigration, naturalization, deportation laws; a/g Catholicism
Cotton gin
Eli Whitney's seed-separating invention that revitalized slavery and launched South into King Cotton
Cult of domesticity
Cultural creed celebrating homemaker and giving married women immense moral power to make large family decisions
Erie Canal
1825, connecting Great Lakes to Hudson R., demonstrated how continental economy could fundamentally change local economies and international markets
Transportation revolution
c. 1830, series of innovations (railway, canal, turnpike, steamboats) linking East and West markets; est. interdependent continental economy
Market revolution
c.1830, transformation from scattered subsistence economies to a tight national network of industry and commerce
Deism
belief in reason rather than revelation, Supreme being created knowable universe
Unitarians
spawned from deism, this religious group defined God as one person and a loving Father
Second Great Awakening
c.1800, reaction against growing liberalism in religion
> stressed female as powerful religious center/activist
> caused divions in society b/w new evangelical and older Protestant sects
American Temperance Society
est. 1826, urged people to pledge total abstinence (demonstrated that morals could translate into political reform)
Women's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls
1848, the first women's rights convention in America, set forth grievances/natural laws of equality, but issue overshadowed by slavery
Shakers
one of earliest religious communal movements, stressed common property and separation of gender (no marriage, sex), but died out in mid 1900s (not enough people)
Transcendentalism
phenomenon focusing on romantic and idealistic themes: individualistic, discovery of one's inner self, art, reform (antislavery)
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
officially ended MX-American war, but raised political issues with new acquired land: CA, NM
Wilmot Proviso
though never passed, the Congressional bill that set the anti slavery precedent in the West
popular sovereignty
Democratic belief on slavery: sovereign people of a territory or state should themselves determine status of slavery
Free Soil party
formed by adamanent Northern antislaveryites, the party advocating social mobility for whites (no slavery=free soil, economic advancement; internal improvements; free gov't homestead for settlers)
California Gold Rush
gold discovered on American River in 1848, tens of thousand of people went to CA almost overnight, overpowering the gov't
Underground Railroad
informal chain of stations (antislavery homes) through which passengers (runaway slaves) were led by conductors (us. black/white abolitionists) from slave states to free soil
Compromise of 1850
> CA admitted as free state
> territory disputed by TX and NM conceded to NM (TX received $10mil in compensation from fed.)
> abolition of slave TRADE (not slavery) in DC
> rest of MX Cession area formed into NM and UT (no restrictions on slavery i.e. popular sovereignty)
> stricter fugitive slave law
Fugitive Slave Law
1850: fleeing slaves could not testify, no jury; judge would be paid $5 if he freed a slave and $10 if he didn't (bribe); heavy fines to people who let slaves escape

> radical law turned North into antagonism a/g South and slavery
Gadsden Purchase
MX cession of land south of present day AZ so US could build railroad

> in response, northern railroaders formed NE
Gettysburg
Jul 1863, bloodiest battle w/ Lee invaded N thru PA (believing a decisive blow would add strength to those wanting peace in N for upcoming election, and encourage forgin intervention); Pickett's charge was high tide of Confederacy, and from that point on the S cause was doomed / army was irreparable
Gettysburg Address
although getting little credit at the time, this 2 minute speech had incredibly important future historical significance
Vicksburg
Jul 1863 (day after Gettysburg), back to back military successes for N, reopens the MS R to Union, cut the Confederacy in half, all hopes for foreign help in S is lost
Sherman's March
1864-1865, led by Union Gen. Sherman, the destructive (total war, scorched earth) campaign (burning homes, ruining railroads) thru the S with intent to destroy Confederate supplies/morale > Union advantage
Appopmattox Courthouse
in VA, Lee surrendered to Grant here > Union wins with generous terms for South
Fort Sumter
one of two forts still in Union hands, Lincoln announced he would be provisioning fort not reinforcing it, but South interpreted this as aggression and seized the fort (Apr 1861)

> fort lost, but it looked like SC was being the aggressor (point Union!)
Border States
could have joined Confederacy, but did not (good thing the N didn't fire first shot), persuaded by Lincoln that war was in order to save Union, not an antislavery war
Writ of habeas corpus
Lincoln suspended this writ (which allows prisoners to be released for unlawful detention) so he could arrest anti-slaveryites even though it was unconstitutional
New York draft riots
1863, radical response a/g Union draft, several days of violence w/ many killed, Afr-Ams lynched! orphanage burned
Freedmen's Bureau
est. Mar 1865 to train unskilled freed blacks, taught hundreds of thousands of blacks to read, but blacks were still discriminated a/g (bureau wasn't THAT effective)
Ten Percent Plan
Reconstruction set forth by Lincoln that allowed southern states to be reintegrated into Union if 10% of voters pledged to take an oath to the Union and recognize the emancipation of slaves
Wade-Davis Bill
radical Republicans forced this bill through Congress because they thought that the 10% plan was too lenient; it stipulated same as beforesaid plan but with 50%, Lincoln pocket-vetoed it
Black Codes
laws passed by souther states aimed at keeping black population in submission: blacks penalized for leaving their job, could not serve on jury, could not rent
Emancipation Proclamation
to take effect in 1863, slaves in rebelling states would be freed

> represented the fading away of old South
> made a "strong Union" war into an anti slavery war (Brit./France would not publicly support Confed. And go a/g slavery)
Antietam
Sep 1862, Lee wanted major victory in MD to get support from EU and border states, Union Gen. McClellon halts Lee (who retreated across Potomac), EU did not intervene
Seward's Folly
Sec. Of State Seward's purchase AK from Russia in 1867, but paid off in end
Tenure of Office Act
1867, required president to seek approval from Senate before removing appointees, est. after Andrew Johnson removed his sec. of war (impeached but not removed)
Trail of Tears
forced march of 15,000 Cherookes from GA and AL to Indian territory across MS R. (appx. 4000 died)
Bank War
1832, battle b/w Pres. Jackson and Biddle and supporters of bank; Jackson vetoed Bank Bill
pet banks
popular term for pro-Jackson state banks receiving federal deposits w/ Jackson moved to dismantle Bank of US in 1833
Specie Circular
1836, US treasury decree requiring all public lands be purchased with "hard" or metallic currency, it was issued after small state banks flooded market w/ unreliable paper money and fueled land speculation in West
Panic of 1837
economic crisis triggered by bank failures, elevated grain prices, Jackson's efforts to stop overspeculation on western lands and transp. improvements
> in response, Pres. Van Buren proposed Divorce Bill which pulled treasury funds out of banking sys. altogether, contracting credit supply
American System
1820s, Henry Clay's three-pronged sys. to promote American industry: strong baking system, protective tariff, federally funded transportation network
Mormons
religious followers of Joseph Smith (est. oligarchal religious order in 1830s)

b/c of hostility from non-Mormons, moved west to settle in UT
breakers
slave drivers who employed the lash to brutally break the souls of and emotionally harm slaves
Nat Turner's Rebellion
1831, VA slave revolt that resulted in deaths of 60 whites and raised fears among white southerners of further uprisings
Amistad
1839, Spanish slave ship dramatically seized off coast of Cuba by enslaved Africans aboard, J.Q. Adams argued their case in court and they were released
American Colonization Society
representing focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks to Africa (even abolitionism was racist), org. est. Liberia in W Afr. for emancipated slaves
The Liberator
1831-1865, anti slavery newspaper pub. by William Lloyd Garrison who called for immediate emancipation of all slaves
American Antislavery Society
1833-1870, large abolitionist group est. by William Lloyd Garrison who advocated immediate abolition of slavery
Mason Dixon Line
although originally a boundary line, it came to represent North-South divide over slavery
Gag Resolution
pushed through Congress by pro-slavery southerners, prohibited debate over or action on antislavery appeals
Manifest Destiny
belief that Americans had God-given right to spread their "empire of liberty" across North America, fueled mid-19th c. expansionism
Liberty Party
1840-1848, antislavery party that ran candidates in 1840 and 1844 elections before merging with Free Soil party, sought to stop the EXPANSION of slavery and stop slave TRADE
Walker tariff
1846, revenue-enhancing measure lowering tariffs from 1842 levels

> fueled trade and increased Treasury receipts
spot resolutions
1846, proposals by IL senator Lincoln to Pres. Polk about specific information where MX forces attacked Am troops to legitimately justify having the MX war
California Bear Flag Republic
1846, short-lived CA republic est. by local Am. settlers who revolted a/g MX, Republic abandoned so settlers could join US when they learned @ MX War
Seventh of March speech
1850, Daniel Webster's impassioned address urging N to support Compromise of 1850, made case that slavery couldn't exist in geography of MX cession land anyway
Opium War
1839-1842, war b/w Britain and China over trading rights esp. Britain's desire to sell opium to Chinese traders

> trade agreemented prompted Ams to seek similar concessions from China
Kansas Nebraska Act
1854, proposed that issue of slavery be decided by pop. sov. In KS and NE territories, thus revoking MO compromise
Shiloh
Apr 1862, bloody battle on TN-MS border, Union won
Copperheads
Northern Dems who obstructed war effort by attacking Lincoln, draft, emancipation
Union party
1864, coalition party of pro-war Dems and Repubs formed during election of -864 to defeat anti war Dems
Trent affair
1861, Union warship stopped British steamer and arrested 2 Confed. diplomats

> threatened to bring Britain into war
Alabama affair
1862, British built Confed. Warship that raided Union shipping, Union protested a/g such shipbuilding
Morrill Tariff Act
1861, increased duties back up to 1846 levels to raise money for C. War
National Banking System
1863, network of member banks that could issue currency a/g purchased gov't bonds

> purpose: to est. strong nat'l currency and simulate sale of war bonds
Homestead Act
1862, fed. law that rewarded settlers 160 acres of land

> made land accessible to hundreds of thousands of westward moving settlers (but land not always best quality)
US Sanitary Commission
est. 1861, gov't agency that trained nurses, collected medical supplies, equipped hospitals in effort to help Union army

> helped professionalize nursing and gave women more confidence in advocating for rights
Pacific Railroad Act
1862, helped fund construction of Union Pacific transcontinental railroad w/ use of land grants and gov't bonds
Civil Rights Bill
1866, passed over Johnson's veto, bill aimed to counteract Black Codesby conferring citizenship on Afr-Ams and making it a crime to deprive blacks of right to sue, testify in court, hold property
Reconstruction Act
1867, divided S into 5 military districts, disenfranchised former confederate officials, required that S states ratify 14th Amendment and write state constitutions guaranteeing freedmen rights before gaining readmission
Bull Run
Jul 1861, first major battle of Civil War and victory for South

> proved to northerners this would not be a quick victory
Penninsula Campaign
1862, Union Gen. McClellan's failed siege of Richmond, if he did take Richmond slavery would probably have lasted longer in S
Merrimack
poorly built Confed. ironclad

> marked end to wooden warships
Fredericksburg
Dec 1862, decisive victory in VA for Lee who successfully repelled Union attack
Ex parte Milligan
1866, case in w/ Supreme Court ruled military tribunals could not be used to try civilians if civil courts were open
Woman's Loyal League
1863-65, women's org. est. to help being end to C. War and encourage Congress to pass constl. amendment prohibiting slavery
Union League
Reconstruction Era black org.: educate Southern blacks about civic life, built schools/churches, rep. Black interests before gov't/employers, campaigned for Repubs, est. local militias to protect blacks
scalawags
derogatory term for pro-Union southerners that Southern Dems accused of sabotage
carpetbaggers
deragatory term for Northern businessmen/politicians who went to South to work on Reconstruction projects or invest in Southern infrastructure
Ku Klux Klan
extremist secret society est. in mid-19th c. a/g foreigners, blacks, Jews, communists etc. but for Anglo Saxon Protestantism; terrorized freedmen
Force Acts
1870-1871, passed by Congress following wave of KKK violence, banned clan membershi, prohibited intimidation to keep blacks from voting, gave US military authority to enforce them
13th Amendment
slavery abolished
14th Amendment
ex-slaves made citizens
15th Amendment
black males have right to vote
George McClellan
cocky but cautious general who pushed into Richmond (PA campaign) but fell back b/c of Lee, thus prolonging war
Robert E Lee
pimary Confed. general who brought major experience to Confederacy but ultimately had to surrender to Grant
Thomas J Jackson
"Stonewall Jackson", important Southern general who brought Union troops to a standstill at Bull Run
Jefferson Davis
president of Confederacy, although he found experience the South ultimately lost
John Wilkes Booth
assassinated Lincoln, pushing Union into despair
Ulysses S Grant
final general Lincoln picked to lead Union, he had a great military mind (that won war for North) but lacked in social skills, his presidency was corrupt
George Meade
Union general that led troops at Gettysburg
George Pickett
Union, led charge into Confederate troops at Gettysburg, his charge was "turning point" of Civil War
Abraham Lincoln
Republican president whose political genius and integrity led the Union through the Civil War

> emancipation proclamation
> Reconstruction plan (moderate)
> antislavery platform
Elizabeth Blackwell
helped create US Sanitary Comission, strong voice in newly emerging women's rights movement
Edwin M Stanton
Secretary of War under Lincoln that helped Union to victory, stayed as Sec. Of War under Johnson, Johnson dismissed Stanton (they disagreed) and then was impeached
Andrew Johnson
president following Lincoln, moderate Repub. who fought radical Republican ideas of Reconstruction, later impeached for dismissing Stanton but acquitted on all charges by one Senate vote
Zachary Taylor
after defeating Santa Anna's forces at Buena Vista in MX, he emerged as a popular military leader and eventually got presidency (12th)
Millard Fillmore
succeeded Z. Taylor as predient (13th) after he died (Compr. Of 1850 could be passed now since Taylor opposed it)
Franklin Pierce
pro Southern Dem elected as 14th Pres. on platform of territorial expansion
William Walker
became president of Nicaragua with Southen militia (under principle of Manifest Destiny) but later overthrown and executed
John Tyler
became 10th Pres when WH Harrison died and was dubbedHis Accidency, found himself at odds with his own Whig party
James K Polk
Southern Dem, was elected 11th Pres on platform of American expansion (annexation of TX and reoccur action of OR), began MX War
Frederick Douglass
prominent black abolitionist who used politics to gain black rights
Sojourner Truth
freed black women in NY fought for emancipation and women's rights
William Lloyd Garrison
strong abolitionist, publisher of antislavery The Liberator and founder of American Anti Slavery Society
James Monroe
as 5th Pres., supported protective tariffs and national bank but opposed federally funded internal improvements
John Quincy Adams
as 6th Pres., strong advocate for national finance and improvement but faced opposition from states' righters and criticism for Corrupt Bargain
Santa Anna
MX dictator who opposed independence of TX and led MX troops in MX-Am War
Stephen Austin
est. first major white settlements in TX under MX agreement but advocated for Texan rights esp. to allow slaves to be brought
Nicholas Biddle
Pres. of 2nd Bank of US, fought Jackson by promoting federal bank
John C Calhoun
after public break from Jackson's administration, he became a SC Senator who fought his state's position in nullification crisis, defended slavery in 1840s-50s
Henry Clay
"Great Compromiser" (MO Compr 1820, Compr Tarriff 1833, Compr of 1850), a Republican (later Whig) who est. American System
Sam Houston
Pres of Republic of TX, led TX to independence 1836 who fought for annexation
Martin Van Buren
8th Pres. who helped country to get through Panic of 1837, rejected federal intervention in economy
Denmark Vesey
free black killed in SC for attempting to start a slave uprising
Daniel Webster
joined Clay to thwart Jackson in Bank War (1832), advocated Compr. of 1850 in North
Louisa May Alcott
famous NE author who wrote Little Women (feminist book)
Ralph Waldo Emerson
leading American transcendentalist who stressed individualism, self-improvement, optimism, freedom
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
beloved American 19th c. poet who influenced artistic world
Walt Whitman
poet (Leaves of Grass) whose poems celebrated America's democratic spirit
Horace Mann
champion education reformer, leader of public school movement (instruction in morality)
Dorothea Dix
NE teacher/author who advocated for mental health institutes to be reformed (improve conditions)
James Fenimore Cooper
American novelist who was highly acclaimed all over the world
Andrew Jackson
7th Pres., despot or President?

> thwarted null ies
> Trail of Tears and Indian Removsl Act
> opposition to bank in Bank War
> Kitchen Cabinet
Black Hawk
led Black Hawk War 1832 and tried unsuccessfully to reclaim land lost in 1830 Inidian Removsl Act by leading charges along MS. R.
John Deere
inventor of steel plow, revolutionizing Midwest agriculture
Isaac Singer
inventor whose improvement of Elias Howe's sewing machine fueled "ready made" NE clothing industry
Elias Howe
inventor of sewing machine, crucial to textile manufacturing
Corrupt Bargain
1824, Henry Clay used his political power to break presidential deadlock by picking J.Q. Adams, Clay later named as Sec. Of State