Apush English Final Sem 1

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Asyndeton

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omission of the conjunctions that ordinarily join coordinate words or clauses EX:“… that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.“

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Antithesis

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a rhetorical or literary device in which an opposition or contrast of ideas is expressed

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Anaphora

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repeating a sequence of words at the beginnings of neighboring clauses, thereby lending them emphasis "In time the savage bull sustains the yoke,
In time all haggard hawks will stoop to lure,
In time small wedges cleave the hardest oak,
In time the flint is pierced with softest shower."

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Tone

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encompasses attitudes toward the subject and toward the audience implied in a literary work

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Diction

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Choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing

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Denotation

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Literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests. (Dictionary definition)

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Connotation

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Secondary meaning/associated meaning or a word or expression in addition to its explicit or primary meaning

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Colloquial

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used in ordinary conversation, not formal or literary

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Formal

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of or denoting a style of writing or public speaking characterized by more elaborate grammatical structures and more conservative and technical vocabluary

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Informal

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of or denoting a style of writing or conversational speech. characterized by simple grammatical structures, familiar vocabulary, and use of idioms. uses contractions and colloquial.

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Mood

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atmosphere that persuades a literay work with the intention of evoking a certain emotion or feeling from the audience.

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Imagery

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visually descriptive

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Figurative Language

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use of words, phrases, symbols, and ideas in such a way as to evoke mental images and sense impressions, often characterized by the use of figures of speech, elaborate expressions, sound devices, and syntactic departures from the usual order of a literal language

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Allusion

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An expression designated to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly, an indirect or passing reference.

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Personification

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attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman or the representation of an abstract quality in human form

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Hyperbole

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Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally

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Understatement

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Presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important that it actually is

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Paradox

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Statement or proposition that despite sound reasoning from acceptable premises, leads to a conclusion that seems senseless, logically unacceptable, or self contradictory. "Completely free with a fifty dollar mail in rebate!"

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Dramatic Irony

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When words and actions of the characters of a work of literature have a different meaning for the reader than they do for the characters themselves

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Verbal Irony

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Irony in which a person says or writes one thing and means another, uses words to convey a meaning that is opposite of the literal meaning

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Anaology

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Comparison between two things typically on the basis of their structure and for the purpose of explanation or clarification

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Anecdote

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Short or amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person

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Allegory

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Story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral/political one

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Cause/Effect

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noting a relationship between actions or events such that one or more are the result of the other or others

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Process analysis essay

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method of an essay development by which a writer shows step by step

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Persuaion

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Means of persuading someone to do or believe something, an argument or inducement

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Jargon

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Special words or expressions that are used by a particular group that are difficult for others to understand

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Syntax

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The arrangement of words and phrases to create well formed sentences in a language

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Parallelism

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use of successive verbal construction in poetry or prose that correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meter, meaning, etc

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Rhetorical ?

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statement that is formulated as a question that is not supposed to be answered

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First person

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narrative point of view :I me my

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Second person

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speaker, addressee; you

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Third person

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storytelling narrator relates action using he or she. allows author more freedom. may be ominicent or limited.

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Subjective

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Showing your opinion through writing

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Objective

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Writing that is written as a known truth, you cannot write opinions or observators

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Ethos

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Appeals to credibility

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Logos

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appeals to logical and reasoning

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Pathos

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Appeals to emotion

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Logical fallacies

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Myths, erroneous, misleading faulty

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Ad hominem argument

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LF: criticizing persons character rather than their argument. argue "to the person"

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Ad Populum arguemnt

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LF: "Bandwagon" to argue to the people. Appealing to the prejudices of the audience instead of the facts.

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Appealing to unqualified authority

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LF: using testimony from someone who is unqualified to use it

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Begging the question

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LF: Assuming the truth of whatever you are trying to prove

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Either-or

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LF: Stating or implying that there are only two possibilities

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Faulty analogy

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LF: Using inappropriate or superficially similar analogy as evidence EX:Banning race car driving is like banning smoking

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Hasty Generalization

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LF:basing a conclusion on evidence that is typical or unrepresentative EX: All teenagers are bad

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Non-Sequitur

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LF: does not follow "arriving at a conclusion not justified by premises or evidence EX: Sally is a vegetarian, she must live on a farm

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Oversimplification

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LF: Suggesting a simple solution to a complex problem

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Deductive reasoning

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states thesis first, then supports with examples (syllogism)

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Inductive reasoning

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states examples first, moves to general conclusion at end

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Juxtapostion

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The arrangement of two or more ideas, characters, actions, settings, phrases, or words side-by-side or in similar narrative moments for the purpose of comparison, contrast, rhetorical effect, suspense, or character development.

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Ellipsis

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The omission of one or more words, which must be supplied by the listener or reader.
Ex. Wise men talk because they have something to say; fools, because they have to say something.

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Assonance

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Similar vowel sounds repeated in successive or proximate words containing different consonants.

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Apostrophe

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interrupts the discussino or discourse and addresses directly a person or personified thing, either present or absent. Its most common purpose in prose is to give vent to or display intense emotion, which can no longer be held back.
EX: O woe, o woeful, woeful, woeful day!

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Oxymoron

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is a paradox reduced to two words, usually in an adjective-noun ("eloquent silence") or adverb-adjective ("inertly strong") relationship, and is used for effect, complexity, emphasis, or wit