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158 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Democrats
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• Generally pro expansion because democrats have a lot of immigrants who want more land (more land=more jobs)
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Whigs
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• Internal improvements and higher tariffs and NB
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Republicans
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• Formed out of know nothings, whigs, abolitionists, liberty party
• Mostly anti slavery • Appealed to the north |
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William Lloyd Garrison
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• Published the liberator (abolitionist newspaper)
• Was an immediatist- believed in immediate emancipation of slaves • Leader of abolitionist movement • Founded the American Anti Slavery society |
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The Liberator
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• Published by William Lloyd Garrison
• Abolitionist newspaper- spread abolitionist ideas |
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The American Anti Slavery Society
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• 1780- formed in PA
• formed by William Lloyd Garrison • famous abolitionist society • Fredrick Douglas→ one of the leaders of the society • published a weekly abolitionist newspaper |
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Frederick Douglass
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• Famous ex slave- escaped from slavery
• Was an extremely eloquent speaker- people didn’t believe he was formerly a slave • Very educated and literate • Fervent abolitionist- was a free soiler • Abolitionist Leader |
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gradualists/ immediatists
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• Gradualists- abolition will happen gradually over a long period of time- Weld
• Immediatists- abolition must happen right now- immediately o William Lloyd Garrison was an immediatist |
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Theodore Weld
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• Abolitionist
• Gradualist- believed in gradual emancipation • One of the leaders of abolitionists |
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Prigg v. Pennsylvania
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• 1788- PA passes a law that prohibits the removal of an escaped slave in PA (challenges the fugitive slave law, challenges the federal law with a state law)
• Prigg vs. PA decides that the federal law (fugitive slave law) trumps the state law- decided PA law was unconstitutional |
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Elijah Lovejoy
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• Northern abolitionist
• Presbyterian minister and journalist • Murdered by a mob in Illinois for his abolitionist views |
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“Gag rule” (1836)
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• 1836-1844
• No petition for slaves’ emancipation could be discussed in congress • Congress couldn’t discuss slavery at all- congress had to ignore abolitionist’s petitions for emancipation |
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American Colonization Society (1817)
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• Based on idea that blacks are inferior- so if they’re emancipated they can’t live with whites
• Bought land in Africa (named in Liberia) • Wanted to free the blacks and ship them back to Africa • The idea didn’t take off- the blacks didn’t feel connected with Africa- they were connected with America • Idea was also expensive and impractical- they’d have to organize a government for Liberia and find money to ship the slaves overseas |
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Liberia (1830)
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• Land bought by the American Colonization Society
o Wanted to emancipate the slaves and send them back to Africa (to Liberia) |
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La Amistad
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• 1839- Spanish slave ship
• was transporting slaves when the slaves revolted and took over the ship • the US captures the ship after the slaves took it over o raises a supreme court case→ b/c slave importation was illegal (was this importation?) • Symbolized the movement to end slavery |
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James Birney and the Liberty Party
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• Northern Abolitionist Party
• Since the Whigs and Democrats weren’t active in the issue of slavery a new party was established • Against slavery on moral grounds |
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Harriet Tubman
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• Organized underground railroad
• Helped slaves escape to the north • Not many slaves successfully escaped to the north- only about 1000 |
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Underground Railroad
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• A series of safe houses that slaves could run to in order to escape to the north
• Harriet Tubman and Josiah Henson were black leaders of the underground railroad |
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King Cotton
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• In 1860- Cotton accounts for 57% of the total US export
• The entire country’s economy depends on southern cotton • The south holds almost half of the nation’s wealth in cotton • The southern farmers grew cotton not food- which hurt them during the civil war |
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Upper South vs. Lower South
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• Lower south has most of economic power
• Lower south has more large scale plantations, more slavery, more farming • Upper south is more industrial- but not as industrial as the north • Slaves=Wealth=Power o The more slaves you have the richer and more powerful you are • Upper south grows cotton, tobacco, wheat, hemp • Lower south grows cotton and sugar |
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Southern Social Groups
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• South is primarily agrarian
• Plantation owners→ Yeomen→ people of pine barrens→ Free blacks→ Black slaves • Plantation owners- slave owners with plantations • Yeomen- family farmers- no slaves b/c too poor • The elite of the south owned 50 or more slaves • 70% of all southerners are too poor to own slaves • Majority of slave holders own 10 or fewer slaves |
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Planters & Plantations
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• Only about 1,733 southern whites owned more than 100 slaves
• Owned large scale plantations |
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Code of Honor and Dueling
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• In the south the slightest insult could spark a duel
• Men dueled each other for honor • Dueling was refined fighting- the opponents would organize the duel ahead of time • Dueling was seen as a refined alternative to fighting |
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Small Slaveholders
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• Majority of slave holders owned 10 or fewer slaves- were small slaveholders
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People of the Pine Barrens
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• Social group in the south
• Didn’t own a lot of land • Were hunters, fishers, gatherers, raised livestock • Were looked down upon by the upper classes of southern society |
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Hinton Helper’s The Impending Crisis of the South
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• Book about how nonslaveholders should abolish slavery in their own interest
o the nonslaveholders wouldn’t have to compete with the large plantations and the slaves • Abolition book- but on economic grounds not on moral grounds |
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Pro-slavery argument (religious, positive good)
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• Curse of Ham→ biblical story of how Noah cursed his son Ham and made the descendants of Ham slaves to their brothers→ southerners said slaves were the descendants of Ham and therefore inevitably and righteously enslaved
• Slaves actually have a good life (they’re fed, clothed, and housed) compared to Northern factory workers • Every society must have a slave class- it’s inevitable- there must be a class of underlings to do the dirty work • Slavery civilizes slaves and teaches them discipline |
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Life under slavery: family, conditions, diet and health
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• In the 1800’s slaves were no longer coming from Africa- they were born in America
o Spoke the same language, developed a culture (dance, music, marriage) • Slaves got married (their masters encouraged it b/ c it would make more slaves)- but the families often got separated b/c slaves were often sold and bought • Slaves have higher mortality than whites – more likely to die • Worked on plantations and factories |
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Free blacks
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• More likely to live in city as carpenters, coopers, barbers, traders
• “Black codes” – laws that restricted black freedoms • Most free blacks lived in the north • Not considered citizens- couldn’t vote |
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African-American culture, language, music & religion
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• Slaves in 1800’s were born in America not in Africa
• Slaves spoke “pidgin” (a combination of English and African)- had a common language which unified the slaves • Slaves before 1800’s had different religions- slaves in 1800’s were Christian (Methodists and Baptists) o Their masters converted them b/c they believed a Christian slave would be a better slave • Dance and music→ big parts of African American slave culture- sang in church and in workfield |
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Slave resistance
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• Sambo- pattern of behavior used as a charade in front of whites
o Blacks would pretend to respect and love their masters- when really they were mocking them- they actually hated their masters • Slaves refused to work, destroyed equipment, stole things • Slave rebellions kept whites fearful of their slaves • Prosser’s rebellion, Vesey’s rebellion, Nat Turner’s rebellion • Underground Railroad • Some slaves managed to escape from slavery |
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Gabriel Prosser
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• Haiti breaks away from France- inspires Gabriel Prosser to rebel
• Prosser tries to gather slaves together to rebel • Whites quickly found out and executed Prosser • Wasn’t a huge success |
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Denmark Vessey
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• Vessey was a free black who started a rebellion with 3000 slaves
• The whites found out and ended the rebellion quickly • Wasn’t a huge success |
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Nat Turner’s rebellion
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1831
• Turner could read the bible→ thinks he’s a prophet who will lead to slaves to freedom • Got 100 slaves to run around all the plantations and killed all the white families- women and children included • Most scary and famous slave rebellion • Southerners became especially fearful of slave rebellions |
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Irish
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• 1820-1840→ most irish immigrants were poor tenant farmers who got evicted
• 1845-1850→ potato famine causes 1.8 million irish immigrants to come to America • worked at the bottom of society- usually very poor • worked in factories in the north (especially New York since it’s the first city they arrive in when they get to America) • Settled in New England (where they literally just got off the boat from Ireland) • Nativists think the irish are dirtying American culture- they’re poor dirty drunkards |
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Irish Potato Famine
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• 1845-1850→ potato famine causes 1.8 million irish immigrants to immigrate to America
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Germans
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• 1800’s- Germany was split into separate kingdoms
o German immigrants didn’t identify with Germany- they identified with their kingdom • Very diverse group of immigrants • Henry Steinway (pianos) and Levi Strauss (Levi jeans) → german immigrants • German immigrants formed their own communities and lived together |
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Anti-Catholicism
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• Native born whites in America hate the immigrants- especially the irish
• Protestants hate the catholic Irish • Some people think Europe is conspiring to flood America with catholics in order to destroy the republic • Lyman Beecher’s “A Plea for the West”→ book that warned of the catholic conspiracy to send immigrants to dominate and destroy North America |
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Nativism
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• Nativists=anti immigration
• Believed immigrants corrupted American culture and took jobs away from working Americans • Rioted against immigrants • The order of the Star Spangled Banner→ becomes the Know Nothing Party in the 1850’s o Goal was to rid America of all immigrants |
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Philadelphia Anti-Irish Catholic Riots of 1844
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• Nativists riot against the irish catholics
• Attacked the immigrants- started riots |
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Know-Nothing Party (American Party)
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• Founded by nativists
• Eventually joins the Republican party • Goal was to rid America of all immigrants • Pressured political parties to nominate only native born candidates |
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Martin "Van Ruin"
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• Elected in 1836
• VB gets blamed for the Panic of 1837 (really it was Jackson’s fault) • Established the Independent Treasury • Runs for reelection but loses to Harrison |
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Panic of 1837
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• Specie Circular causes land sales and economic expansion to decrease
• English bank was giving out a lot of loans to America→ so when England fell into a recession so did America o American banks suffered when people started withdrawing all their money b/c they’re scared o Banks go bankrupt • VB gets blamed for the panic of 1837 |
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"Tippecanoe and Tyler, too!"
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• Harrison’s slogan
• Advertised the fact that Harrison was a war hero (Tippecanoe) • Tyler was his VP • Tried to target the south and draw in more votes for Harrison • During his campaign the whigs and Harrison appealed to Women (for the first time) o Made speeches at women’s conventions and invited women to march in political parades o Took advantage of the fact that women were not normally allowed to partipiate in politics o Hoped the women would rally support from their husbands |
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Log cabin and hard cider campaign
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• Nickname for Harrison’s presidential campaign
• “Tippecanoe and tyler too!”- Harrison’s slogan- refers to his status as a war hero • The nickname “Log Cabin and Hard Cider Campaign” refers to Harrison’s status as a common man from the west- as opposed to Van Buren who the whigs called a rich elitist |
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William Henry Harrison
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• President 1840
• Was an old war hero • Becomes president- was a whig- became a puppet for the whig party • The whig party (Clay and Webster) plans to use Harrison to gain power in the govmt and pass whig laws (internal improvements, higher tariffs) • Harrison dies a few months into his term as president- Whigs lose power • Log cabin and hard cider campaign- Tippecanoe and Tyler Too |
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John Tyler
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• President 1840
• Harrison’s VP that took over the presidency when Harrison died • Was a Democrat- so the whigs lost power when Tyler came to the presidency • Vetoed anything the whigs tried to pass through congress- went against whig legislation • Pro annexation of Texas • Pro expansion |
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James K. Polk
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• Jacksonion Democrat
• Known as “young hickory” – b/c he was like Jackson • Extremely pro expansion- expansion is his highest priority • Lowers the tariff • Negotiates the Oregon Territory for the US from the British • Restores the Independent Treasury • President during the Mexican American war • Acquires California and Texas for the US |
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Settlement of Texas
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• Mexico encouraged Americans to settle in Texas in exchange for free land
• Mexico wanted to populate Texas so it could collect more taxes from Texas • Americans in Texas lead to ideas about annexing Texas for America • The Americans brought slaves into Texas |
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Stephen F. Austin
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• Empresario who lived in Texas (originally an American)
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Empresarios
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• Somebody who lives in Texas as a result of a land grant
• The mexican government gave land grants to American empresarios and encouraged them to settle in texas |
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Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
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• Mexico’s president during the Texas revolution
• Restricted Texas’ government’s power and increased the taxes- the Texans got mad |
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the Alamo
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• Mexicans under Santa Anna attack the Texans at the Alamo
• The Texans were outnumbered- but defended the Alamo bravely • Almost all Texans died during the battle- but they killed 600 mexicans- they put up a good fight |
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Sam Houston
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• President of the new independent Texas
• Him and his army attacked Santa Anna near the San Jacinto River o Took Santa Anna as prisoner and forced him to sign a treaty that recognized Texas’ independence from Mexico |
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Texas border dispute
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• Polk tries to convince Texas to accept annexation
• Says the Texas border is at the Rio Grande river (the Mexicans said the border was at the Nueces River) o If the border is at the Rio Grande river, Texas is a bigger state • Texas votes for annexation b/c they would gain more land |
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Election of 1844
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• Whigs- Clay→ anti annextion of texas
• Democrats- Polk→ pro annexation of texas • Polk and the Democrats win |
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54'40 or Fight!
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• Polk’s campaign slogan
• Either Britain will hand over Oregon or the US will go to war for it! |
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manifest destiny
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• America’s inevitable expansion over the entire continent is preordained by God
• Was the idea that sparked American imperialism during the 19th century • The term manifest destiny was created by John L O’Sullivan |
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John L. O'Sullivan
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• Coined the term Manifest Destiny
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Oregon Territory
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• Polk negotiates Oregon for America from the British
• 1827- Britain and US split Oregon • US acquires some of Oregon territory under Polk • 54’40 or Fight- Polk really wants the Oregon territory |
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Oregon Trail
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• 1840’s- Americans follow the Oregon Trail and migrate out west to Oregon
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Donner Party
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• Group of people who migrated westward to California
• Resorted to cannibalism- the journey was extremely difficult |
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Texas annexation/Mexican American war
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Pro expansion democrats like Polk campaign and argue to annex Texas
• 1836- Texas declares independence from Mexico • Mexican American war→ Polk goes to war with Mexico in order to annex Texas and California • Wanted to steal TX from Mexico • Mexico didn’t see Texas as independent- even tho texas declared independence in 1836 • America wins the Mexican American war→ wins Texas and California and NM • 1837- Texas applies to become a US state |
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Slidell's mission to Mexico City
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• Polk sends Slidell to Mexico City to negotiate the purchase of California and New Mexico
• In exchange the US will assume Spanish debts related to the US • Mexicans refuse to meet with Slidell- it fails |
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Gen. Zachary Taylor
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• Polk sends Taylor to the border of Texas and Mexico
• Taylor and the Texans fight the Mexicans on the border of Texas and Mexico • Polk replaced him with General Winfield Scott b/c Taylor was a Whig and Polk didn’t want to compete with him – Polk was a Democrat |
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John C. Fremont
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• Since Slidell’s mission failed, Polk tries to get California to revolt and declare independence from Mexico- once CA revolts they would apply to be a US state
• Sends Fremont to CA to try to stir rebellion- to convince the leaders of CA to be part of the US |
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Bear Republic
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• Californians declare independence from the Mexicans→ they form the Bear Republic
• Fremont succeeded |
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Winfield Scott
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• Replaced General Taylor
• Fought in Texas and Mexico during the Mexican American war • Attacks Vera Cruz and captures Mexico City (ends the war) |
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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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• 1848- signals end of Mexican American war
• US gets NM CA and TX for $15 million • US assumes Mexican debt to US citizens in return |
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Wilmot Proviso
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• Proposed by David Wilmot
• Said slavery will be forbidden in acquired territories (aka NM, CA, and TX) • It failed- but it was the first attempt to ban slavery from spreading into the west |
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popular (squatter) sovereignty
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• Established in the west by the compromise of 1850 and the Kansas Nebraska Act
• The states will decide the legislation concerning slavery- not the federal government • Stephan Douglas believed in popular sovereignty |
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New Mexico Territory
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• Acquired after the Mexican American war
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California
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• The gold rush in 1848 populated California so it could be a state- population went from 15000 to 220000
o John marshall discovered gold in CA • US acquired CA from the Mexicans after the Mexican American war under Polk |
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Fourty-Niners
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• Nickname for the gold rushers in CA
• Most gold rushers didn’t get super rich- they sold the gold for low prices and spent the money quickly on beer • Merchants made the most money off the gold rush not the gold rushers (forty niners) o Merchants sold equipment to the forty niners |
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Free Soil Party
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• Antislavery party→ believed slavery threatened the equal distribution of lands that belonged to white yeomen (white independent farmers)
• Against slavery b/c slaves were too much of a competition for independent laborors • Slaves took away jobs from immigrants and white workers |
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Zachary Taylor
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• President starting in 1849
• Was a Whig • Compromise of 1850 happens when he’s president |
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Milliard Fillmore
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• 1850-1853
• became president after Taylor died • signs the great Compromise of 1850 into law • Uncle tom’s cabin is published in 1852 |
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Compromise of 1850
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• Written by Henry Clay- advocated for by Stephan Douglas
• Tried to appeal to both the North and South • Slave trade abolished in DC • Stronger Fugitive Slave Law • CA comes in as free state • Utah and NM become popular sovereignty states • Border between TX and NM is settled |
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Fugitive Slave Act
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• A stronger fugitive slave act was put into place as a result of the compromise of 1850
• Federal officials could enlist the help of any local official in catching slaves (overrode the personal liberty laws) • Northern states couldn’t resist the new fugitive slave law • Fugitives can’t testify for themselves, can’t have a trial by jury • Was enacted so the south would accept the compromise of 1850 |
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personal-liberty laws
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• PA passes personal liberty laws
• prohibited state officials from capturing fugitive slaves • passed in protest to the fugitive slave act |
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Franklin Pierce
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• 1853-1857
• Jacksonian policies- seen as Young Hickory • Gadson purchase in 1853 • Kansas Nebraska Act passed in 1854 • Missouri compromise repealed as unconstitutional • Bleeding Kansas • Ostend Manifesto |
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Gadsden Purchase
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• 1853- James Gadsden negotiates the purchase of modern day southern Arizona and Southern New Mexico
• Free soilers protest- didn’t want more territory in the west for slavery |
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William Walker
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• Filibuster
• Raises an army in CA and tries to take over Baja CA- this fails • Conquered Nicaragua with less than 100 people and made himself president o Tried to get the president to admit Nicaragua as a state- fails o Honduras (the country) captures Walker and kills him |
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Filibustering
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• A person who engages in unorganized warfare against another country
• Like William Walker |
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Ostend Manifesto
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• American diplomats organize an unofficial document
• Called for the conquering of Cuba from Spain • Pierce agreed with the manifesto- but the north didn’t • Northerners continue to believe the south is conspiring to create a “slaveocracy”- a slave empire- to extend the power of slavery into new territories • The manifesto didn’t pass |
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
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• 1854
• Written by Stephan Douglas (democrat) • Nebraska was a huge western territory • Intercontinental railroad would go through Chicago to CA • Nebraska would be divided into 2 territories- Kansas and Nebraska o Slavery in Kansas and Nebraska would be left to popular sovereignty • The act passes |
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Bleeding Kansas
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• Missouri people (“Border Ruffians”) move into Kansas and illegally vote for a pro slavery government
• Lecompton Kansas established as capital→ proslavery city which created a proslavery state constitution • Free Soilers get mad- create a rival antislavery capital (Topeka Kansas) and a rival anti slavery constitution • Kansas turns into “bleeding kansas” when anti slavery and pro slavery people fought a mini war against each other to establish the issue of slavery in Kansas |
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Lecompton legislature
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• In Kansas
• Established by pro slavery founders • Created a pro slavery constitution • Established by “border ruffians” |
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Topeka legislature
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• Established in Kansas by Free Soilers
• Rival city against Lecompton • Anti slavery with anti slavery constitution |
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sack of Lawrence
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• Pro slavery people attack the abolitionists (“J Hawks”) at Lawrence Kansas
• Pro slavery people burn down Lawrence |
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Pottawatomie massacre
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• John Brown and Abolitionists get revenge for the attack on Lawrence
• Attack the pro slavery Kansans at Pottawatomie Creek • Killed 6 of them |
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Charles Sumner
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• Completely against slavery- said the Mexican war was unconstitutional and unjust
• The Mexican American war was a southern conspiracy to get more land for slavery • Gave the speech “the crime against Kansas” which sparked bleeding sumner |
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Sen. Andrew Butler
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• Sumner criticized Butler for supporting slavery
• Led up to Bleeding Sumner |
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Bleeding Sumner
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• Senator Charles Sumner (republican) delivers a speech “the crime against Kansas” which shamed the US senate for allowing slavery
• Stirred a lot of controversy • In his speech Sumner chastises Senator Andrew Butler for supporting slavery o Preston brooks saw it as an attack on family honor- Brooks was related to Butler • Preston Brooks attacked Sumner and beat him up with a cane • The episode worsened feelings between northerners and southerners |
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Election of 1856
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• Buchanan gets elected (Democrat)→ pro slavery
• Republicans run for the first time o Republican party made up of northern Whigs, northern democrats, abolitionists o John C Fremont runs for Republicans • Whigs fall out of power • Know Nothing party runs o Made up of nativists and WASPS o Eventually the know nothings join the republicans • The competition was really between Fremont and Buchanan- Buchanan wins |
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James Buchanan
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• Becomes president in 1857
• Democrat • Did nothing to stop the south from seceding- thought the federal govmt had no power to prevent secession through force • Confederate states of America founded under Buchanan • South Carolina seceded under buchanan |
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Roger B. Taney
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• Supreme court judge during Dred Scott decision
• Made the dred scott decision |
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Dred Scott v. Sanford
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• 1857
• “worst supreme court case decision” • Scott sues for his freedom- claims that he’s a slave in free territory and therefore a free man • Roger B Taney rules that Scott had no right to sue b/c he wasn’t a citizen b/c he was black o Rules that Congress never had the right to outlaw slavery in the territories b/c slaves are property and the constitution protects property o Outlaws the Missouri Compromise and Northwest Ordinance o However, the states can regulate slavery, the federal govmt can’t • The decision outlawed the possibility of outlawing slavery b/c it declared slaves property |
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Panic of 1857
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• Financial crisis during Buchanan’s presidency
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Lincoln- Douglass debates
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• 1858
• Douglas argues that Lincoln’s representing black republicans- tries to get people to hate Lincoln • Lincoln challenges popular sovereignty and Dred Scott o If slaves can be taken anywhere according to the Dred Scott decision than technically popular sovereignty can’t work b/c slavery can’t be outlawed at all • Freeport Debate→ Lincoln and douglas debate about slavery and popular sovereignty • Douglas wins the debates- Lincoln wins a good reputation |
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Freeport Doctrine
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• During Lincoln douglas debates
• Douglas’ justification for popular sovereignty • Theory called the Freeport Doctrine • Lincoln challenges Doulgas→ says since the Dred Scott decision said the govmt can’t forbid slavery than popular sovereignty can’t work because slavery can’t be forbidden at all • Douglas says popular sovereignty can still work b/c the settlers can forbid slavery by refusing to enact the law that gives protection to private property – Freeport Doctrine |
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John Brown
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• Northern abolitionist
• Seen as a martyr for the cause of slavery in the north- seen as a looney in the south • Pottawatomie Massacre and Harper’s Ferry • Killed b/c of his raid on Harper’s Ferry |
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raid on Harper's Ferry
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• 1859→ John Brown raids the federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry and tries to arm the local slaves
• Tries to arm the slaves so they can escape to the north • The VA militia under Robert E Lee arrest John Brown and followers • John brown gets executed |
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John C. Breckenridge
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• Ran during the election of 1860
• Ran for the proslavery democrats (the anti slavery democrats nominated Stephan Douglas) |
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John Bell
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• Ran during the election of 1860 for the constitutional union party
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Constitutional Union party
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• ran during the election of 1860
• Formed by former moderate whigs who opposed Lincoln and Douglas • nominated John Bell |
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Jefferson Davis
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• President of Confederate States of America
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Confederate States of America
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• SC, MI, FL, AL, GA, LA, TX, VA, AK, NC
• Seceded from the union • President=Jefferson Davis |
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Crittenden compromise
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• John J Crittenden desperately tries to get the south to stop seceding
• Provides compensation for owners of run away salves • Repeal of northern personal liberty laws • Constitutional amendment that forbade the government from interfering with slavery in the south • An amendment to restore the Missouri compromise • The plan failed |
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Fort Sumter
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• 1860
• Fort sumter=federal fort in SC • Major Anderson→ union general in charge of fort sumter • Anderson refuses to give the fort to the union • SC confederates attack fort sumter and try to seize it- they capture it- nobody dies though |
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Abraham Lincoln
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• Lincoln believes the south can have slavery- but is against slavery’s expansion into the west
• Republican • Elected in 1860 |
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Stephan Douglas
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• Democrat
• Ran against Lincoln • Believed slavery should be settled under popular sovereignty |
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Conscription Act (Confederacy)
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• Compulsory attendance in the military for 3 years for all men 18-35 years old
• If you had more than 20 slaves you were exempt (rich mans war poor mans fight) • You could hire somebody else to go for you • Rich people could escape the draft- poor people couldn’t • Most soldiers in the confederate army were volunteers- didn’t have to draft a lot of people |
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Morrill Tariff Act (1861)
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• Since the south isn’t part of the union’s government anymore the union passes republican legislatures
• Raises tariffs on imports in order to protect northern products • Tariff=tax on imports |
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Legal Tender Act (1862)
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• Helped the north pay for the war
• Changed the currency to paper money- no longer based on gold and silver • “Greenbacks” = union currency • in the end the north didn’t experience too much inflation- reflects the strength of its government |
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Homestead Act (1862)
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• Granted up to 160 acres in the west to anybody who would live on the land and improve it→ if they improve the land they can buy the land for cheap
• Free soilers love this- they can move out west and have their own land |
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Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)
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• Union gives land to states to build colleges and universities
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National Bank Act (1863)
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• Federal government can charter federal banks in the states
• Federal banks can issue greenbacks • People will be forced to borrow from the government not the states • Reestablished a national bank |
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Radical Republicans
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• Radical republicans wanted to abolish slavery
• Pressured Lincoln to make abolition a higher priority during the war • Thought Lincoln’s readmission process of conquered southern states was too lenient |
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habeas corpus
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• Lincoln tries to force MD to join the union (b/c if MD and VA are confederate states the Union capital would be surrounded by confederates)
• Lincoln suspends Habeas Corpus (habeas corpus→ you need to have evidence that someone has committed a crime in order to arrest them) • Lincoln arrests suspected confederates in MD- hundreds of them o Causes MD to elect a pro union legislature- MD joins the union • What Lincoln did was probably illegal- but the union needed MD to win the war |
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New civil war technology
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• Springfield rifle
• Conical bullet • Enfield Rifle • More accurate guns • New technology→ new battle tactics • Battle tactics transition from fighting side by side to fighting in trenches |
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Anaconda plan
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• Made by General Winfield Scott (union)
• Fight a war of attrition • Blockade the southern coastline and the Mississippi river • Strangle the south by blockading and surrounding it (attrition) • Plan wasn’t implemented |
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General Winfield Scott
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• Fought during Mexican American war
• First Union general • Was an “armchair” general- too fat to sit on a horse • Made the anaconda plan |
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First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas)
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• 1861- first battle of civil war
• PGT Beauregard (confederate general) • McDowell (union general) • Union attempts to capture Richmond • On the way to Richmond they meet with the confederates and fight • Thomas Jackson (confederate) gets the nickname “Stonewall Jackson” for leading the army and boosting confederate morale with his war cry • Confederates defeat the union and push the union back north |
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General Irvin McDowell
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• Union general
• First Battle of Bull Run • Got replaced by McClellan |
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General George B. McClellan
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• Union general
• General of the Army of the Potomic • Battle of Antietam • Devised Peninsula Campaign |
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Army of the Potomac
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• Union army
• McClellan=General • Participated in the peninsula Campaign |
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Peninsula campaign
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• Created by George B McClellan
• Plan which devised a method of attacking Richmond from the south • The union troops would use the rivers to go south and attack Richmond from the peninsula near Jamestown • McClellan tried to carry this plan out- but Lee defended Richmond well enough that it didn’t work • McClellan fails to capture Richmond |
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General Robert E. Lee
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• Confederate general
• 2nd battle of Bull Run- 1862 • Battle of Antietam • Defended Richmond • Surrendered to Grant- ended the war • Battle of Gettysburg • Appomattox Courthouse |
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Battle of Antietam
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• 1862- Bloodiest day in US military history
• Union wins→ Lee retreats • Stopped the south from invading the North • Lee versus. McClellan |
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General Ambrose Burnside
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• Replaces McClellan
• Union general • 2nd battle of Bull Run |
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General Ulysses S. Grant
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• Union general→ fought mostly in the west- fought for control of the Mississippi
• Captured Fort Henry (important confederate fort on the Mississippi) • Battle of Shiloh • Captures Vicksburg • Attacks and captures Richmond- Lee surrenders to Grant • Appomattox Courthouse |
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Fort Henry and Fort Donelson
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• Important confederate forts on the Mississippi river that Grant captured for the union
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General William Tecumseh Sherman
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• Sherman’s march to the sea
• Union general |
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Battle of Shiloh
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• Grant (union) and Beauregard (confederates)
• Confederates surprise attack the union • Grant wins- union victory |
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Monitor v. Merrimac (Virginia)
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• 1862
• Moniter→ union ironclad • Merrimac→ confederate boat- was stolen from the union- was originally a wooden boat- confederates nailed iron plates to the sides of it • South attempts to break the northern blockade • Moniter and Merrimac battle for hours • Confederates set the Merrimac on fire so the union can’t capture it • Moniter sinks • First battle between two ironclads |
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Ironclads
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• Revolutionized naval battles – wooden boats become obsolete
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Trent affair- 1861
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• Britain needs to have good relations with the south b/c they trade with the south for cotton
o North gets mad b/c Britain is acknowledging the south as a legitimate independent country • USS San Jacinto (union) seizes a British mail ship and captures Slidell and James Mason (confederate diplomats) • Britain gets mad- Lincoln admits the Trent affair was wrong and lets Slidell and Mason free • Example of Cotton diplomacy→ Britain was endorsing the south b/c they needed to trade with them for cotton→ cotton creates enemies and allies |
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contraband of war
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• Goods forbidden to be supplied to those engaged in war
• Lincoln declares slaves contrabands of war → if the south is deprived of slaves it’ll lose power and strength |
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Second Confiscation Act (1862)
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• Lincoln declares slaves contrabands of war
• Authorized the seizure of the property of all persons in rebellion (aka slaves) • Granted freedom to slaves who escape to the union • Authorized the president to appoint black soldiers • Lincoln was emancipating slaves to weaken the south |
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Emancipation Proclamation
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• 1863- All slaves in states in rebellion are free
• slaves in union aren’t free (so the slaves in union border states aren’t free) • Lincoln was trying to get the south to come back to the union→ said if the south doesn’t rejoin the union their slaves would be freed • War becomes a war on slavery • Not all slaves became free→ but the proclamation inspired more slaves to run away • Afterwards, union begins recruiting black soldiers |
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Freedman's Bureau (1865)
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• Created in 1865 by union congress
• Was responsible for the relief, education, and employment of freed slaves • Leased 40 acres of abandoned or confiscated land to each freedman or southern unionist- also granted the option to buy the land after 3 years o Distributed confiscated confederate property to former slaves |
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54th Massachusetts Infantry
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• After the emancipation proclamation the union began recruiting black soldiers
• Blacks fought in their own armies under white generals • 54th Massachusetts infantry→ most famous black regiment |
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Sea Islands
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• Ex slaves ran away to General Sherman when he was on his “march to the sea”
• Sherman settles the slaves on the Sea Islands (along the coast of FL GA and SC) • Gave the slaves land and extra livestock (like mules) |
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Battle of Gettysburg
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• Lee (confederate) versus Meade (union)
• Lee tries to invade the North – Confederates attack the union outside of Gettysburg • July 1863- lasted three days • Major union victory—boosts hope for the war |
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Battle of Vicksburg
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• Grant captures Vicksburg from the confederates- Vicksburg was the last confederate holding in the west- major union victory
• Vicksburg→ confederate fort on the missisippi river |
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New York Draft Riots (July 1863)
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• Union immigrants in NYC are furious about the draft- they’re too poor to escape the draft
• NYC immigrants riot against the drafts- attack republican houses, burn down black orphanage, lynched innocent blacks • Hated blacks- if the blacks are free they’ll steal the immigrants’ jobs |
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United States Sanitary Commission
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• Organized by civilians
• Assisted the union’s medical bureau • Made up of women volunteers • Bought and distributed supplies, ran soup kitchens for army rations • Women become more involved in the war and in society • People start to learn about sanitation- less people died of disease in the civil war than in previous wars |
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Dorothea Dix
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• Head of the union nursing corps
• Women become more involved in the war and in society • Women work as nurses- usually unpaid |
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Clara Barton
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• Civil war nurse
• Founded the American red cross in 1881 |
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Andersonville Prison
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• The north and south have a lot of prisoners of war
• Andersonville prison= confederate prison camp • Suffered from severe ration shortages • Was like a death camp- 3,000 people died there each month |
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Election of 1864
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• Election during the war→ demonstrates the strength of the union’s government
• Lincoln (republican) versus McClellan (democrat) • Since the union was doing so well in the war (Gettysburg, Vicksburg, fall of Atlanta) Lincoln had a good reputation • Lincoln replaces his VP with Andrew Johnson (a southern unioner) to appeal to the south • Lincoln completely wins over McClellan |
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Peace Democrats (Copperheads)
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• Peace Democrats campaigned for an end to the civil war
• Clement Vallandigam→ leading peace democrat • said the war was intended to exterminate the south and make reconciliation impossible – the war was intended to do bad not good |
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Sherman's March to the Sea
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• General Sherman (union) declares total war on the south→ total war = complete destruction of the south, its civilians, and its properties
• Burns everything down in Georgia, burns down and captures Atlanta, destroys railroads • Destroyed North Carolina • Destroyed farms, crops, factories, livestock • Ex slaves ran away from their masters and followed Sherman around |
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Appamattox Courthouse
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• Grant captures Richmond (confederate capital) → Lee tries to defend it but surrenders
o Battle of wilderness, cold harbor, Spotsylvania Courthouse • War ends 1865 with appamattox courthouse • Lee and Grant meet at Appomattox courthouse and discuss terms of surrender • Lee surrenders his army- Grant orders Lee to send his troops home • War officially ends |
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John Wilkes Booth
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• 1865- assassinates Lincoln at Ford’s Theater
• was a famous actor • thought if he killed Lincoln the south can continue fighting and the south won’t lose • his accomplices stabbed the secretary of state (Seward) and tried to asainate the vice president (Johnson) but didn’t • His accomplices got caught and executed- Booth himself may have died but nobody knows |
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Union advantages and disadvantages
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• Advantages-
o Had a navy o Stable economy→ greenbacks o Able to tax to raise money o More people o More resources o More food, industry, coal, iron o Organized government • Disadvantages o Less incentive to fight o Immigrants didn’t want to fight (rioted) o Lack of military experience |
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Confederate advantages/disadvantages
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• Advantages-
o Fight a defensive war- easier o Higher morale- reason to fight o Home field advantage (knew the territory they were fighting on) o Shorter supply lines o Better leaders • Disadvantages- o Less population o Less railroads o No food, no supplies, no factories o They crew cotton not food! |
