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33 Cards in this Set

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Many relied on Deism
(reason rather revelation); Deism rejected original sin of man, denied Christ’s divinity but believed in a supreme being that created universe with an order, similar to a clockmaker.
Unitarian faith begins (New England)
believed God existed in only 1 person, not in the orthodox trinity; stressed goodness of human nature
believed in free will and salvation through good works; pictured God as a loving father
appealed to intellectuals with rationalism and optimism
Liberalism in religion started in 1800 spawned the
2nd Great Awakening a tidal wave of spiritual fervor that resulted in prison reform, church reform, temperance movement (no alcohol), women’s rights movement, abolition of slavery in 1830s
it spread to the masses through huge “camp meetings”
the East went to the West to Christianize Indians
Methodists and Baptists stressed personal conversion, democracy in church affairs, emotionalism
Peter Cartwright – was best known of the “circuit riders” or traveling preachers
Charles Grandison Finney – the greatest revival preacher who led massive revivals in Rochester, NY
The revival furthered fragmentation of religious faiths
New York, with its Puritans, preached “hellfire” and was known as the
“Burned-Over District.”
Millerites (Adventists)
predicted Christ to return to earth on Oct 22, 1844. When this prophesy failed to materialize, the movement lost credibility.
The revival furthered fragmentation of religious faiths
The Awakening widened lines between classes the region (like 1st Great Awakening)
conservatives were made up of: propertied Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, Unitarians
the less-learned of the South the West (frontier areas) were usually Methodists or Baptists
Religion further split with the issue of slavery (i.e. the Methodists and Presbyterians split)
Joseph Smith
(1830) claimed to have found golden tablets in NY with the Book of Mormon inscribed on them. He came up with the Mormon faith, officially called the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
Morman Faith
antagonism toward Mormons emerged due to their polygamy, drilling militia, and voting as a unit
Smith was killed, but was succeeded by Brigham Young, who led followers to Utah
they grew quickly by birth and immigration from Europe
they had a federal governor and marched to Utah when Young became governor
the issue of polygamy prevented Utah’s entrance to U.S. until 1896
The idea of tax-supported, compulsory (mandatory), primary schools was opposed as a hand-out to paupers
Gradually, support rose because uneducated “brats” might grow up to be rabbles with voting rights
Free public education, triumphed in 1828 along with the voting power in the Jackson election
there were largely ill-taught and ill-trained teachers, however
Horace Mann fought for better schools and is the “Father of Public Education”
school was too expensive for many community; blacks were mostly left out from education
Important educators - Noah Webster (dictionary and Blueback Speller); William H. McGuffey — McGuffey’s Readers)
The 2nd Great Awakening led to
the building of small schools in the South the West (mainly for pride)
the curriculum focused mainly on Latin, Greek, Math, moral philosophy
The 1st state-supported university was founded in the Tar Heel state, the
Univ. of North Carolina, in 1795; Jefferson started the University of Virginia shortly afterwards (UVA was to be independent of religion or politics)
Emma Willard
established Troy Female Seminary (1821) and Mount Holyoke Seminary (1837) was established by Mary Lyon
Libraries, public lectures, and magazines flourished
reformers opposed
tobacco, alcohol, profanity, and many other vices, and came out for women’s rights
women were very important in motivating these reform movements
reformers were often optimists who sought a perfect society
some were naïve and ignored the problems of factories
they fought for no imprisonment for debt (the poor were sometimes locked in jail for less than $1 debt); this was gradually abolished
reformers wanted criminal codes softened and reformatories created
the mentally insane were treated badly. Dorothea Dix fought for reform of the mentally insane in her classic petition of 1843
there was agitation for peace (i.e. the American Peace Society) - William Ladd had some impact until Civil War and Crimean war
drunkenness was widespread
The American Temperance Society
was formed at Boston (1826) – the “Cold Water Army” (children), signed pledges, made pamphlets, and an anti-alcohol novel emerged called 10 nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There
Attack on the demon drink adopted 2 major lines attack…
stressed temperance (individual will to resist)
legislature-removed temptation - Neal S. Dow becomes the “Father of Prohibition”
sponsored Maine Law of 1851 which prohibited making and sale of liquor (followed by others)
gender differences increased sharply with different economic roles
women were perceived as weak physically and emotionally, but fine for teaching
men were perceived as strong, but crude and barbaric, if not guided by the purity of women
women’s movement was led by Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony (Suzy Bs), Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell (1st female medical graduate), Margaret Fuller, the Grimke sisters (anti-slavery advocates), and Amelia Bloomer (semi-short skirts)
The Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention (1848) – held in NY, it was a major landmark in women’s rights
Declaration of Sentiments – was written in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence saying that “all Men and Women are created equal”
demanded ballot for women
launched modern women’s rights movement
the women’s rights movement was temporarily eclipsed by slavery when the Civil War heated up, but served as a foundation for later days
Robert Owen
founded New Harmony, IN (1825) though it failed in confusion
Brook Farm
Massachusetts experiment (1841) where 20 intellectuals committed to Transcendentalism (it lasted until ‘46)
Early Americans were interested in practical science rather than pure science (i.e., Jefferson and his newly designed plow).
Nathaniel Bowditch – studied practical navigation and oceanography
Matthew Maury - ocean winds, currents
Writers were concerned with basic science.
The most influential U.S. scientists…
Benjamin Silliman (1779-1864) - pioneer in chemistry geologist (taught in Yale)
Louis Agassiz (1807-1873) - served at Harvard, insisted on original research
Asa Gray (1810-1888) Harvard, was the Columbus of botany
John Audubon (1785-1851) painted birds with exact detail
Medicine in the U.S. was primitive (i.e., bleeding used for cure; smallpox, yellow fever though it killed many).
Life expectancy
unsurprisingly low.
Self-prescribed patent medicines were common, they were usually were mostly alcohol and often as harmful as helpful.
The local surgeon was usually the local barber or butcher.
Thomas Jefferson was the most able architect of his generation (Monticello and University of Virginia)
Artists were viewed as
a wasters of time; they suffered from Puritan prejudice of art as sinful pride
Gilbert Stuart (1755-1828) - painted Washington and competed with English artists
During the nationalism upsurge after War of 1812, U.S. painters portrayed human landscapes and Romanticism
“darky” tunes became popular
Stephen Foster wrote Old Folks at Home (AKA Suwannee River, his most famous) and My Old Kentucky Home.
Literature was imported or plagiarized from England
Americans poured literature into practical outlets (i.e. The Federalist Papers, Common Sense (Paine), Ben Franklin’s Autobiography, Poor Richard’s Almanack)
literature was
reborn after the War of Independence and especially after War of 1812
The Knickerbocker group in NY wrote
in NY wrote the first truly American literature
Washington Irving (1783-1859) - 1st U.S. internationally recognized writings, The Sketch Book
James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) - 1st US novelist, The Leatherstocking Tales (which included The Last of the Mohicans which was popular in Europe)
William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) – Thanatopsis, the 1st high quality poetry in U.S.
Literature dawned in the 2nd quarter of 19th century with the transcendentalist movement (circa 1830)
transcendentalism clashed with John Locke (who argued knowledge came from reason); for transcendentalists, truth came not by observation alone, from with inner light
it stressed individualism, self-reliance, and non-conformity
Ralph Waldo Emerson was popular since the ideal of the essay reflected the spirit of the U.S.
he lectured the Phi Beta Kappa Address “The American Scholar”
he urged U.S. writers throw off European tradition
influential as practical philosopher (stressed self-government, self-reliance, depending on self)
most famous for his work, Self Reliance
Henry David Thoreau
He condemned slavery and wrote Walden: Or life in the Woods
He also wrote On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, which was idealistic in thought, and a forerunner of Gandhi and then Martin Luther King Jr., saying it is not wrong to disobey a wrong law
Walt Whitman wrote Leaves of Grass (poetry) and was “Poet Laureate of Democracy”
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow - John Greenleaf Whittier -
James Russell Lowell - Oliver Wendell Holmes - Louisa May Alcott - Emily Dickinson –
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow - wrote poems popular in Europe such as Evangeline
John Greenleaf Whittier - poems that cried against injustice, intolerance, inhumanity
James Russell Lowell - political satirist who wrote Biglow Papers
Oliver Wendell Holmes - The Last Leaf
Women writers
Louisa May Alcott - with transcendentalism wrote Little Women
Emily Dickinson – wrote of the theme of nature in poems
Southern literary figure – William Gillmore Simms - “the cooper of the south”; wrote
many books of life in frontier South during the Revolutionary
Edgar Allan Poe - wrote
wrote “The Raven” and many short stories
invented modern detective novel and “psychological thriller”
he was fascinated by the supernatural and reflected a morbid sensibility (more prized by Europe)
reflections of Calvinist obsession with original sin and struggle between good & evil
Nathaniel Hawthorne - The Scarlet Letter (psychological effect of sin)
Herman Melville - Moby Dick, and allegory between good and evil told of a whaling captain
George Bancroft –William H. Prescott - Francis Parkman -
George Bancroft – founded the naval academy; published U.S. history book and was known as the “Father of American History”
William H. Prescott - published on the conquest of Mexico, Peru
Francis Parkman - published on the struggle between France and England in colonial North America