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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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parietal peritoneum
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the peritoneum is the membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity.
-outer layer |
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visceral peritoneum
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is wrapped around the internal organs that are located inside the abdominal cavity.
-inner layer |
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mesentery
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Epithelial cells supporting the digestive organs
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mesocolon
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mesentery that holds the lower colon the back abdominal wall
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falciform ligament
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a ligament that attaches part of the liver to the diaphragm and the abdominal wall
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lesser omentum
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The lesser omentum is the peritoneal fold extending from lesser curvature of the stomach to liver.
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greater omentum
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The greater omentum is the peritoneal fold extending from the greater curvature of the stomach to the colon, and hanging down over the small intestine.
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buccal cavity
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mouth opening
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facues
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throat
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hard palate
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bony part of roof of mouth
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soft palate
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The soft, squishy area on the roof of your mouth near the back (behind the hard palate).
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uvula
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The soft flap of tissue that hangs down at the back of the mouth
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dentes
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teeth or gum area made up definition by kimberly brandon I know your gonna re look this one up its not on google
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gingivae
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gums of the mouth
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crown
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the part of a tooth above the gum that is covered with enamel
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dentin
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A tissue, hard and bone-like, that forms most of the tooth.
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pulp cavity
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the central, living portion of a tooth, richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves
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root canals
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space in the root of tooth that contains pulp tissue
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enamel
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hard white substance covering the crown of a tooth
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cementum
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hard tissue that covers the roots of teeth
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periodontal ligament
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The connecting ligament between a tooth and the bony socket
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permanent dentition (dental formula) 2-1-2-3
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the secondary teeth, which includes a maximum of 32 teeth.
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deglutition
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swallowing
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adventitia of esophogus
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visceral covering of the esophogus
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alimentary canal
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-opening to the outside of the body ex) mouth and anus
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name layers of wallas of alimentary canal in order from innermost to outer.
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1. mucosa
2. submucosa 3. muscularis - circular - longitudinal 4. serosa |
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mucosa
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-innermost of tissue layers
- is a mucous membrane - comprised of epithelial tissue -provides for protection, secretions, and absorbtion |
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submucosa
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-2nd layer from inside
- comprised of areolar connective tissue -is a highly vascularized layer |
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muscularis
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-3rd layer from the inside
- thickest layer comprised of smooth muscle tissue - contains a little bit of skeletal muscle known as schincters -contains two other layers circular and longitudinal |
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Autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic vs sympathetic in relation to digestion)
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-controls the digestive system
- parasympathetic activity favors digestion, should be down time after eating -sympathetic functions will decrease functions of the digestive system |
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myenteric plexus
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major part of the autonomic system that regulates workings of the digestive system. a network of fibers embedded into muscle layer of wall of alimentary canal. Helps to regulate GI tract motility (peristalsis), which are wave like contractions
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serosA
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-outermost tunica
-a serous membrane |
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Mouth
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-oral or boccal cavity
- oral mucosa - statified squamous epithelium that lines the mouth -site of ingestion -initiates digestion (mechanical and chemical) |
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mechanical digestion
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(mastication) physical seperation of food, such as, chewing, cutting with knife,
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chemical digestion
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molecular knives/forks, workings of the digestive enzymes, breaking down of molecules into smallest particals. This is site where STARCH DIGESTION BEGINS (CHEMICAL DIGESTION IN THE MOUTH)
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What are salivary glands and what do they produce?
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-exocrine glands, which are glands w/ a duct
-produce/secrete saliva |
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What is saliva made up of?
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Water/mucous/enzymes
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what are 3 pairs of salivary glands?
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parotid glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands
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parotid glands
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largest, produce greatest amount of saliva, located near the ear
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submandibular gland
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underneath tongue with openings into mouth
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sublingual glands
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underneath tongue with openings into mouth
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buccal glands
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near upper pharynx/ back part of mouth
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what are functions of saliva?
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secretion of amylase (ptyalin)- a digestive enzyme.
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amylase
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the enzyme that accounts for the hydrolysis (or digestion) of amylose
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esophagus
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passageway from the mouth to the stomach. Not much goes on here in terms of digestion
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esophageal mucosa
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stratified squamous epithelium which lines esophagus
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gastroesophageal sphincter
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located between end of esophagus and beginning of stomach
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cardiac sphincter
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regulates cardiac orfice
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what is another name for sphincter
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valve
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gastric mucosa
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lining of the wall of the stomach comprise of simple columnar epithelium. Contains rugae
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rugae
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folds in stomach which allow for expansion
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The stomach is a major site for both ____ and ____ digestion
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mechanical, chemical
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pepsin
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one of leading enzymes brings about digestion of protein
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rugae
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folds in stomach which allow for expansion
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The stomach is a major site for both ____ and ____ digestion
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mechanical, chemical
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pepsin
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one of leading enzymes brings about digestion of protein
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pyloric sphincter
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strongest, thickest, spinchter pumps fluid from stomach into small intestine
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gastric pits
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crater-like openings in the wall of the stomach
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gastric glands
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clusters of cells that produce gastric juice
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gastric juice
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collection of secretions from gastric glands
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mucus
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very alkaline ( basic) to offset stomach acids. Helps to prevent self digestion
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pepsinogen
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the inactive form of pepsin. HCL is important in the activation of pepsinogen to pepsin
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instrinsic factor
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secreted into stomach, involved in absorbtion of vitamin b12 helps it to survive acidic environment of the stomach.
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gastrin
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a hormone which is released into the blood stream, tells rest of stomach to increase motility (movement) or perystalis
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chyme
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exits tomach through pyloric sphincter into the very first part of the small intetine called the dueodenum
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gastroenteric relfex
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involutary (automatic) the stomach is sending word to the small intestine. caused by stomach distention. It increases secretion and peristaltic activity.
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enterogastric reflex
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automatic means of the small intestine communicating with the tomach saying to slow down things are being moved into the small intestine too quickly. reflex helps to control the pyloric sphincter
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Small intestine
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-major site for chemical digestion and nutrient absorbtion
-longest part of the alimentary canal |
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intestinal mucosa
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lining of small intestine comprise of simple columnar epithelium.
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functions of the small intestine
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1. duodenum: recieves chyme form the stomach by way of the pyloric spinchter valve.
2. duodenum: recieves secretions from liver, gall bladder, and pancreas 3. completes digestion of carbs, dietary fats, and proteins 4. absorbtion of nutrients 5. contain villi and microvilli which help with absorbtion and release of enzymes 6. directs residue to large intestine by way of the illeocecal sphincyer |
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where does digestion of dietary fats begin/end?
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small intestine
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what is anothe name for microvilli
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brush border
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duodenum
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-recieves chyme
-recieves secretions from the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas |
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hepatopancreatic ampulla
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formed by common bile duct and pancreatic duct
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common bile duct
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formed by common hepatic duct and systic duct
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villi(villus)
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contains capillaries, lacteal, and microvilli (brush border).
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lacteal
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where you see absorbtion of lipids, found with villi
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plicae circulares
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folds in duodenum, acts as a drain
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jejunum
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continuation of digestion and absortion occurs here
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ileum
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absortion is a critical feature here. the presence of more lymphatic tissue starts to show or peyers patches (lympatic nodules) .
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peyers patches
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lymphatic nodules located in the later ileum they keep in check for bacteria and help w/ localized immune responses.
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goblet cells
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important to release of mucus, part of simple columnar epithelium
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brunners glands (duodenum)
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clusters of cells producing/secreting a fairly alkaline mucus.
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intestinal juice
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a collection of secretion whose production takes place in the crypts of lieberkuhn
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crypts of lieberkuhn
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clusters of cells producing a # of secretions
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intestinal amylase
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digestion of starch to glucose
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lipases
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digestion of fats/lipids to glycerol/fatty acids
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proteases
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digestion of protein to amino acids
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sucrose
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digests sucrose to 2 monosccharide (glucose and galactose)
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lactase
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digests lactose to 2 monosaccharides (glucose and galactose)
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maltase
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enzyme that digests maltose into 2 monosaccharides (glucose and glucose)
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secretin
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a hormone that says to secrete to its targets, its primary target are cells within the pancreas.Tells to send bicarbinate ions and PH
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cholecystokinin(CCK)
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another means by which small intestine can communicate with pancreas to release pancreatic enzymes. produced/secreted in duodenum
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enterokinase
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enzyme mixed in with chyme that when activated becomes tripsine which digest protein. Produced by linings of the walls of the small intestine
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enterogastron
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a hormone that inhibits gastric motility (or tells stomach to slow down) its target cells primarly back in wall of stomach. it's secreted into the blood stream
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bile production
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takes place in liver, but is needed within small intestine. bile aides in emulsification of dietary fats or the physical separation of lipids which helps increase surface area
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hepatic portal vein
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where liver derives most of its blood which is loaded with nutrients
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lobes of liver are divided into smaller compartments called _____
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lobules
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hepatocytes
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lobules are comprise of these cells which are liver cells.
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sinusoids
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large blood filled spaces between lobules in liver. Similar to cappillaries
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kupffers cells
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real good at phagocytosis help to defend liver against infectious agents
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what is bile comprised of?
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primarily water, cholesterol, bile salts, bile pigments (BILIVERDIN/BILIRUBIN)
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emulsification of fat
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done by bile salts which help to seperate fat
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gallbladder
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concentrates/stores/releases bile into the cystic duct
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cholecytokinin (CCK) workings in the gall bladder
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a hormone that tells gallbladder to send bile to the small intestine.
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sphincter of oddi
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helps to fill gallbladder, regulates passage from ampulla to the dueodenum
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pancreas
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-produces pancreatic juice with regard to digestion.
-provides both exocrine and endocrine functions -produces and secretes substances into pancreatic duct/duodenum |
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acini
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clusters of cells that go into the making of pancreatic juice
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the bulk of pancreatic juice is made up of ____ _____
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hydrolitic enzymes
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what are the secretions of the pancreas?
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1. pancreatic amylase
2. pancreatic lipases 3. pancreatic proteases 4. bicarbinate ions 5. tripsynogen |
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pancreatic amylase
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helps to further process of stach digestion
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large intestine
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water absorption and the formation and elimination of feces takes place here.
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cecum
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very 1st part of the large intestine
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vermiform appendix (lymphatic tissue)
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worm-like part of intestine attatched to the cecum
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colon
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dividied into different segments, ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid.
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right colic hepatic flexure
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where ascending colon turns to form transverse colon
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left colin splenic flexure
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where transverse colon turns to form descending colon
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teniae coli
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longitudinal bands of smooth muscle that even at rest are partially contracted which causes puffy bands/ distinct out pockets of wall of small intestine known as haustra.
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rectum
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formed by the last part of the colon
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anal canal
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last part of the rectum
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internal sphincyer
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comprised of smooth muscle, under involuntary control, and is a part of sacral reflex (parasympathetic)
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external sphincter
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comprised of skeletal muscle, under voluntary control and somatic motor control
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during glomerular filtration what two things are not filtered out?
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proteins and blood cells bc they are too big
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functions of the urinary system
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1. urine production, and the excretion of wastes such as urea and creatinine
2. regulation of extracellular fluid compostion/ volume 3. regulation of solute/electrolyte balance 4. regulation of acid/base balance (PH) 5. regulation of blood pressure 6. production of erythropoeitin |
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renin
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an enzyme that helps in the conversion of angiotensin
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angiotensinogen
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INACTIVE form of angiotensin it's activated by renin
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angiotensin
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vasoconstrictor narrows specific arterioles
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CORTEX of kidneys
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where much for filtration in the kidneys takes place
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MEDULLA of kidneys
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collects and holds the filtered urine
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nephrons
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microscopic structures or filtering units of the kidneys. THe pt of intersection between the circulatory system and the urinary system
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glomerulus
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a ball of tightly coiled cappillaries where filtration takes place
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afferent arterioles
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brings blood into the glomerulus
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efferent arterioles
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takes blood away from glomerulus
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golmerular capsule (bowman's capsule)
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very 1st part of vessels that collect filtrate
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proximal convoluted tubule
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near site of filtration. filtrate moves through here
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descending limb (branch) of the loop of henle
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branch moving downand moving filtrate in the down direction in the loop of henle
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ascending limb (branch) of loop of henle
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filtrate moves up the loop of henle. Eventually starts to widen to form distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
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distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
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filtrate moves through this area and then drains into the collecting tubule
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collecting tubule
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last part of tubes that collect filtrate from nephrons. When reaches this point filtrate is then referred to as urine.
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reabsorption (peritubular) cappilarries
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reabsorb substances back out of filtrate and recycle back into the blood
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renal processes
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must occur for elimination of metabloic wastes
these processes include: 1.) Glomerular filtration (blood -> filtrate) 2. tubular reabsorption (filtrate -> blood) 3. tubular secretion (blood -> filtrate) |
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podocytes
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help to adjust size of pores
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glomerular filtration
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formation of filtrate/ corticol nephrons takes place
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net filtration pressure (NFP)
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the driving force behind filtration. pressure of hydrostratic (water) / cappilary blood pressure. ??? brandon look this up in ur notes?
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glomerular capsule
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The cup-shaped proximal end of the renal tubule that surrounds the glomerulus
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glomerular filtration rate (gfr)
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120-125 mL/min or
180L/day |
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does NFP determine the GFR?
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yes within physiologic limits
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renal corpuscle
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comprised of glomerulus/ bowmans capsule. its a functional region where circulatory and urinary systems intersect.
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tubular reabsorption
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a very selecive process where only certain things are being brought backin. those things include: water, glucose, sodium ions, electrolytes, vitamins, and lipids.
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tubular secretion
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means by which we can get rid of excess items
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an excess of potassium ions affects what?
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cardiac muscle contraction
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too much hydrogen ions can affect what?
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ph
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what are 3 major events that contribute to the formation of urine?
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1. filtration
2. reabsorption 3. secretion |
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proximal convoluted tubule aka pct
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1. where majority of reabsortion takes place
2. cells are good at (pinocytosis) drinkin here 3. sodium. chloride ions go out of filtrate and into the blood 4. glucose/amino acids/ vitamins/ most electrolytes are also reabsorbed back into blood 5. water is reabosrbed osmoticlly 6. volumeof glomerular filtrate is reduced 65-75 percent |
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ascending limb of the loop of henle
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1.segment most impermeable to water
2. sodium ion/ chrloide ion reabsortion continues 3. minimal water reabsorption 4. tubular fluid concentration reduced 5. tubular fluid volume unchanged |
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descensing limb of loop of henle
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1. water reabsortion continues
2. tubular fluid volume is reduced 3. tubular fluid concentraton (solutes) increased |
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distal convoluted tubule (dct)
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1. under direct control of aldosterone
2. reabsortion of sodium ion (from filtrate back into the blood) 3. secretion of potassium ions (excess) 4. secretion of hydrogen (ph) |
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collecting tubule
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1. last place adjustments can be made to filtrate
2. under control of anti diuretic hormone 3. tubular fluid volume is reduce (major homestatic mechanism) 4. tubular fluid concentration increased |
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wht is amount of urine put out each day
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1-2 liters/day
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anti diuretic hormone (vaspressin)
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opposes wate rloss. makes walls of collecting tubules more permeable so it can go from filtrate back into blood
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