Apretake

Front 1

decisions regarding the ___ and ___ ____ are made in the central nervous system

Back 1

brain and spinal chord

Front 2

what does the somatic devision of the peripheral nervous system regulate?

Back 2

skeletal muscle contraction (voluntary and involuntary)

Front 3

what does the autonotic division of the peripheral nervous system regulate?

Back 3

cardiac and smooth muscle *involuntary*

Front 4

sympathetic

Back 4

prepare body for action

Front 5

parasympathetic

Back 5

do opposite of sympathetic helps to return to resting levels of function

Front 6

cell body

Back 6

nucleus of neurons

Front 7

axon

Back 7

carries info away from neuron

Front 8

synapse

Back 8

a space between neighboring neurons

Front 9

dendrite

Back 9

branches off cell body that pick up and recieve info

Front 10

synaptic transmission

Back 10

to get a message accross the synapse of 2 cells

Process:
1. Presynaptic membrane where is begins which is before the synapse
2. diffusion of neurotransmitter
3. then goes to the post synaptic membrane which is the reciever cell of the neurotransmitter and is after the synapse
4. re-absortion/ destruction or neurotransmitter

Front 11

adrenergic fibers

Back 11

fibers in the sympathetic nervous system that release norepinepherine

Front 12

cholinergic fibers

Back 12

Fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system that release acetylcholine.

Front 13

sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system

Back 13

T1-L2
anatomic name thoracolumbar division

Front 14

norepinepherine (NE)

Back 14

released by post ganglionic fibers. # A hormone produced by the adrenal glands that also acts as a neurotransmitter for nerve cells. Part of the fight-or-flight response.

Front 15

ganglion

Back 15

a mass of nerve cells serving as a center from which nerve impulses are transmitted in/out of.

Front 16

divergence

Back 16

to spread out info and send to multiple destinations

Front 17

adrenal medulla

Back 17

where norepinepherine and epinepherine are produced

Front 18

axon hillock

Back 18

works as on/off switch

Front 19

gray matter

Back 19

involved in decision making

Front 20

white matter

Back 20

conducts the decisions made int he gray matter

Front 21

parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Back 21

aka craniosacral division
does opposite of sympathetic

Front 22

acetylcholine

Back 22

released in the parasympathetic division in the post ganglionic level by cholinergic fibers

Front 23

TYPES OF RECEPTORS IN SYMPATHETIC?
PARASYMPATHETIC?

Back 23

SYMP - ALPHA BETA
PARASYMP - NICOTNIC AND MUSURINIC

Front 24

GANGLIA IS NEAR OR WITHIN THE WALL OF THE ___ ____

Back 24

target organ

Front 25

hypothalamus

Back 25

within the diencephalon (thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus). located just about the pituitary

Front 26

parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

Back 26

aka craniosacral division
does opposite of sympathetic

Front 27

acetylcholine

Back 27

released in the parasympathetic division in the post ganglionic level by cholinergic fibers

Front 28

TYPES OF RECEPTORS IN SYMPATHETIC?
PARASYMPATHETIC?

Back 28

SYMP - ALPHA BETA
PARASYMP - NICOTNIC AND MUSURINIC

Front 29

GANGLIA IS NEAR OR WITHIN THE WALL OF THE ___ ____

Back 29

target organ

Front 30

hypothalamus location

Back 30

within the diencephalon (thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus). located just about the pituitary

Front 31

hypothalamus functions

Back 31

1. heart rate/blood pressure
2. thermoregulation
3. hunger/thirst
4. water balance
5. emotions via limbic system
6. releasing hormones

Front 32

exocrine

Back 32

duct

Front 33

endocrine

Back 33

ductless

Front 34

hormone characterisitcs

Back 34

1. chemical regulators of biological function
2. homeostasis
3. secretion response to environmental stimuli
4. exert actions w/i target cells
5. specificity

Front 35

upregulation

Back 35

increase in # of receptors

Front 36

downregulation

Back 36

decrease # of receptors

Front 37

cylic amp

Back 37

example of an extracellular secondary messenger

Front 38

steroid hormones

Back 38

work in the nucleus of cell effecting dna

Front 39

humoral

Back 39

blood chemistry

Front 40

hormonal stimuli

Back 40

release of anterior pituitary hormones

Front 41

negative feedback

Back 41

means by which the body regulates release of chemicals. or inhibits the source

Front 42

insulin and calcitonin react to what

Back 42

blood level

Front 43

aldosterone reacts to?

Back 43

sodium level

Front 44

neuroendocrine function

Back 44

means part of cns, uses neurotransmitters, and uses and secretes hormones

Front 45

anterior pituitary

Back 45

-larger portion of two divisions
- aka adenhypophysis
-grandular part of pituitary

Front 46

hypophaseal portal system

Back 46

communication by way of blood vessels between hypothalamus and the pituitary

Front 47

what are the 6 hormones of the anterior pituitary

Back 47

growth hormone (GH)
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Lutenizing hormone (LH)
Prolactin (PRL)

Front 48

Growth hormone (GH)

Back 48

-hypothalamus dictates when the hormone is released
-targets the liver
-AKA somtropin or somotrophic hormone
-stimulates growth/ protein systnthesis and is important to healing

Front 49

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Back 49

-aka thyrotropin/thyrotropic hormone
-hormone that stimulates the thyroid or tells it to speed up

Front 50

adrenocorticotopic hormone (ACTH)

Back 50

-aka corticotropin or corticotrophic hormone
- stimulates the cortex or the adrenal glands when told to do so by the hypothalamaus
-involved with physical stress, illness, disease, emotional stress

Front 51

follicle-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Back 51

-aka gonadotropin or gonadotropic hormone
-gets word to the gonads to generate more reproductive or sex cells

Front 52

gametogenesis

Back 52

the making of sex cells

Front 53

lutenizing hormone (LH)

Back 53

is a gonadotropin and is responsible for the formation of the corpus leteum

Front 54

female Lutenizing Hormone

Back 54

-produces ovarian estrogen
-supports ovulation

Front 55

male lutenizing hormone aka Intersitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH)

Back 55

found within the testes produces testosterone

Front 56

prolactin (PRL)

Back 56

stimulates the production of milk

Front 57

What are the posterior pituitary hormone?

Back 57

1.oxytocin
2. antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Front 58

the hormones of the posterior pituitary are produced by the ______ but stored and released from _____ _______

Back 58

hypothalamus, posterior pituitary

Front 59

oxytocin (OT)

Back 59

-stimulates uterine smooth muscle to bring about birth
-works by postive feedback mechanism
-helps to also stimulate mammary gland to help eject milk.

Front 60

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Back 60

-aka vasopressin
-allows for the retention of water loss
-targets cells within the kidneys
-helps kidneys with water reaabsorption

Front 61

Thyroid Gland hormones

Back 61

1.thyroxin (t4)
2. triiodyotherine (t3)
3. thyrocalcitonin (calcitonin)

Front 62

thyroxin (t4)

Back 62

-produced by follicular cells
-called t4 because it has 4 atoms of iodine
-produces/generates heat
-regulated metabolism

Front 63

triiodothyrine (t3)

Back 63

-produced by follicular cells
-calld t3 bc it has three atoms of iodine
-produces/generates heat and regulates metabolism

Front 64

thyrocalcitonin

Back 64

-aka calcitonin
-maintains blood calcium levels
-produced by parafollicular cells
-targets osteoblasts

Front 65

parathyroid gland

Back 65

-responsible for the production and secretion of PTH (parathyroid hormone)

Front 66

parathyroid hormone

Back 66

-aka parathormone
-helps maintain proper levels of calclium in the blood
-primary target is osteoclasts
-has a humoral response
-is similar to a withdrawal slip

Front 67

adrenal (suprarenal) gland

Back 67

-attatches to the top of the kidney
-comprised of the adrenal medulla and cortex.

Front 68

adrenal cortex

Back 68

outeredge of the adrenal gland. responsible for the production of many steroid hormones which are made from cholesterol.

Front 69

corticosteroid

Back 69

steroid hormone produced by cells of the adrenal cortex. important to healing process and physical stress

Front 70

zona glomerulosa

Back 70

-produces mineralocorticoids
-thinnest of 3 layers

Front 71

mineralocorticoids

Back 71

regulate minerals in body

Front 72

aldosterone

Back 72

a steroid hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels, leading member of the mineralocorticoid family

Front 73

zona fasciculata

Back 73

-produces glucocorticoids
-middle layer

Front 74

glucocorticoids

Back 74

help body to prepare for emergency situations

Front 75

cortisol

Back 75

leading member of the glucocorticoid family important to bodys ability to deal with physical stress

Front 76

gluconeogenesis

Back 76

production of new glucose from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids and fatty acids

Front 77

lipolysis

Back 77

breaking down of lipids to be able to release fatty acids

Front 78

zona reticularis

Back 78

-innermost of the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex
-produces gonadocorticoids

Front 79

gonadocorticoids

Back 79

steroid hormones that mimic the effects of gonads

Front 80

adrenal medulla

Back 80

the internal part of the adrenal gland comprided of nerve tissue

Front 81

chromaffrin cells

Back 81

highly specialized neurons without dendrites or axons

Front 82

what two hormones are produced and released into the blood by way of the adrenal medulla?

Back 82

norepinepherine
epinepherine

Front 83

chatacholemine family

Back 83

includes: dopamine, norepinepherine, and epinepherine

Front 84

pancreas

Back 84

-has both exocrine and edocrine functions
-95 percent involved with digestion
-contains islets of langerhans

Front 85

islets of langerhans

Back 85

clusters of cells scattered throughout the pancreas. produce insulin and glucagon

Front 86

insulin

Back 86

produced by beta cells and is released by beta cells typically by humoral stimuli

Front 87

what are effects of insulin

Back 87

-faciliated diffusion
-increase glycolysis
-increase glycogenesis
-increase lypogenesis
-increase protein synthetis

Front 88

glucagon

Back 88

produced by the alpha cells of the islets of langerhans. primary effect is hyperglycemic affect.

Front 89

effects if glucagon

Back 89

-increase in glycogenolysis
-increase in gluconeogenesis

Front 90

glycogenolysis

Back 90

the splitting of glycogen in the blood

Front 91

gluconeogensis

Back 91

the creation of new glucose

Front 92

ovaries

Back 92

produces hormones estrogen and progesterone. critically important to the female reproductive system and pregnancy

Front 93

testes

Back 93

produce testosterone

Front 94

pineal gland

Back 94

-located in the epithalamus
-produces: melatonin, serotonin, norepinpherine, and histamine

Front 95

melatonin

Back 95

contributes to sleep patters

Front 96

serotonin

Back 96

has to do with mood

Front 97

histamine

Back 97

maintains alertness

Front 98

thymus gland

Back 98

located between the chest and sternum. imporant to the maintenance of the immune system. produces thymosin

Front 99

thymosin

Back 99

have effect on white blood cells and stimulates their development

Front 100

t-cell

Back 100

is a thymus-cell, a type of white blood cell