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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Explain what is meant by classical conditioning |
Automatic type of learning in which a stimulus is able to produce a response that was once caused by another stimulus |
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Explain what is meant by operant conditioning |
Changing behaviour through the process of negative reinforcement (punishment) and positive reinforcement (reward) |
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Explain what is meant by positive reinforcement |
The process of rewarding a participant's behaviour, thusly encouraging behaviour to be repeated in the hope of receiving another reward |
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Explain what is meant by negative reinforcement |
The process of giving the participant a punishment every time they display undesired behaviour, thusly discouraging the behaviour. The participant then avoids this behaviour in order to avoid punishment |
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for observational learning to be carried out, it is necessary to... |
ATTENTION REMEMBER/RETAIN REPRODUCE MOTIVATION |
ARRM |
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Social Learning Theory assumes that... |
Behaviour is learnt from a model that the participant can identify with (e.g similar age, gender). |
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Social Learning Theory assumes that... |
Behaviour is learnt from a model that the participant can identify with (e.g similar age, gender). |
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What was Bandura's study? |
A study to show whether a child would repeat the negative behaviour of an adult (beating a bobo doll). He found children tend to imitate actions. |
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Social Learning Theory assumes that... |
Behaviour is learnt from a model that the participant can identify with (e.g similar age, gender). |
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What was Bandura's study? |
A study to show whether a child would repeat the negative behaviour of an adult (beating a bobo doll). He found children tend to imitate actions. |
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Assumptions of Cognitive approach |
The human brain is an information processing device that operates in an organised and systematic way. |
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Social Learning Theory assumes that... |
Behaviour is learnt from a model that the participant can identify with (e.g similar age, gender). |
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What was Bandura's study? |
A study to show whether a child would repeat the negative behaviour of an adult (beating a bobo doll). He found children tend to imitate actions. |
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Assumptions of Cognitive approach |
The human brain is an information processing device that operates in an organised and systematic way. |
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What are the cognitive processes? |
Perception Thinking Memory Attention Language |
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What is the Schema Theory? |
All knowledge is organised into units, within these units information is stored. |
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What is the Schema Theory? |
All knowledge is organised into units, within these units information is stored. |
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What is a Schema? |
A mental concept built up of past experiences. |
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What is the Schema Theory? |
All knowledge is organised into units, within these units information is stored. |
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What is a Schema? |
A mental concept built up of past experiences. |
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What is Levelling? |
Forgetting information that isn't important. |
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What is the Schema Theory? |
All knowledge is organised into units, within these units information is stored. |
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What is a Schema? |
A mental concept built up of past experiences. |
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What is Levelling? |
Forgetting information that isn't important. |
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What is assimilation? |
Details unconsciously changed to fit the norms of British culture |
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What is the Schema Theory? |
All knowledge is organised into units, within these units information is stored. |
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What is a Schema? |
A mental concept built up of past experiences. |
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What is Levelling? |
Forgetting information that isn't important. |
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What is assimilation? |
Details unconsciously changed to fit the norms of British culture |
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What is Sharpening? |
Changing the order of something to make sense of it using terms more familiar to the culture of the participant. |
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Examples of cognitive neuroscience |
fMRI PET scans Brainbows |
3 of them |
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Assumptions of the Biological Approach |
There are biological explanations for all behaviour because the mind comes from the brain. Behaviour is a product of genetics. Humans have no free will. Nature explanation. |
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How do psychologists study genetic inheritance? |
Twin studies - concordance rates of Mz and Dz twins |
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How do psychologists study genetic inheritance? |
Twin studies - concordance rates of Mz and Dz twins |
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What is a concordance rate? |
The percentage of both twins displaying the same characteristics |
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How do psychologists study genetic inheritance? |
Twin studies - concordance rates of Mz and Dz twins |
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What is a concordance rate? |
The percentage of both twins displaying the same characteristics |
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Difference between Monozygotic and Dizygotic twins |
Mz - identical 100% of each others genes Dz - non identical 50% of each others genes (same as siblings) |
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How do psychologists study genetic inheritance? |
Twin studies - concordance rates of Mz and Dz twins |
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What is a concordance rate? |
The percentage of both twins displaying the same characteristics |
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Difference between Monozygotic and Dizygotic twins |
Mz - identical 100% of each others genes Dz - non identical 50% of each others genes (same as siblings) |
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What did Gottesman find? |
58% concordance rate for Schizophrenia in Mz twins compared to a 12% concordance rate for Dz twins |
Concordance rate |
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Difference between Genotype and Phenotype |
Genotype-genetic coding Phenotype-physical appearance |
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Difference between Genotype and Phenotype |
Genotype-genetic coding Phenotype-physical appearance |
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The CNS is made up of.. |
Brain Spinal cord |
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Difference between Genotype and Phenotype |
Genotype-genetic coding Phenotype-physical appearance |
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The CNS is made up of.. |
Brain Spinal cord |
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The Peripheral Nervous System is made up of... |
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System |
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What are hormones? |
Chemicals produced by the endocrine gland, such as the pituitary gland. |
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frontal love |
Speech, thought, learning |
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frontal love |
Speech, thought, learning |
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Temporal lobe |
Hearing and memory |
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frontal love |
Speech, thought, learning |
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Temporal lobe |
Hearing and memory |
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Parietal lobe |
Sensory information (touch, temperature, pain) |
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Occipital lobe |
Visual information |
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What is the role of a neurotransmitter? |
A chemical which diffuse over a synaptic gap in order to transfer an electrical impulse from the presynaptic neurone to the post synaptic neurone. The levels of these neurotransmitters can effect mood and behaviour. For example: excess dopamine can cause schizophrenia |
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What is the autonomic nervous system made up of? |
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Function of the Autonomic Nervous System |
Regulates involuntary actions (eg heartbeat, intestines digesting food) |
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Function of the Autonomic Nervous System |
Regulates involuntary actions (eg heartbeat, intestines digesting food) |
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Function of the Sympathetic Nervous System |
Fight / Flight Increases heart rate Increases blood pressure Dilates blood vessels in the muscles |
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Function of the Autonomic Nervous System |
Regulates involuntary actions (eg heartbeat, intestines digesting food) |
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Function of the Sympathetic Nervous System |
Fight / Flight Increases heart rate Increases blood pressure Dilates blood vessels in the muscles |
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Function of the parasympathetic nervous system |
Relaxes after emergency is passed Slows heartbeat Reduces blood pressure Digestion will begin again |
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Function of spinal cord |
Bundle of nerve fibres enclosed within the spinal column which connects all parts of the body to the brain |
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Function of spinal cord |
Bundle of nerve fibres enclosed within the spinal column which connects all parts of the body to the brain |
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Function of somatic nervous system |
Part of peripheral nervous system Carries sensory and motor information to and from the CNS |
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Function of spinal cord |
Bundle of nerve fibres enclosed within the spinal column which connects all parts of the body to the brain |
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Function of somatic nervous system |
Part of peripheral nervous system Carries sensory and motor information to and from the CNS |
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Function of CNS |
Receives information from the senses and controls the body's responses |
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Function of spinal cord |
Bundle of nerve fibres enclosed within the spinal column which connects all parts of the body to the brain |
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Function of somatic nervous system |
Part of peripheral nervous system Carries sensory and motor information to and from the CNS |
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Function of CNS |
Receives information from the senses and controls the body's responses |
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Glands in the endocrine system and their functions |
The pituitary gland - master gland, stimulates every other gland by releasing ACTH into the blood stream to hit specific target cells The adrenal gland - used in the fight/flight Split into 2 parts : adrenal cortex ( releases cortisol to regulate cardiovascular activity), adrenal medulla ( releases adrenaline and noradrenaline during fight or flight ) |
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What is Action Potential? |
Electrical signal that travels down the axon |
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What is a sensory neuron? |
Carry nerve impulses from sensory receptors (vision, taste, touch) to the spinal cord and the brain |
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What is a relay neuron? |
Allow sensory and motor neurons to communicate with eachother |
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What is a relay neuron? |
Allow sensory and motor neurons to communicate with eachother |
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What is a motor neuron? |
Control the contractions of muscles |
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Sensory neurons carry messages... |
To the brain |
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Sensory neurons carry messages... |
To the brain |
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Motor neurons carry messages... |
Away from the brain |
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Signals WITHIN neurons are transmitted... |
Electrically |
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Signals WITHIN neurons are transmitted... |
Electrically |
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Signals BETWEEN neurons are transmitted... |
Chemically across the synapse |
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What is an inhibitory neurotransmitter with an example |
Serotonin Makes the neuron negatively charged and less likely to fire |
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What is an inhibitory neurotransmitter with an example |
Serotonin Makes the neuron negatively charged and less likely to fire |
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What is an excitatory neurotransmitter include an example |
Noradrenaline Increases positive charge thusly making neurons more likely to fire |
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What hormone does the anterior pituitary gland produce? |
ACTH as a response to stress ACTH stimulates adrenal glands to produce cortisol LH FSH |
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What hormone does the anterior pituitary gland produce? |
ACTH as a response to stress ACTH stimulates adrenal glands to produce cortisol LH FSH |
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What hormone does the posterior pituitary gland produce? |
Oxytocin - stimulates contraction of the uterus in childbirth and promotes mother-infant bonding |
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What hormone does the anterior pituitary gland produce? |
ACTH as a response to stress ACTH stimulates adrenal glands to produce cortisol LH FSH |
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What hormone does the posterior pituitary gland produce? |
Oxytocin - stimulates contraction of the uterus in childbirth and promotes mother-infant bonding |
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What are the ovaries responsible for? |
Production of eggs Hormones - oestrogen and progesterone |
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Body's response to short term / acute stress |
The sympathetic nervous system is triggered Sends a signal to the adrenal medulla Released hormone adrenaline into bloodstream Adrenaline circulates through body and causes the heart to beat faster, pushing blood to the muscles heart, etc Breathing becomes rapid in order to take in as much oxygen as possible, releasing glucose, supplying energy for fight / flight The parasympathetic nervous system is activated when threat is passed |
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