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57 Cards in this Set

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Cultural Relativism
Rightness or Wrongness of an action that depends on Society's norms
Rightness or Wrongness of an action depending on an Individuals own Committments?
Individaul Relativism
True or False?
According to Cultural Relavtism, cultures have their own committments
Greek word to mean Happiness or Total Well Being.
Eudaimonia
A human being's natural purpose. It is what we Naturally Strive for.
What american philosopher believed in a Just Society
John Rawls
A society in which no one has an unfair advantage over others?
Just Society
A philosophy of Rawls. a condition of deciding if the basic structures of a society is JUST.
Veil of Ignorance
To decide behind a veil of ignorance is to decide without knowing how any one individual will be affected by these structures
Moral Skepticism
the view that our answers to moral questions are OPINIONS, not KNOWledge.
Moral questions are very difficult to questions.
A premise leads to a ?
A conclusion.
Another term for Premise is?reason, evidence or supporting statements
what is a collection of statments?
Arguments

Name the two parts of an statement?
Premise and a conclusion
Name the 2 types of Arguments?
Inductive and Deductive

Which one is used mostly in ethics?
Inductive- no scientific evidence
Arguments for sexual libertarianism?
1. Sex is a private matter
2. You can't turn the clock back on sexual revolution
3. Curbing sexual freedom is unfair
4. Traditional sexual morality is hyprocritical
As long as 2 have two consending adults sex should be treated just like anything else.
Arugments against Sexual Libertarianism
1. Sexual Lib undermines public morality
2. Sex without love is empty
3. Sexual Lib undermines marriage
4. Sexual Lib is turing society upside down.
Traditional believe.
Sex is only okay if you are married.
? from Midterm
Of the arguments against sexual lib, which one does not belong? You are a traditionalist.
A. Sexual Lib undermines marriage.
b. Sex is a private matter
c. Sexual Lib is turning society upside down
d. Sex without love is empty
C. Sex is a private matter because this is a argument for sexual lib.
What is it called when the mother begins to feel the movement of the fetus?
Quickening
When does this usually occur?
between the 13th and 18th Week. (4th or 5th month)
? #7 from Midterm
Which of the following ontological factors assign the most significant status of the fetus?
Whether the human being is a person.
? 8 from midterm
The key issue in the abortion debate boils down to what status the fetus has...the question of when it has attained such status is not of any importance whatsoever, True or False
False
Whose view assign's moral status to the fetus at the point that the entity attained full ontological status?
Moderate View

Many moderates theorists today insist tht abortion raises significant moral questions only after the fetus has attained Viability
What does viablitiy mean and when does it usually occur?
The point at which the fetus is capable of living outside the womb. Any time after the 24th week.
Pro-Life Arguments(Against Aboration)
Do not believe aboration is ever an option.
1. Abortion is murder
2. Abortion sets a dangerous precedent
3. Abortion involves psychological risks to the woman
4. Alternatives to abortion are available
5. Women must be responsible for their sexual activity
Pro-choice Arguments ( For Abortion)
For a women to have the choice if she wants to have an abortion
1. Women have rights over their own bodies
2. Unwanted pregnancies carry physical and emotional burdens
3. The alternatives to legal abortion is back alley abortion
4. The woman counts more than the fetus.
? # 9 from midterm
Which of the following is not a pro-life agrument against abortion?
Unwanted pregnancies carry physical and emotional burdens. Because this is a agrument for Pro-choice.
? # 2 from Midterm
Arguments are normally made up of two kinds of statements: Premises and a Conclusion. True of False
True
? from Euthanasia-Issue surrounding. If given a choice of a. b. or c. Both together
Choose Both together.
Definition of death?

It is becoming more difficult to determine death do to medical tech that can keep a heart and breathing even though there is no brain activity.
" the cessation of life; the ceasing to exsist; defined by physicians as a total stoppage of the circulation of blood and respiration, pulsation, etc."
Arguments for Voluntary (Active) Euthanasia
1. Individuals have te right to decide about their own lives and deaths.
2. Denying treminally ill patients the right to die is unfair and cruel.
3. The golden rule requires that we allow euthanasia for terminally ill patients.
4. People have a right to die with dignity
Arguments Against Voluntary (Active) Euthanasia
1. Active euthanasia is the deliberate taking of a human life.
2. We can't be sure consent is voluntary.
3. Allowing active euthanasia will lead to abuses.
4. There's always the possibility of mistaken diagnosis, a new cure, or spontaneous remission.
Who has repeatly called for a complete ban on cloning, saying, "we must not create life to destroy life. Human beings are not research material to be used in a cruel and reckless experiment?
President George W. Bush.
He also vetoed the bill on July 19, 2006 because of his objections to stem cell research.
Why clone humans?
create replacment tissue-spare parts for humans.
Bring great gains in scientific knowledge-concering cell division or genetic differentiation
What about cloning for reproduction?
1.If one or both partners are infertile-producing genetic offsprings
2. a way for homosexual couples to have children.
3. Help with genetic disoders-such as saving a child who needs a bone marrow transplant.
4. Or if a child dies to an accident. The parent could request there next child to be similar to there first.
4. Experimental reasons
Moral and Ethical Issues surrounding Cloning
Do we have a right to manufacture human beings.
Psychological effects of human cloning
Arguments Against Human cloning
1. Cloning is unfair to the clone
2. Cloning is dangerous
3. Cloning is repugnant-uunnatural
Arguments for human cloning
1. People have a right to reproduce.
2. Cloning offers many benefits to individuals
3. Cloning offers many benefits to society
Nearly all of the executions on the planet are carried out by four nations, name them?
China
Iran
Saudi Arabia
United States
The death penlty is effected by what issues?
Raical Issues
Mental retardation
juvenile offenders
Dna Issuses-can prove innocence.
For something to be Punishment it must meet the following 5 rules, Name them
1.Involve Pain, or unpleasant
2. be administered for an offense against a law or rule.
3. be administered to someone who has been judged guilty of a crime.
4. Be imposed by rightful authority.
5. Be imposed by someone other then the offender.
What refers to punishment given in return for some wrong done?
Retribution- Ex, Going to jail for stealing
NOT like the movie Law abiding citizen
What theory holds that one should punish to induce people to conform to standards of behavior they tended to ignore or violate.
Reform Theory
Abolitionist Arguments (Against Capital Punishment)
1. Every human life has dignity and worth
2. Capital Punishment is imposed with class and racial bias
3. The innocent may die
4. Capital Punishment compromise the judicial system
Retentionist Arguments
Those for Capital Punishment
1. Capital punishment deters crime
2. Capital punishment keeps the convicted murderer from killing again.
3. Capital Punishment balances the scales of justice
4. Society shouldn't have to pay the economic costs of life sentences for murders.
Who developed the theory of Just War?
St. Thomas Aquinas
What 3 things need to be considered in order for War to be JUST?
1. Authority, Leader-President
2. Just Cause, -(retaliation) Is there a good reason.
3. Irightful Intention- will it advance the good of (Freedom)
What type of war requires striking first, to oppose those adversaries who pose a serious risk of attacking us first with weapons of mass destruction
Preemptive War
Arguments for trading civil liberties for safety- Reasons we should trade our civil liberty which include-Privacy
1. Only Terrorists need to worry about searches by the government, not law abiding citizens.
2. I'll never go on trial, as I follow the law, so the right to a public trial with a jury is irrelevant to me.
3. Good citizens should not speak ill of the president and the govenment in a time of war anyway
4. Those religious schools that teach Islam are a breeding ground for terrorists and should be closed down in this country.
Arguments Against Trading Civil liberties for Safety
1. Forefathers fought hard for civil liberties.
2. Our protection of civil liberties is what sets us apart from other countries.
3. we are putting ourselves at risk, too
4. Religious Freedom is another hallmark of our nation and we should continue to promote religious diversity and tolerance.
Philosophers didn't give considerations for animal's right, ?
Animals where not made in the image of God. Animals had no soul, uncapable of feeling pain.
Ethical or political thought that views morality or the state as the product of an agreement( a social agreement) among individuals
Social Contract Theory-which does not include animals.
What do conventists view feel about animals?
That animals don't matter.
What is a moral agent?
which does not include animals.
a being who is capable of acting with reference to right and wrong
Centering on human welfare or regarding the environment as important only as it affects human welfare
Anthropocentric-"centers on Us"
Arguments for ethical treatment of animals and the environment
1. Human beings hold no special place in nature.
2. Human good is not the only good.
3. The biotic(all of environment working together, water soil plants animals human) community is like a human community
4. Nature isn't here just for human purposes
Arguments against ethical treatment of animals and the environment
1. Giving animals rights would lead to absurd interference with nature.
2. Putting our own species first is the natural thing to do
3. People count more then trees.
4. Environmental ethics is elitist.
What is guaranteed in the First Amendment to the US Constitution and hence is one of the ten admendments aka the Bill of Rights
Freedom of Expression
Computer and the internet. People who steal confidential data online. Sending Viruses, spam
Hackers
Arguments in favor of ethical conduct with computers and the internet( all goody two shoes answers)
1. I strive to be ethical whether or not other people know about it because it makes me a better person.
2. I don't post pornography on the web or look at it because I consider it degrading to women
3. I don't download music or movies or share files for those with my friends, because stealing is always wrong.
4. If I see something on the web that looks like a criminal might be threatening another person, I will report it to the proper authorities.
Arguments Against ethical conduct with computers and the internet
1. I can be anonymous on the Internet , so nobody will know if I spam or send out viruses or steal music off the web.
2. Everyone cheats on the web and hardly anyone gets caught.
3. The internet is the new Wild West....I can say or do whatever I want and nobody has any grounds for complaining
4. Posting or looking at pornography is my right under the principle of free speech. Prono can actually be benefiical
What is an unreliable way of reasoning that does not provide good reason for accepting an arguments conclusion?
A Fallacy
An argument by analogy that fails to make its case
Faulty Analogy