Appendicular Skeleton

Front 1

Appendicular skeleton

Back 1

appendages and supporting girdles

Front 2

Pectoral Girdle

Back 2

to hold and stabilize so arms can move, glenoid fossa on scapula for limb attachment, trends are more replacement bone with less membrane bone

Front 3

replacement bones

Back 3

Coracoid, scapula and suprascapula

Front 4

membrane bone

Back 4

clavicle, cleithrum, supracleithrum, postcleithrum, posttemporal, interclavicle

Front 5

Placoderms

Back 5

first to have a pectoral girdle

Front 6

cartilaginous fish pectoral girdle

Back 6

completely cartilage, dermal elemests are absent, coracoid, scapula, suprascapula, not connected to axial skeleton instead fused at midline

Front 7

Bony fish pectoral girdle

Back 7

Mostly membrane bones which include clavicle, interclavicle in a few, cleithrum, supracleithrum, postcleithrum and posttemporal anchors to the skull

Front 8

Replacement bones

Back 8

ossifies and unites in most teleosts which include the coracoid and scapula

Front 9

Amphibian pectoral girdle

Back 9

membrane bone are reduces, the posttemperal is lost so the animal can move its head, early amphibian gain interclavicle as an internal brace

Front 10

replacement bone

Back 10

coracoid, scapula and suprascapula, nectururs has no membrane bones and no clavicle, Anurans have no interclavicle, have clavicle and usually lack cleithrum

Front 11

Reptile pectoral girdle

Back 11

Stem reptiles and synapsids have many membrane bone present, replacement bones present and a new posterior coracoid

Front 12

Modern reptiles

Back 12

have scapula, coracoid, sometimes a clavicle and sometimes an interclavicle

Front 13

crocodiles

Back 13

clavicle is decreased or absent

Front 14

turtles

Back 14

acrominon process, clavicle is fused with shell

Front 15

snakes

Back 15

have no girdle

Front 16

lizards

Back 16

clavicle (only group to have it) and interclavicle

Front 17

Bird pectoral girdle

Back 17

furcula (2 clavicles + interclavicle) is the wish bone and is membrane bone, scapula is bladlike and parallel to the spine, coracoid articulates with the sternum

Front 18

Mammal pectoral girdle

Back 18

monotremes are similar to stem reptiles, the clavicle (membrane bone) allows for more mobility. The scapula includes the coracoid process from posterior coracoid, the spine is new, acromnion process articulates with the clavicle which is not unique

Front 19

Pelvic Girdle

Back 19

for stability and encloses pelvic cavity organs

Ilium, pubis, ishcium are the 3 parts in tetrapods, when they fuse it is called the innominat or coxal bone, replacement bone

-acetabulum

-symphysis

Front 20

acetabulum

Back 20

socket for femur

Front 21

symphysis

Back 21

joining from left to right in all but birds

Front 22

Fish pelvic girdle

Back 22

pelvic plate or symphysis

Front 23

Amphibian pelvic girdle

Back 23

pubis is the cartilage pelvic plate, ilium is the long and slanted in frog, ischium

Front 24

Reptile pelvic girdle

Back 24

sacroiliac joint is strong and broader for muscle attachment and stability

Front 25

Bird pelvic girdle

Back 25

synsacrum has no symphysis, very wide ilium and is braced against vertebrae

Front 26

Mammal pelvic girdle

Back 26

unique epipubic bone spans from the pubis to ventral body wall to support pouch in marsupials

Front 27

Fins

Back 27

for steering, rolling, braking, stabilizers, forward and vertical movement

Front 28

Fin structure

Back 28

skin epidermis covering and fin rays in the dermis, skeletal base is cartilaginous or bony for support

Front 29

Lepidotrichia

Back 29

segmented bony dermal scales

Front 30

Ceratotrichia

Back 30

cartilaginous unsegmented rays

Front 31

Pterygiophores

Back 31

"bearing fins" basals are closest to the trunk and radials are distal

Front 32

Paired fins

Back 32

absent in agnathans, some in placoderms and acanthodians, chondrichthyes have fin fold fins - very broad based fin

Front 33

Bony fish paired fins

Back 33

Actinopterygii has ray fins with a very flexible thin base

-Sarcopterygii has fleshy muscular base

-Dipnoi has lobe fins

-Crossopterygii has lobe fins that are called fringe fins and have pterygiophores on one side of fin axis

Front 34

Dorsal and anal fins = median fins

Back 34

rolling defense and display, location rest on vertebral column, dorsal may articulate with vertebral column with variation among groups

Front 35

caudal fins

Back 35

-Heterocercal - sharks with large dorsal lobe

-Hypocercal - Ichthyosaurs with larger ventral lobe

-Diphycercal - cyclostome and dipnoans with equal lobes

-Homocercal - teleosts, neural and hemal arch for support, bony sheath for notochord which is dorsal

Front 36

Limbs

Back 36

origin - subclass crossopterygii gave rise to subclass labyrinthodontia

-crawling in swapmy areas, bottom dwellers, escaping predators to the shore

Front 37

Function and trends

Back 37

locomotion - axial skeleton for fish, appendicular skeleton for tetrapods

-support - limbs under body elevate body with functional diversification distally and decreased # of bones

Front 38

Structure of limbs

Back 38

Propodium, Epipodium, Mesopodium, Metapodium

Front 39

Propodium

Back 39

upper arm (humerus) is a pectoral appendage, thigh (femur) is a pelvic appendage

Front 40

Epipodium

Back 40

forarm (radius and ulna) pectoral appendage, leg/shank (tibia and fibula) pelvic appendage

Front 41

Mesopodium

Back 41

wrist (carpals) pectal appendage, ankle (tarsals) pelvic appendage

Front 42

Phalanges

Back 42

digits

Front 43

Manus

Back 43

forefoot or hand, includes mesopodium, metapodium, phalanges

Front 44

Pes

Back 44

hindfoot or foot includes mesopodium, metapodium, phalanges

Front 45

Epiphysis

Back 45

ends of long bone

Front 46

Diaphysis

Back 46

shaft of long bone

Front 47

Amphibians

Back 47

cartilage epiphyses, cartilage carpals/tarsal, bone marrow cavity makes blood in tetrapods

Front 48

Reptiles

Back 48

strong bones

Front 49

Birds

Back 49

Epiphysis, digit # 2 is long digit of wing, phalanges formula for foot 2, 3, 4, 5, 0

Front 50

Mammals

Back 50

Epiphyses - bony, pisiform, phalanges 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, prominent olecranon process which is the mammal characteristic on Ulna