Apologia Biology Module 5, 2Nd Edition

Front 1

Absorbtion

Back 1

The transport of dissolved substances into cells

Front 2

Digestion

Back 2

The breakdown of absorbed substances

Front 3

Respiration

Back 3

The breakdown of food molecules with a release of energy

Front 4

Excretion

Back 4

The removal of soluble waste materials

Front 5

Egestion

Back 5

The removal of nonsoluble waste materials

Front 6

Secretion

Back 6

The release of biosynthesized substances

Front 7

Homeostasis

Back 7

Maintaining the status quo

Front 8

Reproduction

Back 8

Producing more cells

Front 9

Cytology

Back 9

The study of cells

Front 10

Cell wall

Back 10

A rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells

Front 11

Middle lamella

Back 11

The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells

Front 12

Plasma membrane

Back 12

The semipermeable membrane between the cell contents and either the cell wall or the cell's surroundings

Front 13

Cytoplasm

Back 13

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Front 14

Ions

Back 14

Substances in which at least one atom has an imbalance of protons and electrons

Front 15

Cytoplasmic streaming

Back 15

The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell's contents

Front 16

Mitochondria

Back 16

The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy

Front 17

Lysosome

Back 17

The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids

Front 18

Ribosomes

Back 18

Non-membrane-bounded organelles responsible for protein synthesis

Front 19

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 19

An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell

Front 20

Rough ER

Back 20

ER that is dotted with ribosomes

Front 21

Smooth ER

Back 21

ER that has no ribosomes

Front 22

Leucoplasts

Back 22

Organelles that store starches or oils

Front 23

Chromoplasts

Back 23

Organelles that contain pigments used in photosynthesis

Front 24

Central vacuole

Back 24

A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes

Front 25

Waste vacuoles

Back 25

Vacuoles that contain the waste products of digestion

Front 26

Phagocytosis

Back 26

The process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances or other cells

Front 27

Phagocytic vacuole

Back 27

A vacuole that holds the matter which a cell engulfs

Front 28

Pinocytic vesicle

Back 28

Vesicle formed at the plasma membrane to allow the absorption of large molecules

Front 29

Secretion vesicle

Back 29

Vesicle that holds secretion products so that they can be transported to the plasma membrane and released

Front 30

Golgi bodies

Back 30

The organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell

Front 31

Microtubules

Back 31

Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure

Front 32

Nuclear membrane

Back 32

A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Front 33

Chromatin

Back 33

Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell

Front 34

Cytoskeleton

Back 34

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

Front 35

Microfilaments

Back 35

Fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell's cytoskeleton

Front 36

Intermediate filaments

Back 36

Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments

Front 37

Phospholipid

Back 37

A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a phosphate group

Front 38

Passive transport

Back 38

Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis or diffusion

Front 39

Active transport

Back 39

Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane (typically opposite the dictates of osmosis or diffusion) aided by a process that requires energy

Front 40

Isotonic solution

Back 40

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution

Front 41

Hypertonic solution

Back 41

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution

Front 42

Plasmolysis

Back 42

Collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to a lack of water

Front 43

Cytolysis

Back 43

The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure

Front 44

Hypotonic solution

Back 44

A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution

Front 45

Activation energy

Back 45

Energy necessary to get a chemical reaction going