Apologia Biology Module 05 Vocabulary

Front 1

matter

Back 1

Anything that has mass (weight) and takes up space.

Front 2

atoms

Back 2

The basic building blocks of matter.

Front 3

protons, neutrons, and electrons (in general terms)

Back 3

Small, spherical particles that are arranged in a very specific way to form an atom. (3 names)

Front 4

nucleus

Back 4

The center of the atom where the protons and neutrons clump together .

Front 5

model

Back 5

An explanation or representation of something that cannot be seen.

Front 6

“Bohr model”

Back 6

Model that is of an atom which is not really accurate, but is one we use to simplify the discussion of an atom and represent it.

Front 7

“quantum mechanical model”

Back 7

A new model of the atom, that is currently the model believed by most scientists. However, it is far too complex for anyone without several years of mathematics study beyond calculus to understand!

Front 8

element

Back 8

A collection of atoms that all have the same number of protons.

Front 9

molecules

Back 9

Chemicals that result from atoms linking together.

Front 10

chemical formulas

Back 10

The abbreviations of molecules.

Front 11

physical change

Back 11

A change that affects the appearance but not the chemical makeup of a substance.

*****they are generally reversible*****

Front 12

chemical change

Back 12

A change that alters the makeup of the elements or molecules of a substance.

****they are generally not reversible*****

Front 13

phases of matter

Back 13

One of three forms - solid, liquid, or gas - which every substance is capable of attaining.

Front 14

solution

Back 14

when one substance is dissolved in another, it is a physical change, and the result is called a ____________.

Front 15

solute

Back 15

substance being dissolved in the liquid

Front 16

diffusion

Back 16

The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Front 17

concentration

Back 17

A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent.

Front 18

semipermeable membrane

Back 18

A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through

Front 19

osmosis

Back 19

The tendency of a solvent to travel across a semipermeable membrane into areas of higher solute concentration.

Front 20

balanced chemical equation

Back 20

The values on either side of the arrow in a chemical equation are equal.

Front 21

chemical reaction

Back 21

The chemical change that occurs, indicated by a chemical equation

Front 22

reactants

Back 22

The molecules on the left side of the arrow that react with one another and are destroyed.

Front 23

products

Back 23

The molecules on the right side of the arrow that are produced as a result of the chemical reaction.

Front 24

catalyst

Back 24

A substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the process.

Front 25

chlorophyll

Back 25

speeds up the photosynthesis reaction so that an autotrophic organism can produce a reasonable amount of glucose for its food supply.

Front 26

organic molecules

Back 26

A molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or phosphorous.

Front 27

biosynthesis

Back 27

When a living organism takes small molecules and makes larger molecules. (ex. photosynthesis)

Front 28

carbohydrates

Back 28

Organic molecules that contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. In addition, they have the same ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms as does water. There are twice as many hydrogen atoms as there are oxygen atoms.

Front 29

structural formula

Back 29

Gives you the type and number of atoms in the molecule, but it also tells you something else. It tells you which atoms are linked to which.

Front 30

chemical bonds

Back 30

In the structural formula, the lines that indicate that these atoms are linked together in a molecule.

Front 31

carbon chain

Back 31

Carbon atoms all linked to one another in a straight line.

Front 32

double bond

Back 32

It is a chemical bond that is roughly twice as strong as most chemical bonds and is indicated by two lines instead of one in the structural formula. (this is the symbol: =)

Front 33

triple bonds

Back 33

These are represented by three lines and are roughly three times as strong as most chemical bonds.

Front 34

chain structure

Back 34

Structural formula where the carbon atoms are linked in a straight line.

Front 35

ring structure

Back 35

In a structural formula, atoms have arranged themselves in a circle.

Front 36

isomers

Back 36

Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula.

Front 37

monosaccharides (also known as simple sugars)

Back 37

Simple carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
They form the basic building blocks of more complex carbohydrates.

Front 38

disaccharides

Back 38

Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides.

Front 39

polysaccharides

Back 39

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides.

Front 40

sucrose

Back 40

Table sugar, which is a disaccharide. It is formed when glucose and fructose chemically react

Front 41

dehydration reaction

Back 41

A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water.

Front 42

glycogen

Back 42

People and animals make this starch when they have excess carbohydrates to store.

Front 43

hydrolysis

Back 43

Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water. Essentially the reverse of dehydration.

Front 44

acids

Back 44

substances that taste sour

Front 45

bases

Back 45

substances that tend to taste bitter

Front 46

acid group

Back 46

A section in a structural formula that indicates organic acids, looks exactly the same in other structural formulas, and is easily recognized by the pattern of atoms bonded together.

Front 47

amine group

Back 47

Organic bases also have a group of atoms in common, which are indicated by easily recognized patterns of atoms bonded together in structural formulas.

Front 48

pH scale

Back 48

tracks the level of acid or base

Front 49

neutral (on pH scale)

Back 49

when a solution has a pH of 7 - having no net acid or base characteristics

Front 50

acidic

Back 50

solutions with pH from 0 to just under 7 - The lower the pH, the stronger the _______nature of the solution.

Front 51

alkaline

Back 51

solutions with pH from just above 7 to 14 and have the characteristics of a base.

Front 52

Lipids

Back 52

also known as fats

Front 53

Lipids

Back 53

Complex molecules formed when three fatty acids link to a substance known as glycerol in a dehydration reaction.

Front 54

hydrophobic

Back 54

Lacking any affinity to water, cannot be dissolved in water...

Front 55

saturated fats

Back 55

A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms.

Front 56

unsaturated fats

Back 56

A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.

Front 57

amino acids

Back 57

the basic building blocks of a protein

Front 58

peptide bond

Back 58

a bond that links amino acids together in a protein

Front 59

enzymes

Back 59

A special class of proteins that act as catalysts for many of the chemical reactions that support life.

Front 60

active site

Back 60

An area that complements the shape of the sucrose molecule. As a result, the sucrose molecule fits snugly into the active site of sucrase, and sucrase can then make it easier for the water molecule to react with the sucrose.

Front 61

lock and key theory of enzyme action

Back 61

view of how an enzyme works based on how the sucrose fits into the sucrase

Front 62

nucleotides

Back 62

a double chain of chemical units that twist around one another in the double helix formation

Front 63

hydrogen bonding

Back 63

A strong attraction between hydrogen atoms and certain other atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) in specific molecules

However, remember that the attraction between the atoms is about 15% as strong as the attraction between two atoms that have a true chemical bond linking them.