Apologia Biology Module 03 Vocabulary

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Protista

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Kingdom made up of microorganisms that are eukaryotic. (distinct, membrane-bounded organelles)

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protozoa

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Most of these exist as individual, single-celled creatures, are heterotrophic, and have a means of locomotion.

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algae

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Most of these form colonies, are autotrophic, and most of them simply float on or near the top of a body of water.

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Phylum Sarcodina

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The most striking feature of the organisms in this phylum is that they have no standard body shape. They are enclosed in a flexible plasma membrane that allows them to change shape at will.

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pseudopods

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A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food

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nucleus

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The region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell's main DNA, as a result, reproduction is controlled by this region.

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mitochondrion

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DNA can be found in this other organelle as well, but it is not the main source of DNA

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vacuole

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A membrane-bounded “sac” within a cell.

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food vacuoles

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hold and store food while it is being digested

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contractile vacuoles

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regulate the amount of water in the cell

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cytoplasm

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jelly-like substance inside the cell

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ectoplasm

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The thin, watery cytoplasm near the plasma membrane of some cells.

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endoplasm

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The dense cytoplasm found in the interior of many cells.

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flagellates

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A protozoan that propels itself with a flagellum.

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Phylum Mastigophora

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one of the characteristic features of organisms in this phylum is a flagellum, which is used for locomotion.

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marine environment

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salt water habitat

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pellicle

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A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane which usually keeps a euglena in its spindle-like shape.

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chloroplasts

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An organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis

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chlorophyll

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A pigment necessary for photosynthesis

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eyespot

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A light-sensitive region in certain protozoa

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African sleeping sickness

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A disease which often ends in death passed to humans via the tsetse fly.

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symbiosis

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A close relationship between two or more species where at least one benefits

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mutualism

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A relationship between two or more organisms of different species where all benefit from the association.

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commensalism

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A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.

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parasitism

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A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed.

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cilia

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Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion.

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ciliates

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Phylum Ciliophora contains protozoa that use cilia to move. As a result, these organisms are called _________.

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macronucleus

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This large nucleus controls the paramecium's metabolism.

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micronucleus

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The metabolic demands on the macronucleus are so large that there is a smaller nucleus, called the _______, that controls reproduction. That way, the macronucleus can spend all of its resources controlling metabolism.

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oral groove

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lined with cilia, and these cilia sweep food (bacteria, algae, and other ciliates) into the gullet

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gullet

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When it is full of food, it then pinches off, becoming a food vacuole.

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anal pore

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Any undigested portions of the food are expelled through this

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conjugation

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In addition to the asexual reproduction that is typical among protozoa, paramecia can also engage in a process where two paramecia attach to one another at the openings of their oral grooves. Then, they exchange DNA with each other. (unlike bacteria, which exchange no DNA)

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Stentor

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This ciliate can grow as large as one-tenth of an inch. Common in fresh-water habitats, members of this genus are shaped like a trumpet. They have cilia which surround their gullet. As the cilia beat back and forth, a micro-current in the water is created. This current sweeps food into the gullet, sometimes at the rate of a hundred protozoa each minute! They eat all kinds of protozoa (including paramecia) and bacteria.

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Balantidium coli

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Although most ciliates are not pathogenic, this one is. It is a parasite of many species, including pigs, rats, and guinea pigs. These ciliates can form cysts that survive in the fecal matter of their host. If an individual eats food or drinks water contaminated with such infected fecal material, the individual can become infected as well.

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Phylum Sporozoa

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This phylum contains the protozoa that have no real means of locomotion. There are more than 30,000 species in this phylum, and they are all parasitic. The main characteristic of the, however, is the fact that they form spores at some point in their life.

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spore

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A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating

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Genus Plasmodium

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A very deadly sporozoa... These parasites cause malaria, a disease that has claimed countless lives over the years. Spread by the mosquito, which infects humans, which then infect a mosquito (or more) and thus it continues...

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Toxoplasma

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Another typical sporozoan are these organisms that live in the intestines of mammals (such as cats) and reproduce there sexually. Although they sometimes can cause serious illness, they usually do not harm the cats.

However, they often exit the animal with the feces (solid waste). While in the feces, they form spores so that they can survive. These spores are then spread through houseflies, cockroaches, insects, and direct contact with the cat feces.

Once they infect a human, they reproduce asexually, causing a disease

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toxoplasmosis

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This disease causes severe birth defects in pregnant women, which is why doctors tell pregnant women that they should never empty litter boxes or otherwise clean up after cats.

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plankton

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Tiny organisms that float in the water

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zooplankton

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Tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoa

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phytoplankton

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Tiny floating photosynthetic organisms, primarily algae that use the energy of sunlight to make their own food

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thallus, thalli

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The body of a plant-like organism that is not divided into leaves, roots, or stems.

We often refer to algae colonies as ________ because they function like a big plant, but there are no real roots, leaves, or stems.

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algal bloom

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This happens when conditions are ideal, and algae will reproduce so rapidly that they essentially take over their habitat, making the water appear the same color as the algae themselves.

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Phylum Chlorophyta

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There are more than 7,000 species of this phylum and they are mostly found in fresh water, although some marine species do exist. The most visible feature of these algae is that they contain the pigment chlorophyll, which is green. most members of this phylum also have yellowish pigments called carotenoids, making them appear yellowish green

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green algae

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members of the phylum Chlorophyta are often called this....

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cellulose

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A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms

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filaments

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Green algae that forms colonies of slender, chainlike threads of cells. These colonies can reach up to 2 feet long.

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Spirogyra

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species of green algae with spiral chloroplasts

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Desmid

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A species of green algae that sometimes form simple colonies, but they mostly exist as individual cells. Most species of this green algae have interesting shapes, usually being comprised of two halves that are pinched in the middle. These halves are usually mirror images of each other.

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Chlorella

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These algae exist as individual cells. Although they might clump together, the group does not cover itself with a common slime covering, nor do the individual cells work together in any way. Many of the species in this genus actually live inside other organisms, another example of mutualistic symbiosis. These algae use photosynthesis to produce food for both themselves and the organism in which they live. In return, they are protected from predators.

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Phylum Chrysophyta

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The greatest producers of oxygen in creation are in this phylum.

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diatoms

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Phylum Chrysophyta contains more than 1,000 different species which are collectively referred to as _______________. They are a unique type of algae, mostly because their cell walls are composed of silicon dioxide, which is the principal component of glass.

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silicon dioxide

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Diatoms are a unique type of algae, mostly because their cell walls are composed of ___________ ___________, which is the principal component of glass. This makes their cell wall very hard, providing excellent protection. The cell wall is so hard that it remains long after the diatom dies.

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diatomaceous earth or diatomite

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When the cell wall remains of many dead diatoms clump together, they form this crumbly, abrasive substance

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holdfasts

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A special structure used by an organism to anchor itself.

The colony is then not at the mercy of the currents.

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Genus Dynobryon

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Contains algae that form colonies. These colonies typically contain a few special cells called holdfasts which are designed to hold on to objects in the water such as rocks.

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sessile colony

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A colony that uses holdfasts to anchor itself to an object

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Phylum Pyrrophyta

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contains a group of single-celled creatures that are often referred to as the dinoflagellates. Some of these organisms are heterotrophic, some are photosynthetic, and they mostly inhabit marine waters. Like the green algae, their cell walls are composed of cellulose.

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dinoflagellates

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A group of single-celled creatures that get their name because most species have two flagella, one of which is in a groove that encircles the cell.

Certain species (Gymnodinium brevis, for example) frequently bloom in nutrient-rich waters.

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red tides

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Very deadly to other marine creatures. Hundreds of thousands of fish can be killed in a single bloom of Gymnodinium brevis, because these organisms emit a toxin into the water. Under normal conditions, there are few enough dinoflagellates that the toxin never reaches levels that are dangerous to marine creatures. During a dinoflagellate bloom, however, the toxin reaches deadly proportions.

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Phylum Phaeophyta

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Phylum made up of about 1,500 species of multicellular organisms that inhabit the cold ocean waters. Also called the "brown algae."

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alginic acid, commonly called algin

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This substance is extracted from brown algae and used to make a thickening agent in ice cream, pudding, salad dressing, or jelly beans. In addition, algin is used in cough syrup, toothpaste, cosmetics, paper, and floor polish.

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Macrocystis

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The most commonly known genus within phylum Phaeophyta is this genus.....

Species within this genus are called kelp or seaweed, although those terms also seem to be used for many organisms within phylum Phaeophyta. Kelp and most members of phylum Phaeophyta form holdfasts that allow them to anchor themselves to rocks which sit at the bottom of the ocean.

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rockweed

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These algae are thick and have a leathery feel. They live in the shallow waters along the shoreline, and are generally one to two feet long.

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air bladders

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fill with air to allow the organism to float on top of the water.

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Fucus

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Species in this genus are often called rockweed. These algae are thick and have a leathery feel. They live in the shallow waters along the shoreline, and are generally one to two feet long. On this alga (singular of algae), you can clearly see the air bladders, which fill with air to allow the organism to float on top of the water.

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Rhodophyta

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Members of this phylum are often called red algae because of their striking red color. (not to be confused with red tide)

Like the brown algae, members of this phylum are multicellular. Unlike the brown algae, however, they tend to live in warm marine waters rather than cold.