A&p,levels Of Organization,cell Chemistry

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ANATOMY

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STUDY OF STRUCTURE OF BODY AND ITS PARTS

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PHSIOLOGY

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STUDY OF FUNCTIONS OF PARTS

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SURFACE ANATOMY

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STUDY OF MARKINGS LANDMARKS ON BODY'S SURFACE

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GROSS ANATOMY

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STUDY OF STRUCTURES WITHOUT THE AID OF MICROSCOPE

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REGIONAL ANATOMY

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STUDY OF STRUCTURES WITH A SPECIFIC AREA OF BODY

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DEVELOPMENTAL ANATOMY

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STUDY OF STRUCTURAL CHANGES FROM CONCEPTION TO DEATH

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EMBRYOLOGY

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STUDY OF STRUCTURAL CHANGES FROM CONCEPTION THROUGH 8TH WEEK GESTATION

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PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY

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STUDY OF STRUCTURAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASE

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HISTOLOGY

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STUDY OF TISSUES OR GROUPS OF CELLS

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CYTOLOGY

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STUDY OF CELLULAR STRUCTURES

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RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY

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STUDY OF STRUCTURES USING IMAGING (X-RAYS)

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ORGANIZATION

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SPECIFIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG BODY PARTS

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METABOLISM

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SUM TOTAL OF ALL CHEMICAL REACTIONS WITHIN THE BODY

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RESPONSIVENESS

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ABILITY TO DETECT CHANGES IN THE INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL ENVIROMENT AND ADJUST

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GROWTH

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AN INCREASE IN SIZE OF BODY OR PART DUE TO INCREASE IN CELL SIZE,CELL NUMBER OR SUBSTANCES SURRUNDING CELL

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DEVELOPEMENT

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CHANGES IN THE ORGANISM FROM CONCEPTION TO DEATH. INVOLVES GROWTH AND DIFFERENTATION

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DIFFERENTIATION

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SPECIALIZATION OF A STRUCURE

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REPRODUCTION

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FORMATION OF NEW CELLS OR NEW ORGANISMS

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HOMEOSTASIS

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CONSTANCY OR STABILITY OF INTERNAL ENVIROMENT-BODY IS IN BALANCE

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HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISM

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A DEVICE WHICH AIDS THE BODY IN MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS

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INPUT(STIMULUS)

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A CHANGE IN THE INTERNAL ENVIROMENT FROM NORMAL RANGE

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RECEPTOR

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STRUCTURE WHICH DETECTS THE CHANGE IN INTERNAL ENVIROMENT

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AFFERENT(INCOMING MESSAGE)

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SENT TO CONTROL CENTER-WARNS OF CHANGE FROM NORMAL STAGE

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CONTROL CENTER

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THE REGULATOR-PART OF THE ENDOCRINE AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. INITIATES A RESPONSE

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EFFERENT(OUTGOING MESSAGE)

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SENT OUT FROM THE CONTROL CENTER TO A SPECIFIC EFFECTOR. NERVE IMPULSE OR HORMONE RELEASED IN BLOOD.

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OUTPUT(RESPONSE)

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THE REACTION TO THE HOMEOSTATIC SYSTEM THAT WILL CORRECT THE CHANGE AND NORMAL VALUES ARE RESTORED -NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK (INHIBITORY)

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RESPONSE SLOWS DOWN OR TURNS OFF SYSTEM SO THAT CONSTANCY CAN BE MAINTAINED

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POSITIVE FEEDBACK (EXCITATORY)

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RESPONSE SPEEDS UP THE SYSTEM

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ANATOMICAL POSITION

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STAND UPRIGHT,FACE OBSERVER-HEAD LEVEL,EYE FORWARD,FEET FLAT ON FLOOR,ARMS TO SIDES,PALMS TURNED FORWARD/ANTERIORLY

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PRONE POSTION AND SUPINE POSITION

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PRONE=LYING FACE DOWN
SUPINE=LYING FACE UP

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INTERMEDIATE

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BETWEEN TWO OPPOSITES

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ISPSILATERAL

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ON SAME SIDE OF BODY

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CONTRALATERAL

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ON OPPOSITE SIDE OF BODY

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PLANE

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AN IMAGINARY FLAT SURFACE THAT PASSES THROUGH THE BODY

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SECTION

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1 OF 2 SURFACES(PIECES) THAT RESULTS WHEN THE BODY IS CUT BY A PLANE PASSING THROUGH IT.

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SAGGITAL

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SEPERATES RIGHT FROM LEFT

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MIDSAGITTAL

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DIVIDES BODY OR PART INTO EQUAL RIGHT AND LEFT HALVES

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DORSAL CAVITY

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THE CRANIAL AND SPINAL CAVITIES

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VENTRAL/ANTERIOR CAVITY

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THORACIC AND ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITIES

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THORACIC CAVITY

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PLEURAL CAVITIES, MEDIASTINUM, AND PERICARDIAL CAVITY

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VISCERAL LAYER

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COVERS ORGAN WITHIN CAVITY

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PARIETAL LAYER

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LINES CAVITY

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SEROSA/SEROUS MEMBRANES

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LINE CLOSED BODY CAVITIES & COVER ORGANS WITHIN CAVITIES

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VISCERAL PLEURA

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MEMBRANE THAT COVERS THE LUNG

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PARIETAL PLEURA

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LINING OF THE PLEURAL CAVITIES WHICH HOUSE LUNGS

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PLEURAL CAVITY

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CONTAINS FLUID; BETWEEN VISCERAL & PARIETAL PLEURAL MEMBRANES

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VISCERAL PERICARDIUM

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MEMBRANE THAT COVERS THE HEART

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PARIETAL PERICARDIUM

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LINING OF THE PERICARDIAL CAVITY

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PERICARDIAL CAVITY

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CONTAINS FLUID; BETWEEN VISCERAL & PARIETAL PERICARDIAL MEMBRANES

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VISCERAL PERITONEUM

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MEMBRANE THAT COVERS SOME ABDOMINAL ORGANS

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PARIETAL PERITONEUM

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LINING OF THE PERITONEAL CAVITY

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PERITONEAL CAVITY

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CONTAINS FLUID; BETWEEN VISCERAL & PARIETAL PERITONEAL MEMBRANES

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WHY ARE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY CLOSELY INTERRELATED?

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BECAUSE THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF A PART DEPENDS ON HOW IT IS CONSTRUCTED

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WHAT DO ANATOMISTS RELY ON? WHAT DO PHYSIOLOGISTS EMPLOY?

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ANATOMISTS RELY ON OBSERVATION & MEASUREMENTS. PHYSIOLOGISTS EMPLOY EXPERIMENTS

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BETWEEN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY WHICH IS MORE COMMON TO DISCOVER NEW INFORMATION

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PHYSIOLOGY

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NAME LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

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CHEMICAL,CELL,TISSUE, ORGAN,ORGAN SYSTEM,
ORGANISM

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WHAT MAKES UP A CHEMICAL LEVEL?

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ATOMS & MOLECULES

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WHAT MAKES UP A CELLULAR LEVEL?

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CELL & ORGANELLS

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WHAT ARE THE 4 BASIC TISSUE TYPES?

Back 59

EPITHELIUM,MUSCLE,
CONNECTIVE TISSUE,
NERVE TISSUE

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NAME SOME EXAMPLES OF CLOSE INTERRELATIONSHIPS AMONG ORGAN SYSTEMS.

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CARDIOVASCULAR,
URINARY AND NERVOUS

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ORGANELLES

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STRUCTURES WITHIN CELLS(MITOCHONDRIA,
LYSOSOME,ETC.) WHICH
ARE COMPOSITES OF MOLECULES

Front 62

TWO TYPES OF METABOLISM ARE?

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ANABOLISM OR SYNTHETIC REACTIONS,
CATABOLISM OR DECOMPOSITION REACTION

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GIVE 2 EXAMPLES OF THE BODIES RESPONSIVENESS?

Back 63

HOT STOVE AND BLOOD
PRESSURE

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TWO EXAMPLES OF THE BODY'S INTERACTION WITH DIFFERENT SYSTEMS

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SKIN PRODUCES VITAMIN D NEEDED FOR CALCIUM AND BONE GROWTH, BONE MARROW PRODUCES CELLS WHICH HELP THE SKIN RESIST INFECTION

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WHAT DOES STRESS CREATE IN THE BODY?

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AN IMBALANCE WHICH INITIATES A HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISM TO CORRECT IT

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IN THE OUTPUT/RESPONSE MECHANISM WHEN CORECTING THE CHANGE WHAT OCCURS?

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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK-
NORMAL VALUES ARE REESTABLISHED

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WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF CONTROL CENTERS IN THE HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISM?

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NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS

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WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPE OF FEEDBACK SYSTEMS?

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NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE

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NAME THE COMPONENTS OF HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISM?

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INPUT,AFFERENT,
CONTROL CENTER, EFFERENT,EFFECTOR,
OUTPUT

Front 70

WHEN A BODY CAN'T MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS
WHAT HAPPENS?

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RESULTS IN DISEASE OR
DISORDERS

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WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK?

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KEEP SYSTEMS STABLE

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EXAMPLES OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

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BLOOD PRESSURE, HEART
RATE,TEMPERATURE

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EXAMPLES OF POSITIVE FEEDBACK

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LABOR/DELIVERY,
LACTATION

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WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF POSITIVE FEEDBACK?

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OPERATES IN EPSIDOIC EVENTS SUCH AS REPRODUCTION

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3 STATES OF MATTER AND GIVE EXAMPLE?

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SOLID,LIQUID,GAS
EX) WATER

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DEFINE MATTER?

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ANYTHING THAT OCCUPIES SPACE AND HAS MASS

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MASS

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THE AMOUNT OF MATTER A SUBSTANCE CONTAINS

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WEIGHT

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THE FORCE OF GRAVITY
ACTING ON MASS

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UNITS OF MEASURE FOR MASS?

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KILOGRAMS=
INTERNATIONAL UNIT FOR WEIGHT

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MOLECULE

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COMPOSED OF 2 OR MORE ATOMS BONDED TOGETHER EX.)WATER,
DNA, GLUCOSE

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WHAT ARE THE 4 MOST PREDOMINANT ELEMENTS
THAT MAKE UP 96% OF BODY MASS?

Back 81

CARBON,HYDROGEN,
OXYGEN,NITROGEN

Front 82

TRACE ELEMENTS ARE REQUIRED IN VERY SMALL AMOUNTS=0.01%
WHAT ARE THEY NECESSARY FOR?

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ENZYME ACTIVITY EX)
ZINC,MANGANESE,
COBALT

Front 83

DEFINE CHEMICAL ELEMENT

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SIMPLEST UNIT OF MATTER THAT CAN'T BE BROKEN DOWN FURTHER
BY CHEMICAL REACTIONS

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WHAT ARE ALL FORMS OF MATTER COMPOSED OF?

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ELEMENTS

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EACH ELEMENT CONTAINS UNIQUE & SPECIFIC WHAT?

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PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

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SYMBOLS OF ELEMENTS

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ABBREVIATIONS OF 1 OR 2 LETTERS,VERY SPECIFIC TO EACH ELEMENT

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HOW MANY TOTAL ELEMENTS?

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APPR 112= NATURAL 92
MAN-MADE 20

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HOW MANY ELEMENTS ARE IN HUMANS?

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26 PRESENT IN HUMANS

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ATOM

Back 89

BASIC UNIT OF AN ELEMENT THAT CAN ENTER A CHEMICAL REACTION

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WHAT ARE EACH ELEMENT COMPOSED OF?

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COMPOSED OF SAME TYPES OF ATOMS

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ATOMIC STRUCTURE

Back 91

A NUCLEUS CONTAINING
PROTONS & NEUTRONS,
ORBITING AROUNG THE ENERGY SHELLS ARE ELECTRONS

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PROTONS

Back 92

SUBATOMIC POSITIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES

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NEUTRONS

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SUBATOMIC NEUTRALLY CHARGED PARTICLES

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ELECTRONS

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SUBATOMIC NEGATIVELY CHARGED PARTICLES

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IN A NEUTRAL ATOM, WHAT DOES THE NUMBER OF PROTONS EQUAL TO?

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THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS

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ATOMIC NUMBER

Back 96

EQUALS THE NUMBER OF PROTONS OF AN ELEMENT

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MASS NUMBER

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EQUALS THE NUMBER OF PROTONS + NUMBER OF NEUTRONS FOR A GIVEN ISOTOPE

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ATOMIC MASS

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AVERAGE OF THE MASS NUMBERS OF ALL ISOTOPES

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ISOTOPES

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ATOMS OF SAME ELEMENT HAVE SAME PROTON NUMBER BUT DIFFERENT NEUTRON NUMBER OR SAME ATOMIC # BUT DIFFERENT MASS #

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RADIOISOTOPES

Back 100

ISOTOPES WHICH ARE UNSTABLE & EMIT RADIATION