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268 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty
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Ovary
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Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain.
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pituitary gland
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Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics
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testes
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Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
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adrenal glands
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Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ
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hypothalamus
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Groth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
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bones and muscles
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Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
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Testes or ovaries
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Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
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Mammary glands
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Corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH)
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adrenal cortex
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Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
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Thyroid
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An autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland
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Graves' disease
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Hyposecretion of growth hormone
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Pituitary gland
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Hyposecretion of the pancreas
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Diabetes mellitus
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Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex
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Addison's disease
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Hyposecretion of growth hormone
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Acromegaly
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Hyposecretion of the thyroid in adults
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Myxedema
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Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex
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cushing's disease
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Hypersecretion of growth hormone
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acromegaly
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Hyposecretion of the thyroid in infants
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cretinism
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The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands
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hypophysis
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The gland that controls the fight-or -flight reaction
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Adrenal medulla
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Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body
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Pancreas
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Produces a hormone that controls blood levels of calcium and potassium by their removal from bone tissue
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Parathyroid
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Produces the body's major metabolic hormones
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Thyroid
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Glconeogensis occurs in the liver due to the action of______.
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B. Cortisol
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Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the _______.
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B. Thymus gland
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Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?
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C. Enzyme
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Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called _______.
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C. Hormones
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The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract _______.
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B. is partly contained within the infundibulum
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Which of the following is not a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?
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D. All of these are signs
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Oxytocin ______.
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A. release is and example of a postive feedback control mechanism.
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Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as _______.
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A. down-regulation
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The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on _______
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C. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ
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Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland is through the _____
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D. hypophyseal portal system
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When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaption syndrome is _______.
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D. epinephrine
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The major targets of the growth hormone are _____.
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B. Bones and skeletal muscles
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The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through _______.
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C. targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released
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Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP?
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C. the heart
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Leptin is secreted by ______.
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A. adipose
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Which of the following is true about calcium homeostasis?
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B. Parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood
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Aldosterone ______.
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C. functions to increase sodium reabsorption
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Which organ does not have hormone production?
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D. Liver
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A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulation hormone (FSH) and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. why?
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A. FSH stimulates sperm porduction in the testes
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Largest artery of the body
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C. Aorta
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Supplies the kidney
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E. Renal artery
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Supplies the duodenum and stomach
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A. Common hepatic artery
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Supplies the distal areas of the large intestine
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D. Inferior mesenteric artery
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Supplies pelvic structures
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B. Internal iliac artery
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Artery that does not anastomose
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E. Renal artery
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Gives rise to the right common carotid and right subclavin artery
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D. Brachiocephalic trunk
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Supplies the lower limbs
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E. External iliac artery
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Common site to take the pulse
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B. Radial artery
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Major supply to the cerebral hemispheres
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A. Internal carotid artery
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Large unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies the liver, stomach, and spleen
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C. Celiac trunk
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Recieves blood from all areas superior to the diaphram, except the heart wall
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B. superior vena cava
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Carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
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A. Pulmonary trunk
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Drains the scalp
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B. External jugular vein
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Runs through the armpit area, giving off branches to the axillae, chest wall, and shoulder gridle
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C. Axillary artery
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Drains the upper extremities, depp vein
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A. subclavian vein
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Artery usually palpated to take the blood pressure
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E. Brachial artery
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Major artery of the thigh
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C. Femoral artery
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Supplies the small intestine
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A. Superior mesenteric artery
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Carries oxygen-rich blood from the the lungs
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D. Pulmonary vein
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Vessel commonly used as a coronary bypass vessel
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B. Great saphenous vein
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Site where resistence to blood flow is greatest
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C. Arterioles
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Site where exchanges of food and gases are made
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B. Capillaries
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Site where blood pressure is lowest
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D. Large veins
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Site where the velocity of blood flow is fastest
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A. Large arteries
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Site where the velocity of blood flow is slowest
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B. capillaries
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Site where the blood volume is greatest
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D. Large veins
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Siter where the blood pressure is greatest
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A. Large arteries
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Site that is major determinant of peripheral resistance
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C. Arterioles
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Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure?
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C. emotional state
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Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure?
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D. nitric acid
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Which statement best describe arteries?
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D. all carry blood away from the heart
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Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissure cells is the primary function of _____.
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D. capillaries
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The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the _______.
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B. muscular arteries
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Aldosterone will ______.
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C. promote an increase in blood pressure
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The pulse pressure is ______.
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C. systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
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Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign?
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D. raipidly falling blood pressure
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Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?
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A. Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood
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Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?
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B. The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter
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Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressur?
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D. renal regulation
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Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure?
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D. nitric acid
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Which statement best describe arteries?
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D. all carry blood away from the heart
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Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissure cells is the primary function of _____.
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D. capillaries
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The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the _______.
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B. muscular arteries
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Aldosterone will ______.
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C. promote an increase in blood pressure
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The pulse pressure is ______.
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C. systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
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Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign?
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D. raipidly falling blood pressure
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Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?
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A. Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood
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Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?
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B. The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter
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Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressur?
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D. renal regulation
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Peripheral resistance
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A. increase as blood visocity increases
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Blood flow to the skin
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A. increases when environmental termperature rises
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Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock
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B. Vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone
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Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and contiuous blood circulation?
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C. tunica media
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The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is
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A. Shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea
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Which of the choices below does not involve tissue perfusion?
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A. Blood clotting
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Which of the following do not influence arterial pulse rate
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C. the vessel selevted to palpate
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Which of the following are in pulmonary circulation?
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B. right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium
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Which of the following blood pressure readings would indicate hypertension?
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C. 170/96 in a 50-yr old
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A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of the blood to the _____
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D. right side of the head and neck and right upper arm
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The barorecptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?
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D. changes in arterial pressure
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No exchange of gases occurs here
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A. Segmental bronchi
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Secrete a fluid containing surfactant
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C. Type II cells
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Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins
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B. Respiratory bronchioles
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Composed of simple squamous epithelium
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E. Type I cells
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The respiratory membrane is composed of fused basement membrane of the capillary walls and ______.
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E. Typle I cells
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Terminates the alveoli
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D. Alveolar duct
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Composed of cuboidal cells
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C. Type II cells
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Which of the choices below is not a functional process performed by the respiratory system?
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D. pulmonary respiration
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The loudness of a person's voice depends on the
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D. force with which air rushes across the vocal folds
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The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The function of type II is to____.
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D. secrete surfactant
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Complete the following statement using the choices below. Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
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A. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
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Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?
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C. cartilage rings
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Intrapulmonary pressure in the _____.
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B. pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
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The relationship between the pressure and volume of gases is given by ______.
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D. Boyle's law
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The statement, "in a mixture of gases, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of gases in the mixture" paraphases
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A. Dalton's law
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Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ____
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B. interferring with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
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The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is _______
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D. increase of carbon dioxide
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Nerve impulses from _______ will result in inspiration
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C. the ventral respiratory group
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Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs
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A. the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid
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Which of the following is not a form of lung cancer?
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D. Kaposi's sarcoma
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Which of the following determines lung compliance?
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B. Alveolar surface tension
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Tidal volume is air ______.
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B. exchanged during normal breathing
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Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement?
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B. partial pressure gradient
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Possible causes of hypoxia include _______.
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B. too little oxygen in the atmosphere
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The lung volume that represents the total volme of exchangeable air is the _____.
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B. vital capacity
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Which of the following is not a stimulus for breathing?
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B. rising blood pressure
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Respiratory control centers are located in the _____.
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A. medulla and pons
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The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called
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D. inspiratory reserve
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Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membrane by ____
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D. Diffusion
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Select the correct statement about the pharynx
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A. The auditory tube drains into the nasopharynx
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The larynx contains _____
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A. the tyroid cartilage
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Which of the following is not found on the right lobe of the lung?
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B. cardiac notch
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Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include
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A. Voluntary cortical control
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The respiratory membrane is a combination of
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D. Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basement membranes
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Gas emboli may occur because a ____
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C. diver hold his breath upon ascent
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Inspiratory capacity is
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A. the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
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Which center is located in the pons?
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D. Pontine respiratory group (PRG)
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The nose serves all the following functions except
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D. as the initiator of the cough reflex
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Which of the choices below is not a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin
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D. number of red blood cells
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The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the
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B. concentration of oxygen and/or total atmospheric pressure is lower at high altitudes
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Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the
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C. ciliated mucous lining in the nose
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Which of the disorders below is characterized by destruction of the walls of the alveoli producing abnormally large air spaces that remain filled with air during exhalation
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D. emphysema
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In chronic bronchitis, mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree
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False
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The funtions of the nasal conchae are to enhance the air turbulence in the cavity and to increase the mucosal surface area exposed to the air
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true
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Changes in the arterial pH can modify respiration rate and rhythm even when carbon dioxide and oxygen levels are normal
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true
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Intraplueral pressure is normally 4 mm Hg less than the pressure in the alveoli
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true
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in chronic bronchitis mucus production is decreased and this leads to the inflammation and fibrosis of the mucosal lining of the bronchial tree
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false
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Labored breathing is termed dyspnea
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true
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increased temperature results in decreased o2 unloading from hemoglobin
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false
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The epiglottis is a smooth muscle that covers the glottis during swallowing
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false
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valsalva's maneuver involves closing off the glottis (preventing expiration) while contracting the muscles of expiration, causing an increase in intra-abdominal pressure
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true
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smoking diminishes ciliary action and eventually destroys the cilia
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true
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tracheal obstruction is life threatening
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true
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Type II alveolar cells secrete
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surfactant
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The ______ regulates smoothing of transitions from inspiration to expiration
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PRG
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The archway in the back of the throat is called
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phoses
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the trachea is lined with _____ epithelium
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cilitated pseudostratified
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The cartilaginous flap that closes the trachea during swallowing is called the
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epiglottis
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_____ law is called the law of partial pressure
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Daltons
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Terminal bronchioles are lined with ______ epithelium
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simple cuboidal
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The inner lining of the heart
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D. Endocardium
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Heart muscle
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C. Myocardium
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Serous layer covering the heart muscle
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B. Epicardium
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The outermost layer of the serous pericardium
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A. Parietal layer
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Prevents backflow into the left ventricle
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C. Aortic valve
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Prevents backflow into the right atrium
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D. Tricuspid valve
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Prevents backflow into the left atrium
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A. Mitral valve
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Prevents backflow into the right ventricle
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B. Pulmonary valves
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AV valve with 2 flaps
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A. Mitral valve
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Av valve with 3 flaps
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D. Tricuspid valve
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Found in the interventricular septum
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B. AV bundle
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Network found in the ventricular myocardium
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C. Purkinje fibers
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The pacemaker of the heart
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A. SA Node
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Artery usually palpated to take the blood pressure
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A. Brachial artery
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Major artery of the thigh
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A. Femoral artery
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Supplies the small intestine
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B. superior mesenteric artery
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Carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs
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D. Pulmonary veins
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Longest vein in the body; superficial
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C. Great saphenous vein
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Which statement best describes arteries?
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C. All carry blood away from the heart
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Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of _____.
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B. capillaries
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Blood flow to the skin ______.
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A. Increase when environmental temperature rises
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A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the _________.
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A. right side of the head and neck and upper arm
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Protein-containing fluid within lymphatic vessels
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B. Lymph
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Stores blood platelets
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A. Spleen
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Isolated clusters of lymph follicles found in the wall of the small intestine
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E. Peyer's patches
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Recieves lymph from most of the body
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D. Thoracic duct
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Small organs intimately associated with lymphatic vessels
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C. lymph nodes
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Largest lymphatic organ
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A. Spleen
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Protects mucosal barriers
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IgA
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Activates complement
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IgM
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Along with IgM, this is a B cell receptor
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IgD
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Main antibody of both primary and secondary immune response
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IgE
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Involved in allergies
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IgG
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Condition in which blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity
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A. Anemia
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Abnormal excess of erythrocytes resulting in an increase in blood viscosity
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B. Plycythemia
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Canerous condition involving white blood cells
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C. Leukemia
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Free-floating thrombus in the bloodstream
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A. Embolism
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The major contributor to plasma osmotic pressure
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B. Albumin
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Forms the structural framework of a blood clot
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A. Fibrinogen
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Thrombin catalyzes the activation of these molecules present in plasma
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A. Fivrinogen
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Makes up most of plasma protein
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B. Albumin
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Both lymph and venous blood flow are heavily dependent of ______.
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C. skeletal muscle contrations and differences in thoracic pressures due to respiratory movement
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Interferons __________.
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B. interfere with viral replication within cells
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Lymph leaves a lymph node via
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B. efferent lymphatic vessels
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Adaptive defense system
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D. immune response
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Innate defense system
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A. Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes
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Third line of defense
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D. immune system
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First line of defense
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C. Intact skin and mucous membranes
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Second line of defense
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B. inflammatory response
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What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production
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A. kidney
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Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagovytosis?
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A. chemotaxis, ingestion, digestion, adherence, killing
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Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis
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B. and increased number of RBC's
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An individual who is blood type AB negative can ______.
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B. recieve any blood type in moderate amount except that with the Rh antigen
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Select the correct statement about lymphocytes
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C. B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood
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Sickling of red blood cells can be produced in those with sickle-cell anemia by _____
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D. travel at high altitude and vigorous exercise
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What effect does age have on the size of the thymus
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D. The thymus initially increases in size and then decreases in size from adolescence through old age
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Which of the following would not be classified as a lymphatic structure
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D. Peyer's patches of the intestine
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Which of the choices below is the parent cell for all formed elements of blood
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D. Pluripotent stem cell (hemocytoblast)
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__________ predominate at the sites of chronic infections
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B. Macrophages
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Lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called a ______
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B. tonsil
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Cytotoxic T cells
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B. are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells
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Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response?
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B. replaces injured tissues with connective tissue
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Which of the statements below doesnt describe antigens
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A. Antigens only come from microbes
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Helper T cells____.
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A. function in the adaptive immune system activation
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In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned?
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C. Antigen
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Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax?
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D. right lymphatic duct
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Which of the following is not a function of lymph nodes?
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A. produce lymphoid cells and granular WBC's
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What is the average normal pH range of blood?
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A. 7.35-7.45
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small proteins secreted by virus-containing cells
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C. Interferon
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Dampen the activity of both T cells and B cells?
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B. Regulatory T cells
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Stimulate the proliferation of other lymphocytes?
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D. Helper T cells
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Present the double activation signal to T cells
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A APC's
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Major innate mechanism that mediates destruction of foreign substances in the body
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E. Complement
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What is a bubo?
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B. an infected lymph node
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Delayed hypersensitivities
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B. Include allergic contact dermatitis
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Large clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following locations except the______
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A. lower extremities
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Which of the following is a protective function of blood?
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B. prevention of blood loss
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The distal portion of the small intestine contains clumps of lymph follicles called_______.
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C. Peyer's patch
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When can erythroblastosis fetalis not possibly happen in the child of an Rh negative mother?
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D. if the father is Rh+
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Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substances are released by _______.
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D. plasma cells
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Which of the following is not a normal componenet of lymph?
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A. red blood cells
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Protein capable of changing shape and color in the presence of 02
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D. Hemoglobin
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White blood cell with dark-staining nucleus.
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B. monocyte
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Adverse reaction of donor blood cells with recipient plasma
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C. Agglutination
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Lacking in hemophilia type A
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A. Factor VIII
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What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?
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A. Protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses
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The lymphatic capillaries are ______.
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A. more permeable than blood capillaries
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A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of _________.
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D. pernicious anemia
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Which blood type is called the universal donor?
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D. O
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Which of the following is a regulatory function of blood?
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A. maintenance of normal pH in body tissues
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Which cells become immunocompetent due to thymic hormones?
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B. lymphocytes
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Which of the following is not a method that maintains lymph flow?
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D. smooth muscle contraction
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The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood celss are attatched to an inflammatory site is called____?
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A. phagovytosis
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When the lymphatic structures are blocked due to tumors, the result is _____
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B. shrinkage of tissues distal to the blockage due to inadequate delivery of lymph
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Which of the following cells is the most critical cell in immunity?
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A. helper T cell
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The thymus is most active during ______
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A. Childhood
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B lymphocytes develop immunocometence in the ______.
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A. bone marrow
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Which of the following is not an autoimmune disease?
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B. type II diabetes
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Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity
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B.Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies
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The most abundant plasma protien is ______.
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B. albumin
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Small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed_______.
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A. lymph nodes
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When neither anti-A sera nor anti-B sera clot on a blood plate with donor blood, the blood is type
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D. O
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The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________.
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A. vasodilation
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which of the following is associated with passive immunity?
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B. exposure to an antigen
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