A&pii Final Exam Study Slides Part Ii

Front 1

Pulmonary circuit

Back 1

carries blood to lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart; served by RIGHT side of heart

Front 2

systemic circuit

Back 2

supplies blood to every organ of the body, including other parts of the lungs and heart walls; served by LEFT side of heart

Front 3

do the atrial pectinate muscles more nearly resemble the ventricular paillary muscles or the trabeculae carneae?

Back 3

traceculae carneae

Front 4

3 branches of the Left coronary artery

Back 4

anterior interventricular branch
circumflex branch
left marginal branch

Front 5

which atrium is the first to receive the signal that induces it to contract?

Back 5

right atrium

Front 6

what is the significance of anastomoses

Back 6

provide an alternative route, called collateral circulation, that can supply the heart tissue with blood if the primary route becomes obstructed

Front 7

3 veins that empty into the coronary sinue

Back 7

great cardiac vein, posterior interventricular (middle cardiac) vein, left marginal vein

Front 8

two types of mechanical junctions in the heart

Back 8

fascia adherens and desmosomes

Front 9

what's the advantage of having such a long absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle?

Back 9

prevent tetanus; blood has time to get in appropriate chanber

Front 10

what is systole?

Back 10

contraction

Front 11

what is diastole?

Back 11

relaxation

Front 12

what produces the plateau in the action potentials of cardiac myocytes? why is this important to pumping ability of the heart?

Back 12

calcium entering calcium channels prolongs depolarization of membrane. the myocytes are contracting as long as the plateau is present.

Front 13

name the waves of the ECG and explain what myocardial events produce each wave

Back 13

P wave: SA node sends signal and atria depolarize
QRS complex: signal from AV node spreads through the ventricular myocardium to depolarize. atria repolarize
T wave: ventricular repolarization

Front 14

Calcium channel blockers produce a positive ___ effect

Back 14

inotropic; they decrease heart rate and increase output

Front 15

where is a place you can find a continuous capillary

Back 15

brain

Front 16

where is a place you can find a fenestrated capillary?

Back 16

kidney

Front 17

where can you find a sinusoid?

Back 17

liver

Front 18

3 tunics of a typical blood vessel

Back 18

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa

Front 19

tunica intima

Back 19

-simple squamous endothelium overlying a basement membrane and sparse layer of loose CT
-selectively permeable membrane
-secretes chem. to dialate or constrict vessel
-repels blood cells so they will flow freely without sticking to walls

Front 20

tunica media

Back 20

thickest layer
smooth muscle, collagen, some elastin

Front 21

tunica externa

Back 21

-loose ct that often merges with that of neighboring blood vessels
-anchors the vessel and provides passage for small nerves, lymph vessels, and smaller blood vessels

Front 22

continous capillary

Back 22

endothelial cells have tight junctions with intercellular clefts
occur in most tissues

Front 23

fenestrated capillaries

Back 23

have fenestration on endothelial cells
in organs that require rapid absorption or filtration

Front 24

sinusoids

Back 24

endothelial cells separated by wide gaps- no basal lamina
conform to the shape of the surrounding tissue
liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymphatic organs

Front 25

angiotensisn II

Back 25

vasconstrictor raises the BP
ACE is required for its synthesis

Front 26

Aldosterone

Back 26

"salt-retaining hormone"
promotes sodium retention by the kidneys
promotes a higher blood volume and BP

Front 27

atrial natriuretic peptide

Back 27

secreted by the heart to antagonize aldosterone
increases sodium excretion by the kidneys, reducing blood volume and pressure
vasodialator effect

Front 28

antidiruetic hormone

Back 28

promotes water retention and acts as vasoconstrictor
raises BP

Front 29

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Back 29

stimulates muscle contraction, produces vasoconstriction, raising BP, increasing blood flow to the myocardium and muscular system during exercise

Front 30

3 variables that afffect peripheral resistance to blood flow? which one can change one minute to the next?

Back 30

blood viscosity, vessel length, vasomotion
vasomotion can change minute to minute

Front 31

why is baroreflex serves as homeostasis and negative feedback

Back 31

it is a short term regulator of BP

Front 32

three mechanisms of movement through the capillary wall

Back 32

1. diffusion
2. trancytosis
3. filtration and reabsorption

Front 33

3 causes of edema:

Back 33

increased capillary filtration
reduced capillary reabsorption
obstructed lymphatic drainage

Front 34

the atria contract during ___

Back 34

the PQ segment

Front 35

the death of cardiac tissue from lack of blood flow is commonly known as a heart attack, but clincially called ___

Back 35

myocardial infarction

Front 36

this is the same as the visceral pericardium

Back 36

epicardium

Front 37

the fast-rising phase of the SA node action potential is due to ___

Back 37

calcium influx

Front 38

because the human heart is myogenic,

Back 38

it will beat even if all the nerves are severed

Front 39

pathway of blood from the superior vena cava tot he aorta...

Back 39

tricuspid, pulmonary, bicuspid, aortic

Front 40

the mitral, or bicuspid valve, opens when the pressure in the left ventricle is ___; and the mitral valve closes when the pressure in the left ventricle is ___

Back 40

less than the pressure in the left atrium; greater than the pressure in the right atrium

Front 41

an obstruction of the coronary blood flow can cause a chest pain known as ___

Back 41

angina pectoris

Front 42

compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle ___

Back 42

has gap juncitons that allow it to act as a functional syncytium

Front 43

the capillaries of skeletal muscles are the structural type called ___

Back 43

continuous capillaries

Front 44

the brain receives blood form all of the following vessels except the ___ artery or vein

Back 44

internal jugular

Front 45

immediately laterl to the eyebrown, you can palpate the pulse of

Back 45

the superficial temporal artery

Front 46

the major vessels that control the relative amounts of blood directed to the various tissues are ___

Back 46

resistance arteries

Front 47

in the short-term blood pressure regulation, when blood pressure increases, baroreceptors firing reate ___, and send ___ impulses to cardiovascular center in the brain strem

Back 47

increases; more frequent

Front 48

which term can be described as the small blood vessels that perfuse the larger blood vessels

Back 48

vaso vasorum

Front 49

these two hormones are powerful vasoconstrictors:

Of these two hormones,___ also stimulates an increase in heart rate

Back 49

epinephrine and angiotensis II; epi also increases heart rate

Front 50

the short, stuby celiac trunk is a median branch of the aorta. it immediately gives rise to three principal subdivisions:

Back 50

common hepatic, left gastric, splenic arteries

Front 51

HTN affects about __% of Americans

Back 51

30

Front 52

___ are varicose veins of the anal canal

Back 52

hemorrhoids

Front 53

the ____ can help the flow of blood back to the heart

Back 53

skeletal muscle pump

Front 54

the ____ aids the flow of venous blood fromt he abdominal to the thoracic cavity

Back 54

thoracic pump

Front 55

the only lympatic organ with both afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels is

Back 55

a lymph node

Front 56

___ is a condition in which one or more lymph nodes are swollen and painful to the touch

Back 56

lymphadenitis

Front 57

before a B lymphocyte can secrete antibodies, it must transform into___

Back 57

a plasma cell

Front 58

MALT is a lymphatic tissue found in such places as ___

Back 58

the digestive mucosa

Front 59

lymph most closely resembles ___

Back 59

plasma

Front 60

neutrophils produce a respiratory burst, which destroys more bacteria than can be destroyed by phagocytosis. a respiratory burst results from the formation of a ___ that reacts with hydrogen to form ___

Back 60

superoxide anion; hydrogen peroxide

Front 61

particularly large clusters of lymph nodes occur in all the following locations except the:

Back 61

lower extremities

Front 62

which part of the heart serves the systemic circuit?

Back 62

left

Front 63

besides the anterior interventricular branch, what are the other two principal branches of the left coronary artery?

Back 63

circumflex branch and LEFT marginal branch

Front 64

what produces the plateau in the action potentials of cardiac myocytes?

Back 64

calcium ions inflow

Front 65

compared to skeletal muscle, the contraction duration of the cardiac muscle period is thee times longer. what is the major physiological purpose of this longer contraction time in the heart?

Back 65

adequate time to empty the blood into the ventricles and major arteries

Front 66

besides tunica interna, name on of the other two tunics of a typical blood vessel

Back 66

tunica externa

Front 67

name of the three specific locations where arterial baroreceptors can be found?

Back 67

carotid sinus

Front 68

besides diffusion, name one of the other two mechanisms of capillary exchange

Back 68

transcytosis or filtration and reabsorption

Front 69

which term can be described as the largest lymphatic duct draining the lower body, left arm and left side of head?

Back 69

thoracic duct

Front 70

after a breast surgery removing some axillary lymph nodes, there is edema in the right arm. why?

Back 70

when part of the lymph nodes are removed, part of the drainage system in that area is taken away as well. therefore, there will be excess fluid in the limb

Front 71

primary lymphatic organs

Back 71

thymus and red bone marrow

Front 72

how serious is removing a two year old's thymus

Back 72

the child will mostlikely die

Front 73

why does it make more sense for the collecting ducts to connect to the subclavian veins than it would for the connect to the subclavian arteries?

Back 73

the subclavian arteries are high pressure. the lymphatics are very low pressure. if the two connected, it would be more likely that blood would be forced into the lymphatics than that the lymphatics would drain the arteries.