Apicomplexa

Front 1

who am i and name my labeled parts

Back 1

Schematic representation of
generalized apicomplexan. Invasive and
motile forms of apicomplexa exhibit distinctive
apical organelles and ultrastructural features in
addition to the typical eukaryotic organelles

Front 2

What are the secretory organellsof apicomplexa? Where are they found? In what stages are they found?

Back 2

Three distinct
types of secretory organelles are also found at the apical ends of the invasive
stages: rhoptries, micronemes, and dense granules.

Front 3

Describe rhoptries

Back 3

Rhoptries are described as being tear-drop or club shaped membranebound
organelles due to a duct connecting with the anterior end of the
organism

Front 4

Describe micronemes

Back 4

Micronemes are small elliptical shaped vesicles found in close
proximity of polar ring.

Front 5

Describe dense granules

Back 5

Dense granules are secretory vesicles found
throughout the organism. However, some of the dense granules are concentrated
at the apical end and appear to play a role in invasion.

Front 6

What are the three distinct processes of apicomplexa's life cycle?

Back 6

sporogony, merogony, and gametogony

Front 7

describe apicomplexa

Back 7

originally called sporozoa

few free-living forms
complex life cycles
- spore-like forms
- intracellular stages

defined by apical organelles
-invasive stages
-rhoptries
-micronemes

gliding motility

Front 8

describe sporogony

Back 8

Sporogony occurs immediately after a sexual phase and consists of an
asexual reproduction that culminates in the production of sporozoites.

Front 9

What are sporozoites?

Back 9

Sporozoites are an invasive form that will invade cells and develop into forms
that undergo another asexual replication known as merogony.

Front 10

What is merogony?

Back 10

Merogony
and the resulting merozoites are known by different names depending on
the species. In contrast to sporogony, in which there is generally only one
round of replication, quite often there are multiple rounds of merogony. In
other words, the merozoites, which are also invasive forms, can reinvade
cells and initiate another round of merogony

Front 11

advance care planning vs. directive

Back 11

planning ~ process comm among patient, family members, health care providers to help make decisions, clarify treatment preference, individualized goal of care, directive = final written document

Front 12

During merogony what are the multinucleated
forms called?

Back 12

schizonts or meronts

Front 13

What is endodyogeny?

Back 13

a unique form of binary fission called endodyogeny

During endodyogeny the nascent apical organelles and inner pellicular membranes of the daughter cells start
to form within the cytoplasm of the cell instead of at the plasma membrane.

Other organelles (i.e., nuclei, mitochondria, and apicoplasts) divide and
also associate with the newly forming daughter cells within the mother
cell. The inner pellicular membranes of the mother cell disappear and are
replaced by the inner pellicular membranes of the daughter cells.

Front 14

Name an organism that exhibits endodygeny

Back 14

Some life cycle stages of Toxoplasma exhibit a unique form of binary fission called endodyogeny

Front 15

Name apicomplexa that infect humans

Back 15

plasmodium
babesia
cryptosporidium
isospora
cyclospora
toxoplasma
sarcocystis

Front 16

What are the intestingal coccidia

Back 16

cryptosporidium
isospora
cyclospora

Front 17

What apicomplexa parasite does not exhibit an intracellular stage in their life cycle?

Back 17

The exceptions to this are some gregarines and
Cryptosporidium.

Front 18

How do the gregarines and cryptosporidium obtain nutrients?

Back 18

myzocytosis - In these cases the parasite attaches to the host cell and derives its nutrients from the host cell by myzocytosis.

Front 19

Name the vertebrate hosts of plasmodium

Back 19

reptiles, birds, rodents, monkeys, and humans

Front 20

How is plasmodium trasnsmitted?

Back 20

transmitted by Anopheles mosquito (mammalian)

Front 21

Describe plasmodium's life cycle

Back 21

sporozoites injected during mosquito feeding

invade liver cells

exoerythrocytic schizogony (merozoites)

merozoites invade RBCs

repeated erythrocytic schizogony

gametocytes infective for mosquito

fusion of gametes in gut

sporogony on gut wall in hemocoel

sporozoites invade salivary glands

Front 22

How is plasmodium transmitted?

Back 22

Sporozoites are injected with the saliva during mosquito feeding and are
carried to the liver via the circulatory system
trapped by liver (receptor-ligand)

Front 23

What is exoerythrocytic schisogony?

Back 23

What is exoerythrocytic schisogony?
Within 30–60 minutes the porozoites find the liver and invade a liver cell.

The sporozoites gain access to the hepatocytes by first invading and traversing a macrophage within the liver called a Kupffer cell.

After exiting the Kupffer
cell, the sporozoite can traverse several hepatocytes before developing into an exoerythrocytic (or pre-erythrocytic) schizont.

Schizogony refers to an asexual replicative process in which the parasite undergoes multiple rounds of nuclear division without cytoplasmic division followed by a budding, or segmentation, to form progeny called merozoites.

6-15 days - 1000-10,000 merozoites produced

- no overt pathology