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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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bi-polar communities
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economic gap in APA communities, lower class and middle class living amongst each other
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dual oppression
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facing oppression from people unlike you, and from your own ethnic community
o Example: Koreans working at Forever 21 experience racism from higher class Korean American at the company, as well as other races |
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Race according to Omi and Winant
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a structuring concept
- represents social actors - organizing principle (determining how rights and resources are allocated) - socially constructed, historically situated, and dynamic - a concept with real, material consequences on the social and individual levels |
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Race at the macro-level
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neo-conservatives, liberals, radicals
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Racial formation according to Omi and Winant
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The sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed and destroyed through racial projects
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Racism according to Omi and Winant
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The creation or reproduction of structures of domination (through racial projects), based on essentialist categories of race.
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important events in the Korean American First Wave
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-1903 SS Gaelic
-Chong Gak 1907-8: Gentlemen's Agreement -Korean nationalism |
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Korean American 2nd wave
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begins during korean war, includes spouses of Korean soldiers, war brides, skiled workers
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3rd wave korean americans
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post-1965.
Sa I Gu: 1992 la riots, reference point for korean american experience. first multiethnic riot |
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accomodationist strategy
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korean americans assimilate more than other minorities. adhering to western values.
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south asian americans
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3rd largest asian american group in the US
includes: sri lankan, burmese nepalese, bhutanese |
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the south asian question
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should south asian america be part of asian america, or be a separate paradigm altogether?
- south asians are asian because they are on the continent of asia |
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south asian american migration: 1st wave
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sikhs came from punjab in 1899
1910: US vs. balsara - characterized by migration and naturalization limitations in US |
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US vs. balsara
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ruled that asian-indians were caucasian.
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south asian migration: 2nd wave
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2nd wave: coincides with indian nationalist movement, US gets involved to prove that its a world power
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south asian 3rd wave
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- use H1-B visas for professional and tech migrants
- family reunification - desis: reappropriated to describe new generation |
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vietnamese first wave
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1975.
- occurs after the fall of saigon, vietnamese evacuated and airlifted from saigon. - military personnel and persons from educated classes came to america |
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vietnamese second wave
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1977-1979.
includes boat people: came over on boats (mostly rural people and ethnic chinese) |
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vietnamese third wave
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post-1979.
included immigrants, and not refugees |
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refugees
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- migrate to flee persecution
- usually eligible for public assistance - refugee suffered from weird health problems and sudden death |
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immigrants
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- migrating out of their own free will.
- migrate for better material opportunities and advancement |
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cultural approach
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argues that family structure and relationships are the outcomes of values and traditions in Asian-American families
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institutional approach
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argues that family structure and relationships are the outcome of legal, economic and social institutions.
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split household
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= 1882-1920
- economic strategy: male sojourning, worked overseas o immigration acts restricted immigration of women - household composition: in US, primary individual. In China, wife took care of the kids - work and family life: segregated - division of labor: husband/father did paid work. Wife/other relatives did unpaid, domestic and subsistence work - conjugal roles: segregated - intergenerational relations: strong mother-child, weak father-child tie (distant) |
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small producer
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= 1920-1965
- economic strategy: fused - household composition: nuclear - work and family life: family business - conjugal roles: joint or shared - intergenerational relations: strong |
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Glenn's Institutional Analysis
Dual wage |
= 1965-present
- economic strategy: individual wage work - household composition: nuclear - work and family life: the two fields are separated - division of labor: husband/wife doing paid and unpaid work, kids don’t work - conjugal roles: symmetrical, not doing the same thing, but making the same contributions to the household - intergenerational relations: attenuated parent-child tie (less likely for families to share information, kids are distant from parents) |
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feminist gaze
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pay attention to men/women, public/private to better understand ideologies, interactions and institutional structures in society
i. “no name woman” uses feminist gaze b. present scholarship looks at API history primarily through working class men’s perspective i. women are passive objects of social forces |
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migration and API families:
patriarchal bargains |
women and men strategically negotiate and maximize their power and options within patriarchal structures
b.Pre-migration: Vietnamese women deferred to men’s authority in exchange for male economic protection c. Vietnamese migration has given women more resources (more transferable skills, could provide nail services), men less resources post-migration a. Vietnamese women used heightened resources in the US to cope more effectively with male authority i. Informal networks: as sources for emotional and material support ii. They gossip to collectively and effectively re-interpret situations and influence male behavior |
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cultural membership
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determined by cultural practices
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racial membership
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determined by biology and blood line
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second-generation: portes and rumbaut
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revised previous model of assimilation
- gradual adoption of dominant culture - immigrant population is diverse |
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things that impact how second generation kids assimilate
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a. parents
b. education c. peer group d. where they live e. English speaking ability f. Networks: resources, support system. |
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segmented assimilation
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depends on time of arrival and context of reception.
i. voluntary ethnicity: European Americans typically experience this outcome ii. ethnic strength: ethnicity becomes a source of strength iii. ethnicity as a mark of subordination |
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pace of acculturation
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different rates of for parents and kids of integration into mainstream culture
- Dissonant: parents and kids incorporated at different rates. Parents incorporated slower. Also a generational role reversal - consonant acculturation: incorporated at the same levels - selective acculturation: pick what to adopt from U.S. culture, and what to maintain from homeland culture |
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racism in assimilation
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Hourglass: high skill/high education jobs at the top, low skill/low education jobs at the bottom, not many people in the middle.
Counterculture: solidarity based on the shared sense of being marginalized Some of the immigrants experience more racism because of their skin color (especially if darker skin color), accent |
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hourglass
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high skill/high education jobs at the top, low skill/low education jobs at the bottom, not many people in the middle.
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counterculture
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solidarity based on the shared sense of being marginalized
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Three outcomes for members of second generation
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1. downward assimilation: less successful than parents
2. mostly upward: more successful than parents, lose homeland culture/tradition 3. upward bicultural: more successful than parents, maintained lots of homeland culture/tradition outcomes can vary overtime |
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pan-asianism
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an ideology that Asian countries and peoples share similar values and similar histories and should be united politically or culturally.
- gained force in the 1960s with the creation of asian-american organizations/academic programs |
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Cultural vs. institutional:
Have stable family units |
cultural "evidence":
low rates of divorce and illegitimacy institutional explanation: spouses forced to stay together by lack of economic options |
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Cultural vs. institutional:
Have close ties |
Cultural "evidence": absence of adolescent and teen rebellion
institutional explanation: low delinquency rates reflect demographic composition, which continued for adolescents (until mid-1950) |
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Cultural vs. institutional:
Are economically self-sufficient |
Cultural "evidence": avoidance of welfare dependency
institutional explanation: avoidance is necessitated by the illegal status of many immigrants |
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Cultural vs. institutional:
Are conservative |
Cultural "evidence": retention of Chinese language and customs at home
Institutional explanation: retention is a reflection of ghetto life and denial of permanent membership in society |
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what does race/racism do?
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- Reproduces structures of domination
- creates essentialist categories |
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Twelve Stories:
Sophy Keng |
Cambodian, fled from Thailand.
Family received government financial support = active encouragement don't have financial resources Dropped out of school. Sophy got married young, she had a son, now doesn't get government support. |
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Twelve Stories:
Boua Cha |
-downward and upward bicultural
-Hmong student -Large family lives in two different apartments. Family receives government assistance. Boua has to maintain the house. Speaks english well. Has lots of connections through school and church, accepted into a university. Got married after high school, has kids. Didn't go to college. |
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Twelve Stories:
The Montoyas |
-A filipino family
-both parents from manila, mother a nurse, father a technician - they value good education for their kids, children don't speak native language - have access to good resources - downward assimilation - consonant pace of acculturation - filipinos have mostly upward acculturation |
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Twelve Stories:
Quy Nguyen |
-Vietnamese covaledictorian, went to UCSD. Her siblings are well-educated too.
-parents are well-educated, left as a part of Saigon = active encouragement -consonant pace of acculturation -live in small community -mostly upward, doesn't mention vietnamese culture |
