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24 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The endocrine system influences metabolic activity by means of _____.
hormones
What major processes are controlled primarily by the endocrine system?
1) reproduction
2) growth and development
3) mobilization of body defenses
4) maintenance of electrolyte, water, and nutrient balance of the blood
5) regulation of cellular metabolism and energy balance
The scientific study of hormones and endocrine glands is _________.
endocrinology
Endocrine glands, also called ______ glands, produce hormones and lack ______.
ductless, ducts
Where do endocrine glands typically release their hormones?
Into tissue fluids via rich capillary networks
Name the major endocrine glands of the body.
1) pineal gland
2) hypothalamus
3) pituitary gland
4) thymus gland
5) thyroid gland
6) parathyroid gland
7) adrenal gland
8) pancreas
9) gonads
What cells do autocrines affect?
The same cells that release them
What cells do paracrines affect?
Cell types other than those that released them
What impact can cancer have on the endocrine system?
Tumors that arise in some areas such as the lung and pancreas synthesize hormones in an uncontrolled fashion, causing a chain reaction of events in the body.
Though many hormones are produced, nearly all of them can be classified as ____ ____ ____ or _____.
Amino acid based, steroids
Are most hormones amino acid based, or are they steroids?
Amino acid based
What are steroids synthesized from?
Cholesterol
What types of hormones are steroids?
Gonadal hormones and adrenocortical hormones
What term describes the cells that a hormone affects?
Target cells
How are the nervous system and the endocrine system similar?
1) They are similarly organized

2) They rely on the release of chemicals

3) They share many chemical messengers

4) They are regulated primarily by negative feedback

5) They share a common goal -- to preserve homeostasis
How does the endocrine system differ from the nervous system?
1) The changes it promotes are gradual rather than instant

2) The changes it promotes are long lasting rather than ephemeral

3) It helps maintain water balance

4) It helps maintain the menstrual cycle

5) It has a lot to do with the changes seen during puberty
What makes the hypothalamus different from the other endocrine organs?
It also has NEURAL functions, as a part of the brain. Thus it's a neuroendocrine organ
Besides endocrine organs, what else releases hormones into the bloodstream?
1) Adipose (fat) cells -- release leptin

2) Pockets of cells in the small intestine, kidneys, stomach and heart
How long does it take for the endocrine system to affect a change?
There's a lag time ranging from seconds to hours
What are eicosanoids?
Lipid-based chemical messengers made from arachidonic acid that have local effects. Not generally considered as hormones, though they're close
What are the two types of eicosanoid?
Leukotrienes and prostaglandins
What are the five types of changes that almost all hormones produce in target cells?
1) Alteration of plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential, or both, by opening and/or closing ion channels

2) Stimulation of production proteins or regulatory molecules such as enzymes within a cell

3) Activation or deactivation of enzymes

4) Inducing secretory activity

5) Stimulation of mitosis
How do water-soluble hormones induce change in a cell?
They bind to receptors on the plasma membrane that are coupled to G proteins that then activate second messengers inside the cell which mediate the change in the cell
For which thyroid hormone do almost all cells have receptors?
Thyroxine