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53 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

General definitions of Aphasia

>Aphasia is a language disorder


>Aphasia is a neurological origin


>Aphasia is acquired (meaning not present at birth)

what is Aphasia not?

a problem of intellect or sensation

Darleys Definition (1982)

>emphasizes this a capacity NOT loss for interpretation and formulation of language symbols


>multimodal loss that effects decode and encode meaningful linguistic elements

how does Darley define the manifestation of Aphhasia?

>reduced vocabulary


>reduced efficency of application of syntactic rules


>reduced auditory rentention span


>impaired input and output channel selection

Papanthanasiou definition

>aquired selective impairment of language modalities (all can be affected)


>results from focal brain lesion in language dominant hemisphere


>affects communication and social function


>quality of life of his/her relatives

Two broad theories of aphasia

1. localizationism


2. holism

localizationists

relies on centers and pathways between anatomical areas to describe language

localizationists


-middle ages -18th century

primative ideas like ventricular theory

ventricular theory

-developed from Herophilos


-brain had three ventricles which contained the soul



*understood as theory rather than anatomical term


Antonio Guainerio

suggested cause of Aphasia damage to 4th ventricle (third cell) and memory impaired because the ventricle contained too much phlem

French School of Locationists

1. Sir Franz Joseph Gall


2. Jean Baptist Boulliad


3. Paul Broca (1824-1880)

Sir Franz Joseph Gall

>developed phrenology


>first connection of the brain to behavior- his ideas not accepted

phrenology

feel the skull (based on shape and size) and figure out what area of the brain was in charge

Jean Baptist Boulliad

>a student of Gall


> developed the idea that speech comes from the front of the brain -his ideas more accepted


****>identified connection btwn seperate loss of language and speech and frontal region


>developed through post mortam exams

Paul Broca (1824-1880)

studied "Tan" (a man who all he could say was tan)


>found anterior portion of the brain is where spoken language occurs

where did he present this information?

meeting to Anthropology Society (1861)


-presented what he called aphemia

German School of Locationists


-diagram makers

>Carl Wernike (1848-1905)


>Norman Geshwind ( 1926-1984)

Carl Wernike

>describes cases of aphasia caused by lesions in the posterior left brain




what else did Wernike discover?

That connected via fibers


-found auditory and the speech part of the brain


-started this idea of connectionist and began to drift away from localization

Norman Geshwind

resurected the idea of localization


-created the Boston Aphasia clinic

Holists


whole is bigger than the sum of the parts


>viewed aphasia as one



-see it as the whole brain changes when there is aphasia not just the impacted area!

Famous holists

>John Hulings Jackson


>Henry Head

John Hulings Jackson

>his ideas were never embraced possibly because he was associated with the evolutionist Hubert Spencer


>No real faculty of language or memory (the two terms are synonomous)


-loss of meaning not words


-believed reorganization could occur

his was a psychological phenomenon view

evolution entails:


>moves from most to least organized.


>most simple to most complex


>most autonomic to most voluntary



disolution was reverse of evolution which is how aphasia was caused

Henry Head

supported Jacksons work. He published it and brought back idea of Holism


-he was more supported bc not viewed as much as an evolutionist

Frameworks rooted in holism

>Goldsteins concrete-abstract


>Wepmans thought process


>schuell


>browns microgenetic view


>mcneils resource allocation

Goldstein concrete-abstract

1948


thought aphasia was an impairment to use abstract reasoning or language

Wepmans thought process

language functions have become inaccesible (NOT lost)


-competance survived and could be rekindled with right kind of stimulation


-therapy = facilitating and stimulating language use

mcneils resource allocation

only so much attention (energy) in the brain


-the idea is that energy allocated to language is messed up

objections to localizing

>variability and stimuability


>variability across patients for the same lesion


(lesion may occur in a certain area but when you look at the charts the way it presents itself is very different)


>centers and pathways cannot explain some phenomenon of aphasia

Assumptions of localizing

>assume aspect of language performance can be located in discrete regions of the brain


>brain damage destroyed pathways causing loss of language ability


>lesion site different then symptons will be different, if symptons are different than lesion site differs

classification systems

>infer lesion


>describe lesion location, describe speech and language behavior

paraphasia

An incorrect or unintended sound or word used in place of a correct one


types of paraphasia

>global/verbal


>semantic


>neologism


>phonemic/literal


>jargon


>circumlocution: talking around a word

global/verbal

entire word is subsituted


-subset is semantic: if word belongs to the same semantic field

neologism

a novel word, newly coined

phonemic/literal

phoneme is added or subsituted for the correct phoneme

jargon

excessive global paraphasias


fluent aphasia

>wernikes


>conduction


>transcortical sensory aphasia


>anomia

Wernikes

poor auditory and reading comprehension


>paraphsia


>logoreha


>neologisms


>naming


>jargon


>poor monitoring


>reading


>writing


>repetition

conduction

>less verbose


>poor repition


>literal paraphasias

transcortical sensory

>paraphasias and neologisms


>global paraphasias


>good repetition


>poor auditory comprehension


>poor confrontation naming

anomia

poor word retrieval

Nonfluent

>Broca


>transcortical motor


>global

Brocas Aphasia

>good auditory and reading comprehension


>awkward articulation


>limited vocab


>aggramatism (problems with syntax)


>writing is impaired as speech


>aware of what is going on

transcortical motor

>poor auditory comprehension


>good naming


>paraphasias


>syntactic errors


>preservation (repeated word over)

global

>few utterances with restricted vocab


>expressive and receptive problems


>limited communication

concerns with classification

>ignores pictures of whole person(instead makes label)


>not all aphasiac patients can be successfully classified


>does classifying direct treatment?no


>ability to localize lesion


>how do systems deal with the fact of aphasiac recovery

new classification system

New version of aphasia with adjectives


>grown out of linguistic and cognitive psychology


>labels such as agrammatic aphasia, paragrammatic aphasia, deep dyslexia, and phonological aphasia

World Health Organization (WHO)

provides a standard term for what aphasia is and who it affects


>impairment


>activity impairments


>participation restrictions

impairment


(what is the actual disorder)

comprehension of spoken language


activity impairment

what is limited because of impairement


ex: engaging in convo like talking on phone


participation restrictions

emotional consequences of aphasia


ex: reduced social