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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Aphasia?
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Aquired Impairment in language, not speech for formulation (verbal/written) and comprehension (auditory/reading)
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What is Language?
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It involves semantics, syntax, morphology, phonology-graphology, and pragmatics. Aphasia affects all of these and social skills.
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What are the language modalities impacted in Aphasia?
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Formulation and Comprehension- Formulation consists of verbal output/expression (spontaneous, elicited, repetition) and written output (mechanics and meaning). Comprehension consists of auditory (comprehension/ understanding what is said) and reading (oral and understanding what is read)
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How is Aphasia acquired?
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Results from a new damage to the brain- "normal" prior to this with present language
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What do nerve cells include?
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Glial cells and neurons
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What are glial cells?
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They support and separate neurons and nerve fiber tracts
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What are neurons comprised of?
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Cell body, dendrites, axons, and synapse
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What do dendrites do?
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Receive information from other neurons and transmit it to the cell body
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What do axons do?
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Carry info away from cell body to other neurons
Some are covered in myelin to conduct info faster |
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What's a synapse?
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tiny space between axon and dendrite- chemical process where chemical is released from the axon, travels across synapse, stimulates dendrite of another neuron
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How are neurons characterized?
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By function- Sensory respond to stimulation or receive input - Motor is responsible for muscles and glands- Interneurons connect neurons to other neurons (99%)
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What is the Central Nervous System divided into?
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Gray and White Matter
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What is Grey Matter composed of?
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Cell bodies, dendrites, and glial cells
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What is White Matter composed of?
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myelinated axons (white due to color of myelin around axon)
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What is included in the CNS?
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BRAIN, brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord
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What does the CNS do?
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Perceives and processes info (sensation, emotions, respiration, regulates behavior, thinking, remembering, comprehension)
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What are the protective portions of the brain?
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Skull and Meninges
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What is the skulls purpose and composition?
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To enclose and protect the brain- 8 plates, 4 on each side
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What is the cranial vault?
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the space inside the skull
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What is the foramen magnum?
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the opening at the base of the cranial vault where the brain stem passes to the spinal cord
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What are the 3 Meninges?
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Dura Mater, Arachnoid, and Pia mater (PAD)
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What is the Dura Mater?
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tough membrane that encloses the brain and lines the brain space
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What is the Arachnoid?
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spider weblike structure between Dura and Pia Maters- the space is called subarachnoid space
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What is the Subarachnoid Space filled with and why?
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Cerebrospinal fluid to protect CNS from trauma, carry waste from CNS, and is a place for metabolic compounds to travel
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What is the Pia Mater?
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It adheres tightly to the brain- contains many veins and arteries
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What is the brain?
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Largest part of CNS
Soft and mushy Weighs 3 lbs.(3/4 water, 1/4 glial cells, neurons, and connective tissue) 2% of body mass |
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What is the brain dependent upon?
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Constant supplies of Oxygen (uses 20% cardiac output and 25% of oxygen used by body)
10 seconds w/o- lose consciousness 20 secs w/o- heart stops 2-3 mins- brain damage |
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What is anoxia?
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When no oxygen gets to the brain
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What is the Cerebrum?
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Contains 3/4 CNS Mass
Right and left hemispheres divided by longitudinal cerebral fissure |
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What is the longitudinal cerebral fissure?
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deep fissure in the cerebrum that divides it into 2 hemispheres (right and left)
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What is the surface of the Cerebrum called?
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Cortex- pink in color, rich in nerve cells and blood vessels- has convolutions
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What are sulci?
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Depressions or valleys in cortex
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What are fissures?
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very deep sulci in the cortex
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What are gyri?
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ridges/convolutions in the cortex
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What are the 2 prominent fissures on the LATERAL surface of each cerebrum hemisphere called?
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Central Fissure (or fissure of Rolando or central sulcus) and Lateral Cerebral Fissure (or fissure of Sylvius)
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What is the Central Fissure? (Fissure of Rolando)
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It goes down the lateral surface of each hemisphere dividing it into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
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What is the Lateral Cerebral Fissure? (Fissure of Sylvius)
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It goes along the lateral surface from front to back
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What are the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum used for?
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Left- Language
Right- Creativity and Apprehension |
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What are the 4 lobes of the brain?
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Frontal
Parietal Occipital Temporal |
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What is the Frontal lobe?
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1/3 cortex in brain with the lateral cerebral fissure as its lower boundary, central fissure as its posterior boundary
FXN: Planning and execution fxns, some language, attention |
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What is the Parietal lobe?
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Located: behind central fissure (anterior boundary) lateral cerebral fissure (lower boundary) 1-2 inches from occipital pole (posterior boundary)
FXN: perception and integration of touch, body awareness, visuospatial info |
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What is the Occipital Lobe?
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Location: posterior portion of each hemisphere
posterior portion of parietal lobe to longitudinal cerebral fissure at occipital pole FXN: processing visual info |
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What is the Temporal Lobe?
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Location: bottom 1/3 of each hemisphere- lateral cerebral fissure marks upper boundary- anterior portion of occipital lobe is posterior boundary
FXN: Perception and discrimination of auditory stimuli |
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What are the 2 primary functions of the cortex?
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Primary cortex (motor and sensory fxn) and Association areas (interpretation of information from primary cortex, planning motor sequences and activities)
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What is the primary motor cortex?
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narrow strip in front of the central fissure around the precentral gyrus
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What is the function of the primary motor cortex?
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Initiates/controls motor movement (muscles on contralateral side of body)
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What is the Homunculus? (Little Man)
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map of motor cortex- arranged upside down with foot/toes at top and downward to face- hand, mouth,tongue, and larynx comprise large areas of motor cortex - found in motor cortex
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What is the primary somatosensory cortex?
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Location: just behind central fissure (postcentral gyrus)
FXN: Somesthetic sensation (skin, muscle, joint, tendon) on contralateral side of body |
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What is the primary auditory cortex?
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Location: upper surface of temporal lobe, near transverse temporal gyrus
FXN: hearing |
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What is the primary visual cortex?
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Location: Occipital bone
FXN: Vision |
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What is the primary olfactory cortex?
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Location: Posterior inferior frontal lobe
FXN: Smell |
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What are the 4 primary cortex areas?
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Primary auditory cortex, primary olfactory cortex, primary visual cortex, and primary somatosensory cortex
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What are the 4 association cortex?
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Frontal assocation cortex, parietal association cortex, temporal association cortex, and parieto-occipital association cortex
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What is the frontal association cortex?
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Location: in front of primary motor cortex (premotor cortex)
FXN: planning and initiating volitional movements |
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What is the parietal association cortex?
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FXN: processes tactile information, sense of position in space, visuospatial processing
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What is the temporal association cortex?
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FXN: discrimination and processing of auditory information
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What is the parieto-occipital association cortex?
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FXN: discrimination and processing of visual information, visual processing related to reading
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What does damage to the frontal lobe result in?
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Primary motor cortex- weakness/paralysis of muscles on contralateral side of body
Premotor Cortex- decreased complex volitional movements Anterior Frontal Lobe- decreased affect, decreased attention, decreased initiation, possible behavior problems |
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What does damage to the Parietal lobe result in?
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Primary Sensory cortex- contralateral issues, tactile agnosis (unable to recognize items by touch)
Association Cortex- decreased visuospatial skills, impaired drawing and copying, decreased processing of complex visual stimuli |
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What does damage to the Occipital Lobe result in?
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Primary/Association Cortex: can cause blindness
Association cortex: visual agnosia (unable to recognize even though they can see it), in left hemisphere, could result in serious reading impairment |
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What does damage to the Temporal Lobe result in?
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Primary Auditory Cortex: decreased processing of auditory information
Association cortex: located in left temporal lobe, decreased processing of auditory information |
