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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Extrasylvian
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Transcortical
Proposed by Wernicke Language repetition not impaired |
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Pre-rolandic Extrasylvian
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Motor Type 1
Motor Type 2 |
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Post Rolandic Extrasylvian
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Sensory Type 1
Sensory Type 2 |
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Extrasylvian Motor Aphasia
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Non fluent language
Good Comprehension Preserved prosody, articulation, and grammar Long latencies in language Poor expressive language Occasional Verbal paraphasia Open questions are slow and incomplete. Patient tends to repeat words included in the question. Semi mutism , echolalia, preservation Open questions are slow and incomplete P |
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Extrasylvian motor type 1
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left frontal lateral syndrome
Loss of verbal initiative Dynamic aphasia |
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Extrasylvian Motor Aphasia 1
Basic Language Characteristics |
Conversational Language - sparse , echolalic
Language Comprehension - relatively normal Repetition - Good to normal Pointing - Normal Naming - mildly abnormal Reading: Aloud - defective Comprehension - normal Writing - defective (motor act) |
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Associated Neurological Signs
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Motor System - hemiparesis may exist (if motor damage), pathological reflexes
Articulation - normal Cortical sensory function - normal Praxis - normal Visual field - Normal Visual gnosis - Normal |
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Extrasylvian motor aphasia type 2
Associated Neurological signs |
Supplementary motor area aphasia
Motor system - hemiparesis right leg Articulation - mild defects Cortical sensory function - right leg sensory loss Praxis - Normal Visual field - Normal Visual gnosis - Normal |
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Extrasylvian Sensory Aphasia
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good repetition
Fluent conversational language Significant amount of verbal paraphasias and neologisms. Empty speech Patient repeats words and sentences presented by the examiner, regardless if they are incorrect and even in a foreign language |
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Extrasylvian Sensory Aphasia 1
Basic Language Characteristics |
Conversational language - fluent paraphasic, echolalic
Language comprehension - defective Repetition - Good to excellent Pointing - defective Naming - Defective Reading: Aloud - may be perserved Comprehension - defective Writing - defective |
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Extrasylvian sensory aphasia 1
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left temporal-occipital syndrome
Fluent spontaneous langauge, poor comprehension, good repetition. Verbal paraphasias and neologisms Defective comprehension Defective naming but phonological cueing is effective |
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Extrasylvian Sensory Aphasia 2
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angular and parietal occipital syndrome.
Some verbal amnesia Fluent language, few paraphasias Comprehension relativeley good Good repetition Significant word-finding difficulties Gerstmann's syndrome - posterior occipital (left angular gyrus) |
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Semantic Aphasia
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an inability to simultaneously recognize the elements included in a sentence.
deficiencies in Complex successive suborddinate clauses reversible constructions (temporal and spatial) double negatives Comparative sentences Passive constructions constructions with transative verbs |
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Mixed Extrasylvian Aphasia
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Spontaneous language is absent production virtually limited to repetition.
Echolalia Articulation is good Language understanding severely defective |
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Mixed Extrasylvian Aphasia
Basic language characteristics |
Conversational language - nonfluent echolalia
Langage comprehension -defective Repetition - relativeley good Pointing - defective Naming - Defective Reading aloud - Defective comprehension - defective Writing - Defective |
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Mixed extrasylvian aphasia
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Motor system - paresis, patholgical reflexes
Articulation - normal Cortical sensory functin - often disordered Praxis - may be defective Visual field - Normal to defective Visual gnosis- may be defective |
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Isolated syndrome
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Mixed Extrasylvian aphasia
language area isolated from the rest of the brain |
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Non-cortical dysarthria-aphasia
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Marie's quadrilateral space
Striato-capsular aphasia Thalamic aphasia White matter disease the insula cerebellar language disorders |
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Marie's quadrilateral space
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Ventricle
Caudate Putamen Internal capsule Thalamus Dysarthria Hypophonic speech Aphemia - Broca's first name for aphasia in left frontal lobe/ Speech distubrances from damage to basal ganglia |
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Thalamic aphasia
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Pulvinal (quasi-aphasia)
Mutism initially Paraphasic hypophonic jargon Anomia Preserved repetition Defective comprehension (Parietal, Occipital) |
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White matter disease
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multiple sclerosis - motor aphasic symptoms
Very rare Nasal voice Weak phonation Variability of pitch slow rate output |
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Subcortical Aphasia
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Subcortical damage
Deep damage 19th century it was supposed that the insula was involved in language but when dejarine proposed the language area he did not include the insula. |
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Insular Aphasia
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Dronkers analyzed 25 patients with defects in planning the speech articulatory movements , and 19 normal.
All of the first 25 patients and None of the 19 had damage to the insula . Insula represents a crucial structure in the motor planning and organization of speech. |
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Cerebellar language disorders
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It has been hypothesized that the cerebellum contribute to cognitive processing, particularly the processing of linguistic information. The cerebellum has anatmical connectiond to the cerebral cortex through which it can affect language function.
Neural cerebellar frontal loop - can affect cognitive linguistic functins. Cerebellar damage has been associated with impaired grammar and decreased verbal fluency |
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Alexia
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an acquired disturbance in reading;
a loss or impairment of the ability to comprehend written or printed language caused by brain damage |
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Dyslexia
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a developmental disorder manifested by difficulty in learning to read despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence, and sociocultural opportunity. it is dependent on fundamental cognitive disabilities which are frequently of constitutional origin
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history
initial reports |
valerius maximus=(CIRCA 30 AD): after his head was hit, a man lost the memory for letters
johann schmidt=(1673): loss of the reading ability with preserved writing ability |
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history
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Dejerine: published in 1891 and 1892 two cases of alexia
in 1891 he described a patient with a vascular accident associated with mild anomia, right henianopia, and total inability to read and write (excepting his signature). A postmortem exam disclosed a left posterior parietal infarct in 1892 Dejerine publishes the case of a patient unable to read, but without any other impairment in language, right hemianopia. he could normally write, but only read letters -left occipital (mesial and inferior) infarct, involving the corpus callosum. |
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Alexia without agraphia
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pure alexia, occipital alexia, agnostic alexia, posterior alexia, word-blindness, verbal alexia,
Dissassociation between ability to read and write Letter by letter reading Normal writing Derivational (morphological) paralexias (taking -> Take) Letter by letter reading may result in reading the word Correct spelling Ability to change the type of letter Occipital left hemisphere |
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Alexia with agraphia
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parietal-temporal, central alexia, literal alexia, aphasic alexia, letter blindness
Inability to read letters (total alexia) Copy is better than spontaneous writing Inability to change the type of letter Reading other symbolic systems (e.g. , numbers) is also impaired. Posterior parietal of left hemisphere |
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Spatial alexia
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visuospatial alexia, neglect alexia
Asymmetric reading Difficulties in the spatial recognition of letters Left hemi-spatial neglect (most significant factor) Completeing words Inability to follow a text Grouping and fragmenting Neglect in reading - not 50/50 |
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spatial alexia.
examples of some types of errors observed in reading errors is reading letter, syllables, and words |
1-errors in reading letters
h->n; 2-literal substitutions fama->cama 3-syllables and pseudowords substitutions for words tas->gas 4-letter additions dentro->adentro 5-letter omissions plazo->lazo 6-hemi-spatial neglect in reading words soldado->dado 7-confabulation in words bebe->contiene 8-word splitting convertir->con ventir |
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spatial alexia.
examples of some types of errors observed in reading errors is reading sentences and texts |
1-hemi-spatial neglect in sentences
el hombre camina por la calle-> camina por la calle 2-word substitutions las personas se reunen en el parque-> las personas se sientan en al parque 3-word addition la cantina es de juan->la cantina es de don juan 4-word omissions las personas se reunen en el parque-> las personas en el parque 5-confabulation in sentences las personas se reunen en el parque->yo estuve en el parque 6-grouping con tener-> contener |
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Frontal alexia
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anterior alexia Broca aphasia
Broca's patients - such severe reading difficulty, has it's own classification. Reading understanding is better than reading aloud. Meaningul words Errors are similar to spoken language errors Aggramatic reading Verbal reading better than literal reading. (easier to read words than letters) |
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Hemialexia
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cutting the splenium of the corpus callosum without associated occipital damage.
Difficulties reading the information presented to the left visual field. |
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Special forms of alexia
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Alexia for Braille in blind peoplr observed in cases of bilateral or right occipital lesions.
Kinesthetic alexia - inability to read following the letters with the fingers) with a normal visual reading has been reported in left parietal damage |
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Central alexias
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The word is correctly recognized but there are defects in the semantic or phonologic processing of the word
Phonological alexia Surface alexia Deep alexia |
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Peripheral alexia
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Defects in the correct recognition of the word
Letter by letter reading Neglect alexia Attentional alexia |
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Phonological alexia
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Central alexia
Indirect route (phonological) impaired Direct route (lexical) preserved Inability to read pseudowords Relative ability to read real words. Frequency is crucial Visual paralexias are frequent |
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Surface alexia
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Indirect route (phonological) preserved.
Direct route (lexical) impaired Reading regular words and pseudowords Regularization of irregular words |
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Deep alexia
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both routes are impaired and just some few residual abilities remain.
Semantic paralexias (lawyer->attorney) Grammatical category and imaginability Impossible to read pseudowords Morphological (derivationsal) paralexias. Aphasia and agraphia always observed. |
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Cross linguistic analysis of alexia
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Patient can lose ability to read one language and not the other
(2 different language systems) Kana - syllabic Kanji- logographic Even in 2 alphabetic systems (Russian and French) Even in the same alphabetic system (English and Spanish) Chinese - not phonological |
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English
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26 letters, over 30 phonemes
219 combinations of 24 consonants 342 possibilities for 13 vowels Semantic paralexias common in English but not Spanglish |
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Agraphia
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A loss or impairment in the ability to produce written language caused by brain pathology.
Linguistic defects (aphasic agraphias) Non linguistic defects (e.g. motor or spatial) (non-aphasic agraphias) |
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Agraphia - History
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Orgle (1867) - introduced the term agraphia
Exner (1881) - proposed a "writing center" (base of the second frontal gyrus, in front of the primary motor area of the hand) Dejarine (1891) - described "alexia without agraphia" syndrome * Assumed damage of primary motor are controlling hand movements caused writing problems" Gertsman (1940) - proposed that agraphia can appear with acalculia right-left disorientation, and finger agnosia in a single syndrome (Gertsmann or angular gyrus syndrome) |
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Agraphia in Broca's Aphasia
Spoken output |
sparse
effortful poor articulation short sentences dysprosody agrammatism phonological paraphasias (error in speaking) |
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Agraphia in Broca's Aphasia
Written output |
Sparse
Efforfful Clumsy calligraphy Abbreviated output Agrammatism Literal (substitutions of letters) paragraphias. |
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Agraphia in Broca Aphasia
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Disorders in writing are clearly correlated with the fundamental linguisticc defect.
Writing is slow, clumsy, painstaking short and agrammatic. Literal paragraphias due to anticipations (take->kake) , preservations (take->tate), and letter omissions, particularly iin syllabic clusters (glass->gass) Calligraphy is poor |
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Agraphia in Broca Aphasia
2 |
Right hemiparesis
Patient has to use left hand in writing. Change implies an additional problem. Writing difficulties not the result of linguistic defects. |
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Agraphia in Wernicke Aphasia
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impairment in writing ability
fluent writing well formed letters combined in inappropriate way. Literal paragraphias - additions, substitutions, and ommissions of letters) Verbal and neologistic paragraphias also found. Written language deficit parallels the oral language defect. |
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Agraphia in Wernicke Aphasia 2
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Grammatical elements are observed frequently
Grammatical elements overused. Sentences may lack clear limits Nouns may be under-represented (writing may be non understandable) jargonagraphia) |
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Agraphia in Wernicke Aphasia
Spoken Output |
Normal articulation
Fluent Normal phrase length Normal prosody Paragrammatism Paraphasias |
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Agraphia in Wernicke Aphasia
Written Output |
Normal calligraphy
Fluent Normal sentence length Paragrammatism Paragraphias |
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Agraphia in Conduction Aphasia
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Variable
Affterent motor agraphia (luria) Literal paragraphias Self-corrections (conduit d'approche) Apraxic agraphia |
