Set the Language

We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. Please select the correct language below.

Front

Back

Related Flashcards

Flashcards
»
APEX Glossary H-R

Apex Glossary H-R

by Paul9, Oct. 2010

Subjects: apex cic cmp

Favorite

Add to folder

Flag

Shuffle
Toggle On

Toggle Off
Alphabetize
Toggle On

Toggle Off
Front First
Toggle On

Toggle Off
Both Sides
Toggle On

Toggle Off
Read
Toggle On

Toggle Off

Reading...

Front

Card Range To Study

through

Play button

Progress

1/1644

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

1644 Cards in this Set

Front
Back

	I&D	Installation & Dismantle. 1) The set-up and teardown of exhibits. 2) Firm that does I&D work. See ERECTION.
	See Also Erection
	IAAM	International Association of Assembly Managers. A member of the Convention Industry Council.
	IAAMC	International Association of Association Management Companies.
	IAAPA	International Association of Amusement Parks and Attractions.
	IACC	International Association of Conference Centers. A member of the Convention Industry Council.
	IACET	International Association for Continuing Education and Training.
	IACVB	International Association of Convention and Visitor Bureaus. A member of the Convention Industry Council.
	IAEM	International Association for Exhibition Management. A member of the Convention Industry Council.
	IAHMP	International Association of Hispanic Meeting Planners.
	IAMAT	International Association for Medical Assistance for Travelers.
	IASB	International Association of Speakers Bureaus. A member of the Convention Industry Council.
	IATA	1) (Pronounced ‘eye’-AH-ta’.) International Air Transport Association.
	IATA #	Identification (or membership) number of travel agents who receive commission.
	IATSE	International Association of Theatrical Stage Employees.
	Ice Carving	Decorative carving from large block(s) of ice used to enhance a buffet or reception table.
	Ice Wine	A dessert wine made by picking grapes that are frozen on the vine and pressing them before they thaw. Because the water in the grapes is frozen, the juice is concentrated, rich in flavor and high in sugar and acid. Ice wines are renowned in Germany, where they're called Eiswein (pronounced ICE-vine).
	ICPA	Insurance Conference Planners Association. A member of the Convention Industry Council.
	ICW	In Conjunction With. An event or function that occurs because of another event.
	ID Sign	Exhibit booth/stand identification sign.
	Idiot Card	Cue card which displays script to performers on stage in order to prompt lines. See CAMERA CARD. See Also CUE CARD.
	See Also Camera Card Cue Card
	IEA	International Exhibitors Association.
	IFSEA	International Food Service Executives Association.
	IHO	In honor of.
	Illuminations	Lighting available in hall, built into exhibit, or available on a rental basis.
	Illusion Mirror	Generally translucent mirror, which reflects when confronted with light source and is transparent when rear illuminated.
	I-Mag	See IMAGE MAGNIFICATION.
	See Also Image Magnification
	Image Magnification	Technology by which presenter’s image is projected onto a large screen, allowing large audiences to see details from the stage. Also called I-Mag.
	Immigration	The process by which a government official verifies a person’s passport, visa or birth certificate.
	Impaired Vision Seating	View of stage, from audience seating, which is blocked. See OBSTRUCTED VIEW.
	See Also Obstructed View
	Impedance	Total amount of opposition to the flow of alternating currents in an electrical circuit which may comprise resistance, capacitance, inductance or reactance.
	Import	To bring international goods into a country. In international sales, the importer is usually the buyer or an intermediary who accepts and transmits goods to the buyer. Compare With EXPORT.
	See Also Export
	Import License	A document required and issued by some national governments authorizing the importation of goods into their individual countries.
	In Conjunction With	ICW. An event or function that occurs because of another event.
	In Sync	Sound and picture are synchronized or matched perfectly.
	Inauguration Ceremony	A ceremony which marks the official beginning of a public event or at which officers of an organization officially assume their responsibilities. Often includes an address by a dignitary and possibly some form of dedication or token event such as cutting a ribbon, passing a gavel, laying a cornerstone or planting a tree.
	Inbound Tour	A group of travelers whose trip originated in another city or country. See INBOUND TOUR OPERATOR. Compare With OUTBOUND TOUR.
	See Also Outbound Tour Inbound Tour Operator
	Inbound Tour Operator	A tour operator or travel agent who specializes in services for incoming visitors. Same As RECEPTIVE OPERATOR. See INBOUND TOUR.
	See Also Inbound Tour
	Inbound Transfer	To move or travel toward a destination.
	Incentive	Reward offered to stimulate greater effort.
	Incentive Event	A reward event intended to showcase persons who meet or exceed sales or production goals.
	Incentive Travel	A travel reward given by companies to employees to stimulate productivity.
	Incentive Travel Company	Company which designs and handles some or all elements of incentive travel programs.
	Incident Report	A document prepared to record information including time, date, location, parties involved, witnesses, and nature or description of an incident. See ACCIDENT REPORT.
	See Also Accident Report
	Incidental Entertainment	Performers who must be watched to be appreciated, such as mimes, jugglers, dancers, and acrobats. See SIGHT ACTS.
	See Also Sight Acts
	Incidentals	Expenses other than room and tax, billed to a guest’s account (e.g. phone, room service, etc.).
	In-City Transport	The means of traveling within a city.
	Inclusive	Price charged clients that includes all applicable gratuities and consumption taxes.
	Inclusive Cost	Quoted cost; no extra costs to be added. Usually refers to tax and gratuity for food and beverage functions.
	Inclusive Rate	1) The amount charged for a room, usually including breakfast (or other meals), taxes and service charge. See FULL AMERICAN PLAN(FAP). See Also MODIFIED AMERICAN PLAN (MAP). 2) When applied to food or beverage, includes taxes, gratuities and/or service charges.
	See Also Full American Plan Modified American Plan
	Inclusive Tour	A TOUR that includes all elements of an itinerary transportation, lodging, meals, porterage, sightseeing, etc., for a pre-established price. The terms and conditions of a tour contract should specify exactly what is covered.
	See Also Tour
	Income Statement	A statement of revenues and expenses. Also known as a profit & loss statement.
	Indemnification Clause	A contract clause in which one party agrees to pay damages or claims that the other party may be required to pay to another. For example, if a hotel is sued by an attendee that is injured at an event due to the fault of the group, an indemnification clause might require the group to pay back the hotel. Some times the law requires one party to indemnify another even without a specific clause. Generally, the terms of the clause will be followed over the state law. See HOLD HARMLESS.
	See Also Hold Harmless
	Independent Contractor	Person contractually retained by another (other than as an employer) to perform specific tasks. The other person has no control over the independent contractor other than as provided in the contract. In the context of group travel, a tour manager or tour brochure designer/writer might be retained in this capacity.
	Independent Service Contractor	Any company, other than the designated “official” contractors, providing services (display installation and dismantling, models/demonstrations, florist, photographer, audiovisual, etc.) employed by the exhibitor needing access to an exhibit any time during installation, event dates, and/or dismantling.
	Independent Show Management Company	1) A contractor hired by an exhibitor to perform event services independent of event management-appointed contractors. See EXHIBITOR APPOINTED CONTRACTOR (EAC). 2) Any individual or company hired to perform event services on a contract basis.
	See Also Exhibitor Appointed Contractor
	Independent Union	Labor union not affiliated with organizations e.g. Congress of Industrial Organizations or the American Federation of Labor.
	Indirect Costs	Also called overhead or administrative costs, these are expenses not directly related to the event. They can include salaries, rent, and building and equipment maintenance.
	Indirect Spending	Spending by a host destination’s travel industry businesses on goods and services from local suppliers on behalf of a specific event. See Also DIRECT SPENDING, ECONOMIC IMPACT, & INDUCED SPENDING.
	See Also Direct Spending Economic Impact (Total) Induced Spending
	Individualized Learning Patterns	Learning activities that the learner completes by him/herself.
	Induced Spending	Occurs when employees in a host destination’s travel industry and its suppliers spend their wages in the local economy. This chain of buying and selling among businesses and employees continues until the original direct spending leaks out of the local economy. See Also DIRECT SPENDING, INDIRECT SPENDING, & ECONOMIC IMPACT.
	See Also Direct Spending Indirect Spending Economic Impact (Total)
	Inducements	Marketing tools or programs used to influence buying patterns and build customer loyalty.
	Inductance	Term used to describe the electrical property of an inductor. A mechanical analogy of an inductor is an electrical spring; the inductor can store electrical energy fed into it and return it directly back into the circuit. The inductor tends to block the flow of AC currents depending on their frequency and to pass DC currents.
	Induction Loop	Inductive transmitter for hearing aids, closed electric circuit within a building or auditorium which relays sound to a hearing aid.
	Industrial Show	See VERTICAL SHOW. See Also HORIZONTAL SHOW.
	See Also Vertical Show Horizontal Show
	Informal Dress	Business suits or jackets with shirts and ties for men and day dresses or suits for women; usually taken to mean office and not recreational wear. Can include informal forms of national dress.
	Informal Meeting	Informal gathering, not necessarily social.
	Information Desk	Stand at which an official gives information.
	Infrasonic	Sound at frequencies generally considered too low to be heard (sounds in the range of 1 to 15 Hertz). Infrasonic sound can be felt if its power level is sufficiently high and can cause nervousness and/or fatigue and disorientation in people exposed to it.
	Infringement	Use of floor space outside exclusive booth/stand area.
	Inherent Vice	An insurance term referring to any defect or other characteristic of a product that could result in damage to the product without external cause. For example, instability in a chemical that could cause it to explode spontaneously. Insurance policies may specifically exclude losses caused by inherent vice.
	Inherently Flame Resistant	Material that is permanently flame resistant without chemical treatment.
	In-House	1) Company’s travel reservations and ticketing occur in the company’s travel department staffed by the company’s own personnel. 2) Services offered the client that are directly provided by the company’s own personnel, as opposed to being subcontracted. 3) A guest who is present, i.e. if 300 rooms are occupied, there are 300 guests in house.
	In-House Contractor	Contractor retained by a facility to be on-site and provide services as needed. In some cases, Planners are not required to use their services, but may be charged a surcharge or facility fee for bringing in an outside contractor for the same service. See EXCLUSIVE CONTRACTOR.
	See Also Exclusive Contractor
	In-House Service	Service provided directly and entirely within the property.
	Injection Modeling	Method of protecting exhibit properties.
	Inland Bill of Lading	A Bill of Lading (B/L) used in transporting goods overland to the exporter's international carrier. Although a bill of lading can sometimes be used, it is usually necessary to prepare both an inland bill of lading and an ocean bill of lading for export shipments. See AIR WAYBILL. See Also BILL OF LADING, OCEAN BILL OF LADING, THROUGH BILL OF LADING.
	See Also Air Waybill Bill of Lading Ocean Bill of Lading Through Bill of Lading
	Inline Booth/Stand	Exhibit space with exhibit booths on either side and back. See INSIDE BOOTH/STAND.
	See Also Inside Booth/Stand
	In-Plant	Company’s travel reservations and ticketing occur in the company’s travel department staffed by travel agency’s personnel.
	Input Level	Level in units such as dB, volts or watts that a particular piece of electronic equipment receives at its input. Input levels are alternately described as nominal (the normal operating level) or maximum (the level above which distortion occurs).
	Inquiry Card	A card, collected from attendees, requesting information about exhibitors. See LEAD.
	See Also Lead
	INS	Marks chalked on the floor showing where drapes are to be hung.
	Insert	1 ) Matted or framed portion of a picture. 2) Additional shot added to a scene at a later time. 3) Interchangeable copy or art panels.
	Inside Booth/Stand	Exhibit space with exhibit booths/stands on both sides and back. See INLINE BOOTH/STAND.
	See Also Inline Booth/Stand
	Inside Marketer	Sales rep: employee of speaker.
	Inspection Trip	See FAMILIARIZATION TRIP (FAM TRIP). See Also SITE INSPECTION.
	See Also Familiarization Trip Site Inspection
	Installation	Setting up exhibit booth/stand and materials according to instructions and drawings.
	Installation & Dismantle	I&D. 1) The set-up and teardown of exhibits. 2) Firm that does I&D work. See ERECTION.
	See Also Erection
	Installer	Skilled labor used to set up displays at events. The union affiliation of the installer will vary based upon the locale and the facility in question.
	Institute	In-depth instructional meeting providing intensive education on a particular subject.
	Intangible Assets	Non-physical assets such as patents, trademarks, a customer base, brand recognition of your products, etc. Also known as goodwill.
	Integrated Marketing	Marketing activities with a common focus on the marketplace or a customer segment. The execution of each individual piece of the integrated marketing plan is consistent with, and supportive of, each of the other pieces of the plan.
	Integrated Meeting	A meeting which forms part of a larger event.
	Integrated Symposium	A symposium which forms part of a larger event.
	Intelligent Lighting	Lighting instruments that can be computer controlled to move light around the room, and project color and patterns on screens, scenery, walls or floor.
	Interactive Exhibits	Exhibits in which the visitor is involved with the exhibit in a proactive way.
	Interactive Learning	Learning activities in which learners participate together.
	Interactive Response	A system which enables the audience to respond to prepared questions by means of a multifunction keypad. Responses are fed to a computer which tabulates them and displays the results graphically on a projection screen.
	Interactive Video	Video programming which allows the viewer to be involved in an active way with the information to be presented. Often used in exhibits.
	Inter-City Transport	The means of traveling between two cities.
	Intercom	Audio system permitting two-way communication.
	Interiorscapers	Designers/decorators who specialize in using decorations to enhance event and create a theme.
	Interline Connection	An airline connection which involves transferring from a plane of one airline to that of another carrier. Also Called OFF-LINE CONNECTION.
	Interlock	Synchronization of two or more sound and/or picture sources.
	Intermediate Carrier	A carrier that transports a passenger or piece of baggage as part of an interline movement, but on which neither the point of origin nor destination is located.
	Intermezzo	Intermission. The pause in dinner service just prior to the entree. A sorbet is usually served to cleanse the palate. A short period of dancing may also be included.
	Intermodal Tour	TOUR using several forms of transportation such as plane, motorcoach, cruiseline and railroad to create a diversified and efficient tour package.
	See Also Tour
	International Event	An event that draws a national and international audience. Typically 15% or more of attendees reside outside of the host country.
	International Freight Forwarder	An independent business which handles export shipments for compensation. At the request of the shipper, the forwarder makes the actual arrangements and provides the necessary services for expediting the shipment to its overseas destination. The forwarder takes care of all documentation needed to move the shipment from origin to destination, making up and assembling the necessary documentation for submission to the bank in the exporter's name. The forwarder arranges for cargo insurance, makes the necessary overseas communications, and advises the shipper on overseas requirements of marking and labeling. The forwarder operates on a fee basis paid by the exporter and often receives an additional percentage of the freight charge from the common carrier. In the United States, an export freight forwarder must be licensed by the Federal Maritime Commission to handle ocean freight and by the International Air Transport Association (IATA) to handle air freight. An ocean freight forwarder dispatches shipments from the United States via common carriers, books or arranges space for the shipments, and handles the shipping documentation. See FREIGHT FORWARDER.
	See Also Freight Forwarder
	International Sales Agent	An individual or firm that serves as the foreign representative of a domestic supplier and seeks sales abroad for the supplier. See AGENT.
	See Also Agent
	Internegative	Film negative of motion picture made from original raw negative to facilitate making of positive copies in quantity.
	Internet Service Provider	ISP. A service that provides access to the Internet.
	Interpretation	The process of explaining or translating. See CONSECUTIVE INTERPRETATION, INTERPRETATION IN RELAY, SIMULTANEOUS INTERPRETATION, TRANSLATION, WHISPERED INTERPRETATION, WIRELESS INFRARED INTERPRETING SYSTEM.
	See Also Consecutive Interpretation Interpretation in Relay Simultaneous Interpretation Translation Whispered Interpretation Wireless Infrared Interpreting System
	Interpretation in Relay	Oral translation utilizing two interpreters. Because the first interpreter is not master of the second language, another makes the final interpretation to the audience. See CONSECUTIVE INTERPRETATION, INTERPRETATION, SIMULTANEOUS INTERPRETATION, TRANSLATION, WHISPERED INTERPRETATION, WIRELESS INFRARED INTERPRETING SYSTEM.
	See Also Consecutive Interpretation Interpretation Simultaneous Interpretation Translation Whispered Interpretation Wireless Infrared Interpreting System
	Interpreter	An individual who explains or translates. See INTERPRETATION.
	See Also Interpretation
	Interpreter’s Booth/Stand	A soundproof cubicle in which the interpreter works.
	Intro	A slang term for an introduction.
	Introduction	A carefully written opener about a speaker, which is delivered by the introducer at the beginning of a speech. A good introduction gives some ideas of the speaker’s credits, achievements, and honors and also answers the question: “Why this speaker, on this date, for this audience?”
	Inventory	Total amount of furniture, equipment or other goods available in stock.
	Invitation Letter	Letter to a potential speaker outlining the preliminary purpose and plans of an event and requesting their services.
	Invitation Program	A provisional program sometimes incorporating a call for papers. The program gives details of venue, participants, agenda, accommodations, etc.
	Invited Paper	Paper or speech on a specific subject submitted at the request of an event’s organizers. See GUEST SPEECH.
	See Also Guest Speech
	Invited Speaker	A person who is invited to deliver a speech during the conference. Costs of travel, housing and appropriate appearance fees usually are provided for in the conference budget.
	Invocation	Prayer at the beginning of a function.
	Invoice	An itemized bill, including prices, of goods and services sold or shipped.
	Involuntary Upgrade	Airline moves passenger to higher priced class at no charge.
	IP Address	Internet Protocol Address. A numeric value unique to an individual computer that allows a signal to find that computer on a network. The IP address is assigned through an Internet Service Provider (ISP) or network administrator.
	IPO	Individual Pays Own. See Also EPO, PAYS OWN.
	See Also EPO Pay Own
	Iris	A device used to alter the size of the beam of light, usually with an aperture near the gate of the fixture.
	ISES	International Special Events Society. A member of the Convention Industry Council.
	Island Booth/Stand	Booth/stand space with aisles on all four sides.
	Island Exhibit	A three-dimensional display exposed to aisles on all four sides. See FREE FORM.
	See Also Free Form
	Isometric	A perspective-like drawing, except that all lengths have the same proportion.
	Itinerant	Reusable exhibit or display with scheduled shipping from place to place.
	Jacket	1) Clear plastic covering to protect slides. 2) Short coat for the upper body, typically worn by food servers, bellmen, etc.
	Jacobs Ladder	A series of horizontal panels held together with a vinyl bank. These panels flip to expose the opposite side when top horizontal panel is mechanically turned.
	Jambon	Ham.
	Jan	Joint Army-Navy specification. Pertains to the stringent government specifications used for electronic components of specified quality or survivability or of tightly maintained quality control, and often means these parts will last longer, withstand higher temperatures voltages, currents, etc., than their consumer counterparts.
	Janitorial Service	Service offered for cleaning booths/stands, facilities, etc.
	Jardinière	Diced, mixed vegetables (jardin is garden in French).
	Java	1) Slang for coffee. 2)An object-oriented programming language invented by Sun Microsystems. Java runs over the Internet and provides a secure environment for writing and executing World Wide Web applications.
	J-Bar	Long-handled wooden pry bar with metal tip and wheels used in freight handling. Also Called JOHNSON BAR.
	Jewel Light	Colored plastic or glass insert used in front of a light source in panel faces to identify, pinpoint, etc., areas.
	Jig	Shop or bench set-up for making repetitive assemblies.
	Jigger	A 1-ounce measure used in making alcoholic drinks.
	Jigger Spout	Adapter on a liquor bottle used to eject a premeasured amount. Often called Posi-Pour™ which is a trademarked brand name for this type of device.
	Jigging	Special dividers, sectioning and protective padding inside exhibit crates.
	Jigsaw	Narrow blade set in a frame used with a vertical motion for cutting along wavy or irregular lines.
	JLG	Brand name for equipment capable of lifting a person or persons to a given height. See HIGH JACKER. See Also MAN LIFT, SCISSOR LIFT, GENIE LIFT, HI LOW, FORKLIFT.
	See Also High Jacker Man Lift Scissor Lift Genie Lift HI LOW Forklift/Forktruck
	Job Box	See TROUBLE BOX.
	See Also Trouble Box
	Job Description	List of duties that make up a particular job position.
	Job Foreman	One who is in charge of specific projects.
	Job Specification	List of qualities (e.g. work experience, education) a job applicant needs in order to be considered for a particular job.
	Johnson Bar	Long-handled wooden pry bar with metal tip and wheels used in freight handling. Also Called J-BAR.
	Joint Agreement	Union contract covering more than one employer and a union, more than one union and an employer, or a number of employees and a number of unions.
	Joint Fares	Through-fare for travel on two or more airlines.
	Jointing	Technique of rendering lumber surfaces perfectly straight and smooth so as to permit a perfect fit. This operation is usually performed on continuous automatic machine called a jointer.
	Jones Plug	Multi-prong electrical connector.
	Journeyman	Worker who has satisfactorily completed an apprenticeship in a skilled trade.
	JPEG	Joint Photographic Experts Group. A graphic file format that has a sophisticated technique for compressing full-color bitmapped graphics, such as photographs. JPEG is most commonly mentioned as a format for image files.
	Julienne	Vegetables cut in long thin slices.
	Junction Box	A distribution point for electrical power.
	Junior Suite	A hotel room that features a separate living-sitting area (although not a separate room), in addition to the bedroom.
	Jurisdiction	1) The jobs that may be performed by a specific labor union. 2) The locality where a contractual dispute is decided. 3) In law, the ability of a court to hear and decide a matter brought before it.
	Jurisdictional Dispute	Conflict between unions concerning the right to control certain jobs in a particular trade or industry.
	Jury-Rig	To construct or rig in a temporary and makeshift way.
	Justified Type	Type set with both margins flush often leaving odd spaces between words.
	Kbps	Kilobits per second. A rate of data transmission over a computer network.
	KD	Knock Down. Exhibit or display components requiring on-site assembly.
	Keg	Cask-like container holding bulk quantities of beer, wine, soda pop, or soda pop syrup.
	Kelvin Temperature	The temperature at which a light source should be in order to produce the proper color of light.
	Key Card	Plastic card used in place of room key.
	Key Light	Principal source of focused, intense illumination on a subject or area.
	Keynote	Opening remarks or presentation at a meeting that sets the tone or theme of the event and motivates attendees.
	Keynote Address	A session that opens or highlights the show, meeting or event.
	Keynote Speaker	Speaker whose presentation establishes the theme or tone of the event.
	Keystoning	Distortion of a projected image on a screen, where the image is wider on top and narrower on bottom. The image distorts from a rectangle into a trapezoid because the projector is above or below the center point of the screen; either the top or the bottom become wider because it is further away from the lens. To adjust for keystoning, the top of the screen can be tilted a little, either forward or back. Many data projectors allow you to tilt the lens to solve the problem.
	KHz	See KILOHERTZ.
	See Also Kilohertz
	Kick Base	Base molding or band added to structure to absorb marring caused by brooms, mops, etc.
	Kickback	A payment (money or property) made in return for influencing a buying or hiring decision. Generally thought of as an illegal payment, especially if it is not disclosed. See BLIND COMMISSION.
	See Also Blind Commission
	Kilohertz	One thousand cycles per second; replaces the obsolete term kc (kilocycles). Abbreviated kHz.
	Kimchee	(KIHM-chee) A spicy-hot, extraordinarily pungent condiment used in Korean cuisine. It is made from fermented vegetables, such as cabbage or turnips, that have been pickled, stored in sealed pots or jars, and buried in the ground. It is dug up and used as needed. Alternate spelling is Kimchi.
	Kimchi	(KIHM-chee) A spicy-hot, extraordinarily pungent condiment used in Korean cuisine. It is made from fermented vegetables, such as cabbage or turnips, that have been pickled, stored in sealed pots or jars, and buried in the ground. It is dug up and used as needed. Alternate spelling is Kimchee.
	Kine	Kinescope. Motion picture record of a television program.
	King-Size Bed	Large bed usually measuring 76-by-80 inches (190-by-200 centimeters). A long king-size bed measures 76-by-84 inches (190-by-213 centimeters).
	Kiosk	1) Free-standing pavilion or light structure, often inside a facility, where printed or electronic information is available. 2) A small enclosure for ticket sales, information, etc.
	Kit	See EXHIBITOR MANUAL.
	See Also Exhibitor Manual
	Klieg Light	See ELLIPSOIDAL SPOTLIGHT.
	See Also Ellipsoidal Spotlight
	Knock Down	KD. Exhibit or display components requiring on-site assembly.
	Knowles Theory	Proposes that for adults to learn, the following must be addressed: adults need to know why they need to learn something; adults need to learn through experience; adults view learning as problem solving; adults only learn when the material is immediately relevant.
	Kodalith	Type of film.
	KOH	A light fixture that is installed from catwalks, ceilings, or truss systems, and can easily light up a 10x20 booth/stand space. It cannot be installed on the exhibit itself due to the temperature at which it burns.
	Kosher	Food prepared according to Jewish dietary laws pertaining not only to the type of food that may be eaten, but to the kinds of food that can be combined at one meal (e.g. meat and dairy may not be mixed). To meet kosher standards and receive the kosher seal, food must be prepared under a rabbi's supervision. In addition to the kinds of animals considered kosher (pigs and rabbits are among the non-kosher group), the laws also decree that animals be fed organically grown food and killed in the most humane manner possible. Kosher foods are becoming popular with health-conscious consumers.
	Kraft Paper	An inexpensive wrapping paper.
	Kreplach	Jewish ravioli.
	L&D	Loss and Damage.
	L/C	Document issued by a bank per instructions from a buyer of goods, authorizing the seller to draw a specified sum of money under specified terms. See LETTER OF CREDIT.
	See Also Letter of Credit
	LA	Letter of Authority.
	Labor	Refers to contracted workers who perform services. See CRAFTSPERSON.
	See Also Craftsperson
	Labor Call	1) Method of securing union employees. 2) Time specified for labor to report, (e.g. 8:00 a.m. call). 3) Minimum amount for which union labor must be paid. See CALL.
	See Also Call
	Labor Desk	Location in exhibit hall where exhibitors can order labor on-site.
	Labor Form	Form used by exhibitors requesting labor at exhibition. Usually found in the EXHIBITOR MANUAL.
	See Also Exhibitor Manual
	Labor Policy	The principles established by a company to govern its dealings with its employees.
	Labor Relations	Dealings between an employer and its employees or their representatives concerning matters of mutual interest.
	Labor Union	Workforce organization requiting various rules to be followed by the employing facility advocating the well being of the workers.
	Lag Bus	A coach which lingers at a destination to move group members who may have missed the scheduled vehicles.
	Lagniappe	Creole term for giving something extra or unexpected.
	Lahvosh	Cracker bread.
	Lamination	The bonding under pressure of two or more materials to form a layer or sandwich of materials, e.g. plywood, plastic laminate.
	Lamp	Light source for a projector.
	Lamp Life	Estimated hours of a lamp’s (light bulb's) usefulness.
	LAN	Local Area Network. A computer network limited to the immediate area, often the same building or floor of a building.
	Lanai	Patio or balcony overlooking a garden or water.
	Land Operator	A company that provides local services, transfers, sightseeing, guides, etc. See RECEPTIVE OPERATOR.
	See Also Receptive Operator
	Landscape	1) Sign where width is larger than height; horizontal. 2) An area of ground that has been arranged for human use and enjoyment usually with plants and structure.
	Langostino	Spanish for prawn (jumbo shrimp).
	Langouste	French word for Spiny Lobster (giant crawfish).
	Langoustine	French word for prawn (jumbo shrimp).
	Lanyard	A cord or string worn around the neck, as in corded badges.
	Large Group Patterns	Learning activities that require the participation of a large group of learners.
	Laser Pointer	A compact instrument consisting of a visible light laser, used for pointing out features on a projected visual display.
	Last Call	The final announcement to order bar beverages before bar service ends.
	Last Name	Name by which all immediate family members are known. Women usually (but not always) adopt their husband’s surname upon marriage. Same as SURNAME, FAMILY NAME (preferred). Compare With GIVEN NAME.
	See Also Family Name Given Name
	Late Registration	A booking that is received after the stated deadline, usually incurring a penalty fee.
	Launch	The commencement of a new product or show into the market.
	Lav	Short for Lavatory or Lavaliere Microphone.
	See Also Lavatory Microphone, Lavaliere
	Lavatory	Sanitary convenience. Also Called TOILET, WATER CLOSET (WC).
	Layout	Artist’s or designer’s indication of how a printed piece should look.
	Layover	A city on an itinerary where a passenger deplanes and spends time before continuing.
	Lazy Susan	Manually rotated tray on ball bearings. See TURNTABLE.
	See Also Turntable
	LCD	Liquid Crystal Display. Display composed of mobile crystals in liquid suspension which align themselves and polarize light in response to a small electric charge. The crystals are manufactured in pockets within the display which correspond to areas of dark on light background.
	LCD Projector	A self-contained unit with a LCD (liquid crystal display) panel, light source and lens that works with both PC and Mac computers and duplicates the image being shown on the monitor without any need for special software or complex setting up. See DATA PROJECTOR.
	See Also Data Projector LCD
	LCL	Less Than Carload.
	LDP	Last Day to Purchase a ticket against an existent reservation.
	Lead	1) According to the International Association of Convention & Visitors Bureaus, when an inquiry by a corporation/association/organization/independent event organizer that includes a request for a minimum of 10 sleeping rooms over a specific set/range of dates is forwarded by the CVB sales staff only to those hotels that meet the event organizer’s event criteria. A lead is more formalized than just exchanging/forwarding business cards to hotels. For convention center events, if the CVB sends a lead first to the convention center for date availability and then to the hotel(s) for room blocks as a matter of policy, this process should be counted as one (1) lead for reporting purposes. (rhymes with “seed”). 2) Potential customer. See SALES LEADS. 3) Amount of space between lines of type (rhymes with “dead”).
	See Also Sales Leads
	Lead Dispatcher	On-site person responsible for overall transportation success or management.
	Lead Retrieval	The process whereby exhibitors receive a potential customer’s contact information in a standardized manner. A system for capturing and following-up on leads generated at an exhibition.
	Lead Sheet	Sales leads (RFPs) generated through a convention & visitors bureau or sales organization and forwarded out to potential suppliers. See REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS. See Also CONVENTION & VISITORS BUREAU.
	See Also Request for Proposals Convention and Visitors Bureau
	Lead Time	Time between when arrangements are made and when an event occurs, etc.
	Lead Tracking	A manual or automated system used to conduct follow-up activities for sales prospects resulting from an event.
	Leader	Utility tape added to beginning or end of audio tape or film.
	Leadman	Employee who sets the pace for a group working on the same job or as a team.
	Leakage	The unwanted pickup of stray sound from sources other than the intended source feeding a specific microphone channel.
	Learning Environment	The physical, emotional, psychological, physiological and social factors surrounding the learning experience.
	Learning Environment Specialist	LES. A designation offered by the Professional Convention Management Association (PCMA).
	Lectern	A stand upon which a speaker may rest notes or books. May be “standing,” which rests on the floor, or “table-top” which is placed on a table. Often confused with PODIUM.
	See Also Podium
	Lecture	Informative and instructional speech.
	LED	Light Emitting Diode. A solid-state diode rectifier whose atomic properties cause it to emit light when electric current is passed through it. Current LED technology allows the emission of light from infrared through green frequencies, and visible light LEDs are available in colors from deep red to green.
	Leg	The part of a trip between two scheduled stops.
	Legal Connection	Prescribed minimum time to leave one flight and board another.
	Leisure Services	A service concerned with the organization of free or unoccupied time.
	Leko	Type of adjustable spotlight used to light lecterns, signs and areas that need a tightly focused pool of light. See ELLIPSOIDAL SPOTLIGHT. See Also LECTERN.
	See Also Ellipsoidal Spotlight Lectern
	Lenticular Screen	Screen finish with a characteristic silver-colored finish which has brighter reflective characteristics than a matte screen but with a wider viewing angle than a beaded screen. See SILVER LENTICULAR SCREEN.
	See Also Silver Lenticular Screen
	LES	Learning Environment Specialist. A designation offered by the Professional Convention Management Association (PCMA).
	Less Than Truckload	LTL. Rates applicable when the quantity of freight is less than the volume of truckload minimum weight.
	Lessee	A person or entity who has possession of real or personal property under a lease. A tenant of real property under a lease.
	Lessor	Person or organization which conveys property under a lease.
	Letraset	Trade name for self adhesive vinyl letter.
	Letter of Agreement	Contract. Document outlining proposed services, space, or products which becomes binding upon signature by authorized representatives of both parties. It lists services, foods, beverages, and so forth.
	Letter of Credit	L/C. A document issued by a bank per instructions from a buyer of goods, authorizing the seller to draw a specified sum of money under specified terms. See CONFIRMED LETTER OF CREDIT.
	See Also Confirmed Letter of Credit
	Level	Level of audio volume. The term level refers to the power magnitude in either electrical watt or acoustic watts but is often incorrectly used to denote voltage. See GAIN.
	See Also Gain
	LFR	Lowest Fare Routing. The least expensive airfare available to the destination.
	Liability	Legal responsibility. An obligation to pay an amount in damages. In a non-legal context, something that is a negative factor.
	Liability Clause	Part of a contract outlining conditions of liability.
	Liability Disclaimer	Legal statement releasing the organization from responsibility for any arrangements made by attendees with services listed by the organization (e.g., child care).
	Liability Insurance	An insurance policy that protects you in the event that there is bodily injury or property damage to other people. The liability can be because of negligence or a failure to live up to promises made under a contract.
	Liability Law	System of laws designed to protect people from damages caused by a party behaving in a negligent manner and creating or being responsible for harm as the result of that behavior.
	Liaison	A close collaboration for smooth coordination.
	Liaison Interpreter	Person interpreting a conversation between two or more persons from one or more foreign languages into his mother tongue and vice-versa.
	License	Written permission granted by an authority to engage in a specific action or business.
	Licensing Agreement	A right or permission granted by the owner of a property (tangible or intangible) to engage in some business or occupation or engage in some transaction, which would be unlawful without such right, or permission. A business arrangement in which the manufacturer of a product (or a firm with proprietary rights over certain technology, trademarks, etc.) grants permission to some other group or individual to manufacture that product (or make use of that proprietary material) in return for specified royalties or other payment. Many convention center agreements are written as license agreements.
	Lifelong Learning	An ongoing process in which an individual actively seeks to understand and contribute to change.
	Lift	Number of airplane seats available on flights to a destination.
	Lift Truck	Forklift.
	Light Bar	A bar with a light that hangs behind a header.
	Light Box	Enclosure with lighting and translucent face of plastic or glass.
	Light Organ	Electronic device which allows sound waves to determine the color or intensity of lighting. An outmoded term and device from the 60’s; we now have audio sensitive controllers.
	Light Table	Illuminated glass-covered table used for viewing and editing slides.
	Lightface	Light type distinguished from medium or boldface.
	Lighting	1) Service offered by electrical contractor for illumination. 2) Booth/stand or hall illumination. 3) Existing light provided by the venue for functionality and safety. 4) Controlled application of the art of lighting to impact sales, achieve atmosphere and otherwise enhance the experience of the event.
	Lighting Control Console	Desk-type housing, used to contain the controls required for adjusting production lighting. See MASTER CONTROL.
	See Also Master Control
	Lighting Director	Person who designs the lighting, directs placement of lighting equipment, and calls lighting cues on-site.
	Lighting Grid	Structures used to support lights and electrical outlets.
	Lighting Plot	A print showing the location and type of all lights used in a booth/stand.
	Lighting Truss	A construction of tubular steel or aluminum alloy onto which lighting instruments are hung and which is in turn suspended above the stage or exhibit.
	Likert Scaling	Common question format, which uses standardized response options.
	Limited Consumption Bar	Host establishes the maximum dollar amount to be spent at an open bar. Bar is closed or converted to cash when limit is reached.
	Limited Power of Attorney	Permits the customs broker to complete the customs document upon the return of your shipment to the country of origin. A Power of Attorney allows one person to act as agent for another. A Limited Power of Attorney grants the right to act in only limited circumstances.
	Limiter	Audio amplifier whose output amplification rate of change is less than its input signal amplitude rate of change. While compressors are used to reduce the dynamic range of program signals either to make everything sound louder, or to automatically control sudden large changes in signal amplitude such as in the case of recording vocalists, limiters are used to prevent dynamic transient signal peaks from exceeding a pre-set amplitude. Limiters are usually required when broadcast signals are fed to telephone lines and are useful to prevent power amplifiers clipping and overdriving in large sound systems. Limiters sometimes include circuits that allow the user to adjust the time it takes to start reducing the signal amplitude (attack) to ease up on the compression (release), and also the input and output gain.
	Line Level	Average (power) level at which a signal is output from devices like mixers, cassette decks and other devices which process sound. Technically, this corresponds to –30 dBM (one microwatt) to +30 dBM (one watt).
	Line of Sight	Unobstructed line of vision from audience to stage. See SIGHTLINES.
	See Also Sightlines
	Line Switch	Electrical on/off switch used directly in wiring to control, by make or break, the flow of current.
	Linear Display	Linear exhibits are generally 10’ deep. They are offered in 10’ or 15’ widths and can be combined to create an exhibit of almost any length.
	Linen	Tablecloths and napkins. See NAPERY.
	See Also Napery
	Link	Using hypertext, a link is a selectable connection from one word, picture or information object to another. From a Web site, a link points to content.
	Liqueur	Sweet alcoholic beverages made by infusing flavor from seeds, fruits, herbs, flowers, nuts or spices with a spirit, such as Brandy, Rum or Whiskey. Essential oils and extracts are used for flavor. Less expensive brands use artificial flavoring. Most liqueurs are made with secret formulas. Also called cordials, they are high in alcohol and range from 49 proof for Cherry Heering to 110 proof for green Chartreuse. The crème liqueurs, such as Creme de Menthe, are sweeter and more syrupy. Liqueurs were originally used as a digestive. They are usually served after dinner but are part of many cocktails. Liqueurs can also be used in cooking (e.g. desserts). Examples are: Absinthe, Amaretto, Anisette, Benedictine, Cointreau, Creme de Cacao, Creme de Cassis, Drambuie, Frangelico, Galliano, Grand Mariner, Irish Mist, Kahlua, Midori, Ouzo, Pernod, Sambuca, Sloe Gin, Southern Comfort, Tia Maria, Triple Sec. See CORDIAL.
	See Also Cordial
	Liqueur Cart	Rolling cart that includes a selection of cordials. Usually passed after dinner.
	Liquid Crystal Display	LCD. Display composed of mobile crystals in liquid suspension which align themselves and polarize light in response to a small electric change. The crystals are manufactured in pockets within the display which correspond to areas of dark on light background. See LCD.
	See Also LCD
	Liquidity	The percentage of an enterprise's assets that can be quickly converted into cash.
	Liquor	1) A distilled, alcoholic beverage made from a fermented mash of various ingredients including grains or other plants. Examples: Bourbon, Gin, Vodka, Rum, Scotch and Tequila. Also called Spirits. 2) An oyster's natural juices are referred to as its liquor. 3) Pot liquor or pot likker refers to the liquid resulting from cooking meats or vegetables.
	Liquor License	A U.S. state granted right to sell and/or serve alcoholic beverages. Liquor license requirements vary by jurisdictions. Always check local liquor laws. There are three basic types of licenses: 1) On-Sale: Liquor is sold and must be consumed on the premises (bar or banquet room). 2) Off-Sale: Liquor is sold unopened and must be consumed off the premises (liquor store). 3) Beer and Wine: not authorized to sell spirits. Liquor licenses are based on the physical premises. If you are holding an event at a venue without a liquor license, you must obtain a temporary permit.
	List of Exhibitors	List of exhibiting firms, usually with location of their exhibit. May be arranged alphabetically, by category, or both and usually lists personnel who will be in attendance.
	List of Participants	Register of delegates and accompanying persons attending an event.
	Listing	A speaker grants the right to a speakers bureau to list the speaker as available. See BUREAU LISTING.
	See Also Bureau Listing
	Lit Rack	Literature Rack. Device used to hold literature or brochures.
	Liter	Metric unit of measurement used to package spirits and wines. Equal to approximately one quart (33.8 ounces). Alternate spelling is Litre.
	Literature Rack	Devices used to hold literature or brochures. Also Called LIT RACK.
	Litre	Metric unit of measurement used to package spirits and wines. Equal to approximately one quart (33.8 ounces). Alternate spelling is Liter.
	Load Chart	Chart showing the weight of shipments loaded in a trailer and the position in the vehicle of larger items, dangerous articles or special-attention shipments.
	Load Factor	Average number of seats occupied.
	Load In/Out	Scheduled times for crew to load and unload equipment.
	Load Site	Location from which participants will board vehicles for transfers.
	Loading Dock	Area on premises where goods are received. Usually a raised area that backloading trucks can back up to and offload freight easily.
	Loadlock	A metal brace to secure partial loads within trailers and railway cars.
	Lobby	1) Public area which serves as an entrance or waiting area. 2) To engage in actions designed at influencing public officials toward a desired action.
	Local	Organization of employees in one area or in one company or a group of companies, chartered by and affiliated with a national or international union.
	Local Beer/Wine	Beer or wine produced or distributed locally. Often boutique wineries or microbreweries.
	Local Committee	A group of people bringing specific expertise of the locality and facilities of a given area.
	Local Event	An event, such as a graduation ceremony, local festival, etc., that draws its audience primarily from the local market. Typically 80% of attendees reside within a 50 mile (80 km) of radius of the event site. Local audiences typically do not require overnight accommodations. See Also NATIONAL EVENT, REGIONAL EVENT, & STATE/PROVINCE EVENT.
	See Also National Event Regional Event State/Province Event
	Local Fare	An airfare published by a carrier between two cities.
	Local Host	A group of local people who carry out the strategies and policies established for the organization of an event held in their geographic area. See ORGANIZING COMMITTEE.
	See Also Organizing Committee
	Lockout	1) Refusal by a facility to allow guests access to their guest rooms. 2) Labor action where employers refuse access to the facility by employees.
	Lock-Up	Storage area which can be locked.
	Logistics	Procurement, maintenance and transportation of materials. Involves all related functions and services.
	Logo	Symbol, often trademarked, that identifies an organization or event.
	Long Distance Dialing	The ability to place, and control billing for long distance telephone access, usually from an event room or show floor location. Directions on whether or not long distance dialing should be available from a specific location during an event should be indicated on function orders associated with that location and be included in the event’s specifications guide. See RESTRICTED DIALING.
	See Also Restricted Dialing
	Loop	Closed electric circuit.
	Loop Fabric	Fabric to which Velcro® fastener fabric will adhere.
	Loop Projector	Projector modified to run film that has been spliced into continuous loop.
	Loose Jig	Removable support in shipping case.
	Loss Leader	Item offered by a retailer at cost or less than cost to attract customers. Also referred to as a price leader.
	Lost Opportunity	An event in the lead or tentative stage that is subsequently lost by a destination or facility. This does not include venue changes within a destination. According to the International Association of Convention & Visitor Bureaus, the local CVB should track the number of estimated room nights, attendance and attendee spending and the reason associated with the lost opportunity. Sometimes called LOST BUSINESS.
	Loudness	Sound volume as it is detected by the average human ear. Hearing is non-flat, and this non-flatness varies with changes in absolute SPL (Sound Pressure Level).
	Loudspeaker	Audio speaker used to magnify sound in a function room or large area.
	Lounge	1) A public room (as in a hotel, club, or restaurant) where cocktails and other drinks are served. 2) A room or other area in an event venue designated as a place for attendees to rest and/or get refreshments.
	Low Season	Period when the demand for a supplier’s product or service is lowest. Prices general decrease in low season. Also Called VALUE SEASON. Compare With HIGH SEASON.
	See Also High Season
	Low Voltage	Term applied to currents of 24 volts or less. Must be transformed from normal 110 volt input. Useful in animation, lighted model, etc.
	Low-Balling	Giving a deceptively low price or estimate.
	Lowboy	A type of truck that can be adapted for picking up loads at ground level.
	Lower Case	Small letters, as distinguished from capital letters. Abbreviated lc.
	Low-Key Lighting	Lighting in which picture intensity produces limited bright areas.
	LTA	Lost Ticket Application. An application to request a refund on a lost airline ticket. There is often an additional charge for the application.
	Lucite	Term defining plastic similar to Plexiglas, an acrylic plastic.
	Lumiline	Slim, cylindrical, incandescent lamp; used as a substitute for fluorescent lamps where dimming is required.
	Lunch	A light noonday meal, sometimes with speeches or presentations. Sometimes called Luncheon.
	Luncheon	Lunch. A light noonday meal, sometimes with speeches or presentations.
	Lyonnaise	Cooked with onions (e.g. Lyonnaise Potatoes).
	MA Form	Document required by Canadian Customs identifying shipper, seller, consignee, terms, date of shipment, material being sold/shipped, classification code, quantity, unit and total prices. Additional information required on the invoice depends on shipper and consignee arrangements. See also CANADIAN CUSTOMS INVOICE.
	See Also Canadian Customs Invoice
	Macédoine	(mass ee dohn) Mixture of vegetables or fruits.
	Magnetic Key Systems	Means by which doors in hotels or other facilities are locked or unlocked. Usually, these are cards as opposed to actual keys. The system permits security staff members to know what key was used to enter the room and at what time.
	Magnetic Sound	Sound that is recorded on magnetic tape and may be incorporated on a film.
	Magnum	Wine bottles that contain 1.5 liters; equal to 2 standard bottles of wine.
	Mag-Stripe	Magnetic Stripe. A lead retrieval system using a magnetic strip on either the back of a paper badge (similar to some airline tickets) or on plastic badges similar to credit cards.
	Mailing House	Company equipped to handle bulk mailings on behalf of an organization.
	Mailing List	List of names and addresses of the persons to whom publicity material or other information is to be sent.
	Main Tent	Room or hall where business sessions and entertainment productions are held.
	Maître d’/Maître d' Hôtel	Floor manager or head waiter at a restaurant or catered function. Responsible for all aspects of meal service.
	Major Arrival	Information included in the specifications guide for an event that notes approximate dates and times at which large numbers of event attendees can be expected to arrive at a facility (hotel) for check-in. This is intended to give the facility notice in order to prepare for front desk staffing. See GROUP ARRIVALS/DEPARTURES.
	See Also Group Arrivals/Departures
	Major Departure	Information included in the specifications guide for an event that notes approximate dates and times at which large numbers of event attendees can be expected to check out of a facility (hotel). This is intended to give the facility notice in order to prepare for front desk staffing. See GROUP ARRIVALS/DEPARTURES.
	See Also Group Arrivals/Departures
	Make Work Practices	Union practices for spreading work by limiting production or by requiring employment of more workers than necessary for a particular job. See FEATHERBEDDING.
	See Also Featherbedding
	Man Lift	Equipment capable of lifting a person or persons to a given height. See HIGH JACKER. See Also JLG, SCISSOR LIFT, GENIE LIFT, HI LOW, FORKLIFT.
	See Also High Jacker JLG Scissor Lift Genie Lift HI LOW Forklift/Forktruck
	Management Committee	See EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
	See Also Executive Committee
	Management Prerogatives	Rights and powers essential to operation of business such as hiring, production methods and the like, which management claims are outside the scope of collective bargaining and over which management maintains authority and responsibility.
	Manager	A person hired to manage a speaker’s or entertainer’s business and/or personal affairs. The job of manager may include marketing the speaker’s services for more bookings or performing public relations work for the speaker
	Managing Director	A principal executive officer.
	Manhattan Clam Chowder	Clam soup made with a tomato base.
	Manifest	Final official listing of all passengers and/or cargo aboard a transportation vehicle or vessel.
	Manpower Agency	Firm specializing in providing day-labor workers.
	Marine Insurance	Broadly, insurance covering loss or damage of goods at sea. Marine insurance will typically compensate the owner of merchandise for losses sustained from fire, shipwreck, piracy, and various other causes, but excludes losses which can be legally recovered from the carrier. See CREDIT RISK INSURANCE.
	See Also Credit Risk Insurance
	Mark	Taped or chalked symbol on studio or stage floors designating exact placement of props and actors.
	Marker Board	See WHITE BOARD.
	See Also White Board
	Market Exclusivity	When the speaker limits the speakers bureau/agency to offering the speaker's services to a particular market or markets.
	Market Life Cycle	The period of time that a substantial segment of the buying public is interested in purchasing a given product or service.
	Market Penetration Pricing Strategy	Method by which cost of an item is derived, based on whether or not near term income is critical, and rapid market penetration for eventual market control is desired.
	Market Segments	Categorization of people, organizations or businesses by professional discipline or primary areas of interest for the purposes of sales analysis or assignment.
	Market Share	The percentage of the total sales (from all sources) of a service or product represented by the sales made by an enterprise. i.e. sales divided by total sales.
	Marketing	A process of identifying human wants and needs, and developing a plan to meet those wants and needs. Refers to everything involved with convincing an attendee to come to the event. Also refers to providing information to support the exhibit sales function.
	Marking	Letters, numbers and other symbols placed on cargo packages to facilitate identification.
	Marking the Carpet	Placing rolls of aisle carpet at the end of each aisle to facilitate laying the carpet, which is the last thing done before the event opens.
	Markup	Difference between the cost and the selling price of a given product. Difference between the net rate charged by a tour operator, hotel, or other supplier and the retail-selling price of the service. Generally a percentage of the net rate rather than a fixed amount, as in a 20 percent markup on the net.
	Marscapone Cheese	A rich Italian cream cheese, often used in Tiramisu.
	Marshalling Yard	A holding area where trucks or buses check in and wait for instructions before delivering or picking up freight or passengers.
	Mask	Scenic drape used to obscure undesirable view from the audience or to protect or cover. Also, an item used or worn to hide the face or covering an item with masking tape.
	Masking	Sound applied to an environment to provide privacy in open areas. The term “masking” refers to the so-called “cocktail-party effect” where certain conversations are hard to pick out because similar sounds mask them. The ear-brain can be fooled into not hearing certain sounds if other sounds at lower volume but sufficient complexity are simultaneously present. Pink noise is most often used to cause intentional masking; its spectrum is shaped or filtered and fed to loudspeakers hidden above an acoustical tile ceiling.
	Masking Drapes	Drapes used to cover storage and other unsightly areas.
	Masonite	Trade name for hardboard.
	Mass Learning Patterns	Learning activities delivered through mass communication media.
	Master	Original copy of something, such as an audio or videotape recording or filmed production.
	Master Account	A record of transactions during an event where the resulting balance is paid directly by the group. May include room, tax, incidentals, food and beverage, audiovisual equipment, decor, etc. Also Called MASTER BILL.
	Master Bill	See MASTER ACCOUNT.
	See Also Master Account
	Master Control	See LIGHTING CONTROL CONSOLE.
	See Also Lighting Control Console
	Master Key	One key that will open function and guest rooms.
	Master Monitor	Video monitor which shows only the picture being aired.
	Master of Ceremonies	Person who presides over the program (MC, EMCEE).
	Material Handling	Services performed by GENERAL SERVICE CONTRACTOR that includes delivery of exhibit materials from the dock to assigned space, removing empty crates, returning crates at the end of the event for re-crating, and delivering materials back to the dock for carrier loading. It is a two-way charge, incoming and outgoing. Formerly known as DRAYAGE.
	Matte	Lusterless surface.
	Matte Screen	Screen having a flat or matte white finish which does not reflect as effectively as a glass-bead screen, but can be viewed from virtually all front angles.
	Matte White	Type of non-shiny screen surface used for front projection. It is the least expensive type of screen.
	Matzo Ball Soup	Jewish dish with large dumplings.
	Max Floor Plan	A computer assisted drawing showing the optimum utilization of a facility space for tradeshow layout of booths/stands.
	Maximum Permitted Mileage	The mileage a passenger is permitted to travel for a given fare.
	Maximum Pick-Up Number	Every week leading up to an event, the event organizer should receive a room pick-up report from each hotel involved in the event. One of those weeks will have a very high number (which is the maximum pick-up number). This information is important to include in a POST EVENT REPORT.
	Mbps	Megabits (millions of bits) per second. A rate of data transmission over a computer network.
	MC	(em-see) See MASTER OF CEREMONIES. See Also EMCEE.
	See Also Master of Ceremonies Emcee
	MC Cable	Flexible armored electrical cable accepted as insulated by most codes; two, three, or more wires available. See AC CABLE. See Also BX CABLE.
	See Also AC Cable BX Cable
	MCO	Miscellaneous Charge Order. A document used by ticketing locations to record deposits, extra charges, hotel and pet fees, etc.
	Measurement Ton	A space measurement, usually 40 cubic feet or one cubic meter. Cargo is assessed a certain rate for every 40 cubic feet of space it occupies.
	Medallion	Small, round piece of meat.
	Media Kit	Packet of information that is supplied to the media; contains all the details of an event that are required to attract media attention and attendees.
	Mediation	Dispute resolution process in which the parties use a third party to assist them in reaching a compromise. The mediator may work with both sides together, or may act as “go between” in an attempt to move the sides toward agreement. The mediator may act informally, or be appointed by a judge or by agreement of the parties through an alternative dispute resolution organization like American Arbitration Association (AAA) or Judicial Arbitration and Mediation Service (JAMS). Unlike arbitration, a mediator is not empowered to impose a decision on the parties.
	Medical Meeting	An event whose attendees relate to the health care or medical research industries.
	Meet and Greet	Service for meeting and greeting a person upon arrival in a city, usually at the airport, pier or rail station and assisting him or her with entrance formalities, collecting baggage and obtaining transportation.
	Meeting	An event where the primary activity of the attendees is to attend educational sessions, participate in meetings/discussions, socialize, or attend other organized events. There is no exhibit component to this event. Compare With CONVENTION, EXHIBITION, TRADE SHOW, CONSUMER SHOW.
	See Also Convention Exhibition Trade Show Consumer Show
	Meeting Announcement	Leaflet or brochure with essentials about a coming event.
	Meeting Management Company	A company, representing another organization, handling site selection, negotiations and turnkey support for an event.
	Meeting Manager	See PLANNER.
	See Also Planner
	Meeting Point	Meeting place in venue for individual appointments of delegates.
	Meeting Profile	A written report outlining statistics of previous events, anticipated use of all services, profile of attendees, hotel occupancy patterns, etc.
	Meet-the-Press Set-Up	Panel set-up with questioners placed opposite guest panelists and moderator.
	Menu Pricing	A pricing plan that lets the organization see an itemized list of fees for goods and services.
	Merchandise Mart	Facility containing showrooms and offices with a modest amount of permanent space. Outside the United States, world trade centers showcase the exports of countries in buildings similar to merchandise marts.
	Mesclun	Field greens for salads.
	Message Board	An electronic message center or online discussion group, usually serving a special-interest group. They allow you to review messages left by others, and leave your own message if you choose. Also known as bulletin board systems or electronic forum. Also, a bulletin board on which messages can be tacked up.
	Message Center	A place where mail and messages are kept or transmitted.
	Metric	A system of weights and measures, based on decimals, used throughout much of the world. Basic units are the gram for weight and the meter for length. When calculating conversions, the same figure (0.236) is used whether converting to or from metric. The difference is that, when converting to metric (as from cups to liters), you multiply the number of cups by 0.236 to get the equivalent in liters. When converting from metric (as from liters to cups), you divide the liters by 0.236 to get the cup equivalency.
	Metropolitan Hotel	Hotel located in the downtown area of a large city; usually close to shopping and other points of interest.
	Meunière	Sautéed in butter with lemon and parsley and seasonings (most often served with sautéed fish as in Trout Meunière).
	Mic	MICROPHONE.
	See Also Microphone
	MIC	Meetings Industry Council. Local gathering of meetings industry related groups for the purpose of promoting awareness of and partnership in the industry.
	MICE	Meeting, Incentive, Conference/Congress, & Exhibition. An internationally used term for the events industry.
	Microphone	Instrument which converts sound into electrical signals for transmitting or recording sound.
	Microphone, Bipolar	See FIGURE EIGHT MICROPHONE.
	Microphone, Boom	MICROPHONE mounted on an extension.
	See Also Microphone
	Microphone, Cardioid	Pronounced “car-dee-oid.” A MICROPHONE with a polar pattern that is heart-shaped. Cardioid microphones decrease gradually in sensitivity as they are rotated away from the source of sound they are aimed at.
	See Also Microphone
	Microphone, Cordless	Portable MICROPHONE operating on its own power source. Often used to pass through an audience for questions or comments. Also Called WIRELESS MICROPHONE.
	See Also Microphone
	Microphone, Figure 8	MICROPHONE with a sensitivity pattern shaped in a figure eight when seen from above.
	See Also Microphone
	Microphone, Figure Eight	MICROPHONE with a sensitivity pattern shaped in a figure eight when seen from above.
	See Also Microphone
	Microphone, Floor	MICROPHONE mounted on an adjustable floor stand and intended to remain in the same location throughout a presentation. Also Called STATIONARY OR STANDING MICROPHONE.
	See Also Microphone
	Microphone, Hot	MICROPHONE that is turned on.
	See Also Microphone
	Microphone, Lavaliere	A wired or wireless microphone that hooks around the neck or is clipped to clothing. Sometimes called a NECKLACE, LAPEL, or PENDANT MICROPHONE.
	See Also Microphone
	Microphone, Lectern	MICROPHONE attached to a lectern. See LECTERN.
	See Also Microphone Lectern
	Microphone, Lip	MICROPHONE designed for use in contact with the lips of the speaker.
	See Also Microphone
	Microphone, Necklace	Portable MICROPHONE that hooks around the neck or is clipped to clothing. Sometimes called a LAVALIER, LAPEL, OR PENDANT MICROPHONE.
	See Also Microphone
	Microphone, Omnidirectional	MICROPHONE that picks up sound from all directions.
	See Also Microphone
	Microphone, Pendant	Portable MICROPHONE that hooks around the neck or is clipped to clothing. Sometimes called a NECKLACE, LAPEL, OR LAVALIER MICROPHONE.
	See Also Microphone
	Microphone, PZM	Pressure Zone Microphone®. Also called a BOUNDARY Microphone. This type of microphones can be placed on a large surface such as a table, floor, wall, or lectern. It picks up sound from entire room and is often recommended for conferences, group discussions, interviews, lectures, and recordings.
	Microphone, Radio	MICROPHONE used for transmitting radio waves.
	See Also Microphone
	Microphone, Roving	A small MICROPHONE, with or without a wire, which can be moved easily through an audience for questions or comments.
	See Also Microphone
	Microphone, Shotgun	UNIDIRECTIONAL MICROPHONE that has a very narrow angle of sensitivity and can be used to collect sound from a distance because surrounding sounds are not heard.
	See Also Microphone
	Microphone, Stationary or Standing	MICROPHONE mounted on an adjustable floor stand and intended to remain in the same location throughout a presentation. Also Called FLOOR MICROPHONE.
	Microphone, Table	MICROPHONE on a short stand placed on a table for seated speakers.
	See Also Microphone
	Microphone, Unidirectional	MICROPHONE that picks up sound primarily from the direction in which it is pointed.
	See Also Microphone
	Microphone, Wireless	Portable MICROPHONE operating on its own power source. Often used to pass through an audience for questions or comments. Also Called CORDLESS MICROPHONE.
	See Also Microphone
	Mid Office	A record finishing and quality control processing that occurs after the initial receipt in the front office. This processing is usually accomplished using software-based office products and MIS.
	Midget Microphone	Small microphone.
	See Also Microphone
	Military Meeting	An event at which attendees are affiliated with one of the armed forces, or are suppliers to the armed forces.
	Minestrone	Italian vegetable soup.
	Minimum	Smallest number of covers and/or beverage served at a catered event. A surcharge may be added to the client's bill if the minimum is not reached.
	Minimum Call	Agreed upon minimum number of hours of work to be done by a worker under the labor agreement. In cases where the work to be done is shorter than the minimum call, the worker is guaranteed payment for the full minimum.
	Minimum Connecting Time	The minimum time required for carriers to transfer passengers and baggage from one flight to another
	Minimum Connecting Time	The minimum time required for carriers to transfer passengers and baggage from one flight to another.
	Minimum Truckload	Weight above which a shipment is charged at a truckload rate.
	Mini-Suite	See JUNIOR SUITE.
	See Also Junior Suite
	Minny	A van shipment weighing 500 lbs. or less, for which the minimum charge is the 500 lb. rate.
	Minny	Van shipment weighing 500 lbs. or less, for which the minimum charge is the 500-lb rate. Carrier minimums vary.
	MINT	Meeting Industry Network (formerly CINET or Convention Industry Network). On-line information network tracking historical and future site/booking information. CINET is provided by IACVB to its members.
	Minutes	Formal written record of a meeting.
	Misconnect	Insufficient time is allowed for connection between planes.
	Missed Connection	A term to describe the situation when a passenger fails to transfer to a flight.
	Mitre	The joint created when two pieces of material cut at equal angles butt together to form a corner.
	Mix	1) Visual repetitive and/or alternating projection of two different slides on the screen used to add emphasis. 2) (Sound) adjustment of each microphone for volume and sound quality.
	Mixed Grill	A plate of grilled or broiled meats, which can include lamb chops, beef, bacon and sausages and is usually accompanied by grilled or broiled mushrooms, tomatoes and potatoes.
	Mixed Truckload	Truckload of different articles, crated and uncreated, in a single shipment.
	Mixer	Audio unit by which sound signals from all sources feed into one system; allows for dissimilar inputs (microphone and line) to be combined and controlled into one output. See SOUND BOARD.
	See Also Sound Board
	Mixing	Combining audio or audio sources.
	Mixing Board	See SOUND BOARD.
	See Also Sound Board
	Mock Bearnaise Sauce	Made by adding a tarragon reduction to mayonnaise, which is more stable than Hollandaise and therefore will not break. In off-premise catering, if sauce cannot be prepared on-site, mock bearnaise must be used because the real product will not travel without breaking.
	Mock-Up	A full-scale model of proposed structure.
	MOD	Manager on Duty. Person at a facility in charge of operations and/or guest relations for a certain period of time.
	Model	1) An object made in miniature representing something to be constructed. 2) A person stationed in an exhibit to demonstrate a product, provide attraction to booth/stand or greet visitors. See TALENT.
	See Also Talent
	Modem	Modulator-demodulator. Computer component that enables a computer to send and receive data over telephone or cable lines.
	Moderator	Person who presides over panel discussions and forums.
	Modified American Plan	MAP. A type of room rate that includes breakfast and one other meal (usually dinner). See DEMI-PENSION. See Also AMERICAN PLAN, BERMUDA PLAN, CONTINENTAL PLAN, EUROPEAN PLAN.
	See Also Demi-Pension American Plan Bermuda Plan Continental Plan European Plan
	Modular Exhibit	An exhibit that uses standardized components (e.g., panels, frames) that can be assembled and reassembled in different configurations for different needs.
	Modular Panels	Partition units (walls, doorframes, etc.) in standard sizes, used for building booths/stands in the sizes desired in that context.
	Mom & Pop	A small, family-owned business. Often used in terms of a “Mom & Pop Exhibitor or Vendor."
	Monaural	Having one ear. Monaural headsets (with a single earpiece) are typically used by telephone operators, stage managers and disco operators.
	Monitor	Video or audio device used to maintain a reference on the sound or video that is being sent out to the audience. Audio feeds given to performers are also referred to as monitors but do not necessarily represent the sound sent to the audience. See CUE CHANNEL.
	See Also Cue Channel
	Monitor	Television set with denser pixels and direct audio and video input.
	Monitor Mixing Console	Sound board used to regulate and mix sound heard on stage.
	Mono	See MONOPHONIC.
	See Also Monophonic
	Monochrome	Images reproduced on a black and white television system.
	Monophonic	Sound from one source, such as a single loudspeaker or earphone. In most concert performances, this is the type of sound provided to the audience. See PA SYSTEM.
	See Also PA System
	Montage	1) Composite made by combining several separate pictures.2) Rapid succession of images to illustrate an association of ideas.
	MOR	Middle of the Road. A mixture of contemporary, top 40, and soft music.
	Moral Hazard	A condition of morals or habits that increases the probability of loss from a peril. An extreme example would be an individual who previously burned his own property to collect the insurance.
	Mornay Sauce	Cream sauce thickened with eggs and grated cheese.
	Motel	An establishment that provides housing with limited services for persons away from home. Also Called MOTOR INN.
	Motion	Formal proposal to be discussed and voted on in a meeting.
	Motor Coach	A large, comfortable, well-powered bus that can transport groups and their luggage over long distances.
	Motor Coach Captain	Motor coach captains count passengers and are responsible for the safe loading and unloading of guests. They also assist field supervisors and venue managers.
	Motor Coach Field Supervisor	Person responsible for motor coaches arriving at/departing from a specific location. Coordinates with the route manager, provides updates and requests for additional motor coaches on route. Responsible for captains and human arrows at location.
	Motor Coach Shuttle System	A method or plan for an established, orderly transport of participants by buses between facilities.
	Motor Coach Tour Operator	A company that creates tours in which group members are transported via motorcoach to their destination, itinerary activities, and back.
	Motor Inn	An establishment that provides housing with limited services for persons away from home. See MOTEL.
	See Also Motel
	Motorboating	Undesirable oscillation in an amplifying system or transducer, usually of a pulse type, occurring at a low audio frequency.
	MOU	Memo of Understanding
	Moussaka	Greek layered casserole with chopped meat and vegetables.
	Mousse	1) Light, airy dessert dish made with beaten egg whites and whipped cream. 2) Finely ground meat, seafood, or poultry served in a mold.
	Mousseline	1) Any sauce to which whipped cream or beaten egg whites have been added just prior to serving to give it a light, airy consistency. Mousseline sauce is hollandaise blended with whipped cream. 2) Various dishes based on meat, fish, shellfish or foie gras to which whipped cream or, less frequently, beaten egg whites are added to lighten the texture. 3) A term applied to any of various dishes or baked goods that have a light and delicate texture.
	Movable Wall	Walls or light movable panels used for dividing areas or concealing an area. See PARTITION. See Also AIR WALL.
	See Also Partition Air Wall
	Move-In	Dates set for installation. See SET-UP.
	See Also Set-Up
	Move-In/Move-Out Dates	Dates set for installation/dismantling of an exhibition.
	Move-Out	Dates set for dismantling. Also Called TEAR DOWN.
	See Also Tear Down
	Moving Decor	Staff or actors in costume appropriate to a theme.
	Moving Screen	Screen intended to provide information and to notify participants who are called away for urgent reasons during the session, without disturbing the event.
	MPI	Meeting Professionals International. A member of the Convention Industry Council.
	MPO	Marketing promotional opportunities. Sponsorship of logoed items (e.g. tote bags).
	Multi-Channel	With two or more communication bands (receivers).
	Multi-Channel Tape	Tape having more than one channel on which to record.
	Multi-Image	The protection of two or more images at one time; may be one or more screens.
	Multi-Image Slide Presentation	Presentation using many slide projectors on one screen. The projectors are arranged so that, by fading from one projector to another, the program is presented. Often this is done on a screen that is wider than one slide image, in which case the images are registered together so as to allow one image to have a panoramic wide view. Most commonly these presentations are produced with a minimum of three projectors.
	Multi-Management Firm	A company that offers complete turnkey organization support for an event, including administrative and event management services.
	Multimedia	Use of two or more audiovisual media in one presentation.
	Multiple Airport Cities	Cities offering multiple airports for scheduled airline service, e.g., New York has LaGuardia and JFK; Washington, D.C. has Dulles and Reagan National.
	Multiple Life Experiences	The experience that adult learners bring to the learning environment that may help or hinder their learning.
	Multiplexer	Unit designed for selective projection of 16mm film, 2-by-2 inch (5-by-5 centimeter) slides, or filmstrips into one television program.
	Multipoint Bridge	A service provider of videoconferencing which allows multiple sites to connect simultaneously. A bridge connects three or more tele- or videoconference sites for simultaneous communication.
	Multipurpose Center	Facility that either 1) is equipped in such a way as to allow multiple types of usage (e.g., equipped with telescoping seats adaptable floor rakes or slopes, etc.) or 2) combines many single-purpose buildings under one operation.
	Multipurpose Facility	1) A facility that can be reconfigured for another use; for example, an arena that can be converted to an exhibit hall by retracting seats. 2) A building complex containing several different types of facilities, such as a convention center, arena, and theater.
	Multi-Screen	The use of two or more screens at the same time. Also Called MULTIVISION.
	Multi-Sensory	Relating to or involving several physiological senses.
	Multi-Story Exhibit	An exhibit with more than two levels or stories. See DOUBLE DECKER.
	See Also Double Decker
	Multi-Track Conference	A conference with parallel program sessions where participants have the choice to follow one or the other road or to jump from one track to the other during the duration of the event.
	Multivision	See MULTI-SCREEN.
	See Also Multi-Screen
	Murphy Bed	Retractable bed built into the wall.
	Music License	Control of the performance of musical compositions by the composers and authors through granting of a license to perform. Controlled by the copyright laws. See ASCAP. See Also BMI.
	See Also ASCAP BMI
	Music Licensing	The right granted by one party to let a another party use live or recorded music through special agreements and fee structures.
	Music Stands	Sheet music holders of varying sizes requiring attached lights when used on darkened stage.
	Muslin	Wide-loomed fabric used for ceiling artwork.
	Mylar	Trade name for polyester sheeting, usually clear or decorative metallic reflective finish.
	NACE	National Association of Catering Executives. A member of the Convention Industry Council.
	NACS	National Association of Consumer Shows.
	Name Card	Card placed on a banquet or event table, inscribed with the name of the person designated to sit at that place. See PLACE CARD. See Also TABLE TENT.
	See Also Place Card Table Tent
	Napery	Tablecloths, napkins, and other fabric table coverings.
	Napkin Fold	A decorative way of placing napkins at a place setting.
	Napoleon	Flaky, iced French pastry with cream or custard filling.
	National Electrical Code	A code issued by the U.S. National Fire Protection Association describing minimum wiring requirements on electrical installations. It includes sections on temporary installations (e.g. construction sites and trade shows), theatrical installations, as well as office, kitchen, and storage areas. The code does not carry the force of law unless adopted by the authority having jurisdiction.
	National Event	An event that draws a national audience. Typically more than 40% of attendees reside outside of a 400 mile (640 km) radius of the event city. See Also REGIONAL EVENT, STATE/PROVINCE EVENT, & LOCAL EVENT.
	See Also Regional Event State/Province Event Local Event
	National Union	Union having membership only within the United States.
	Naugahyde	A synthetic, leather-like material.
	NBTA	National Business Travel Association. www.nbta.org
	NCBMP	National Coalition of Black Meeting Planners. A member of the Convention Industry Council.
	NCR Form	Multi-page pressure-sensitive form where multiple copies are made by writing on the top copy of the form. NCR stands for No-Carbon Required.
	Near-Plant	A situation where a company’s travel reservations occur at a travel agency or within the company and ticketing occurs at the travel agency branch by travel agency personnel.
	Neck Microphone	Portable microphone that hooks around the neck.
	Negative Image	Reversed image of art or type.
	Neoprene	A rubberlike material.
	Nesting	Multiple objects fitting together in order to conserve space and improve safety for shipping or storage.
	Net Fee	The amount of his/her fee a speaker will actually receive for a booking after agency or bureau fees and before expenses.
	Net Net	Actual cost of a travel program excluding mark-ups or commissions.
	Net Rate	Non-commissionable rate.
	Net Square Feet/Meters	Actual amount of salable space used by exhibit booths/stands which excludes aisles, lounges, registration areas, etc. See GROSS SQAURE FEET/METERS (GSF OR GSM).
	See Also Gross Square Feet/Meters
	Net Weight	Weight of goods without the shipping container.
	Net Wholesale Rate	A rate usually slightly lower than the wholesale rate. The rate is marked up by retail sellers, of the tour, to cover distribution, promotion, etc.
	Net Worth	Assets minus liabilities.
	Network	Two or more computers or peripherals that are linked together for the purpose of sharing data.
	Networking	The exchange of information or services among individuals, groups or institutions.
	Neutral Beverage	Non-alcoholic drink, including soda, juice, bottled water, etc.
	New England Clam Chowder	Clam soup made with milk and potatoes, as opposed to Manhattan Clam Chowder, which has a tomato base.
	New Registration	Generally, a registration received at the conference and sometimes incurring payment of a penalty fee. See ON-SITE REGISTRATION.
	See Also On-Site Registration
	News Release	See PRESS RELEASE.
	See Also Press Release
	Newsgroups	On-line discussion groups. Newsgroups make up the worldwide bulletin board system called Usenet that contains more than 14,000 newsgroups that cover every imaginable interest group.
	Nineteen Hundred Box	Metal electrical junction-box normally accommodating electrical receptacles.
	NMFC	National Motor Freight Classifications.
	No Freight Aisle	Areas on the exhibit floor used as a thoroughfare, so crates are prohibited. Designated with red tape. An aisle that must be kept clear at all times during installation and dismantling.
	Noise	Any unstructured and generally unwanted signal in an audio or video signal. Hum, buzz, hiss, crosstalk and rumble are typically classed as noise. See RANDOM NOISE. See Also WHITE NOISE, PINK NOISE.
	See Also Random Noise White Noise Pink Noise
	Noise Floor	Intrinsic noise of an electronic device or system. The noise that remains in the absence of signal.
	Noix	Walnuts.
	Nomenclature of the Customs Cooperation Council	The customs tariff used by many countries worldwide, including most European nations, but not the United States. It is also known as the Brussels Tariff Nomenclature. See STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION. See Also STANDARD INDUSTRIAL TRADE CLASSIFICATION.
	See Also Standard Industrial Classification Standard Industrial Trade Classification
	Nominal Operating Level	Design target signal level of audio circuits. See HEADROOM.
	See Also Headroom
	Non-Performance	To neglect to carry out an agreement.
	Non-Profit	An organization whose members may not benefit financially from its net proceeds.
	Non-Refundable Fare	A fare that, once issued, cannot be refunded. Most non-refundable tickets are re-usable to some degree and can be used toward future travel on the same carrier for the same passenger if rebooked prior to the original date of travel.
	Non-Sked	Airline offering charter services on a non-scheduled basis.
	Non-Smoking Area	Room or area where smoking is prohibited.
	Non-Stop Flight	A flight from one city to another with no stops in between. Not to be confused with DIRECT FLIGHT.
	Non-Transferable	A ticket that cannot be changed to another name once issued.
	Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier	NVOCC. Transportation company that operates by obtaining wholesale space from other carriers and reselling it. Does not operate its own vehicles.
	No-Op	Flight not operating.
	Nori	Sheets of roasted seaweed used to wrap sushi (sticky rice and fish eaten raw).
	NOS	Not Otherwise Specified.
	No-Show	Reservation made, but not kept. Any person, group or exhibitor who fails to appear to claim a meal reservation, exhibit space or ordered service. Participant did not attend, nor cancel according to cancellation guidelines; an exhibitor that does not show up to claim booth/stand space; a hotel guest who does not honor a reservation; a speaker/entertainer who does not arrive.
	Not-for-Profit	An organization that exists with the intention of providing a service for its members
	Nouilles	Noodles.
	Nouvelle Cuisine	French for new cooking, referring to a culinary style, begun in the 1970s, that moved away from the rich, heavy style of classic French cuisine toward fresher, lighter food served in much smaller portions. The sauces are lighter because they're reduced instead of being thickened with flour, butter and heavy cream. Vegetables are quickly cooked and are tender yet slightly crisp.
	NRA	National Restaurant Association.
	NSA	National Speakers Association. A member of the Convention Industry Council.
	NSPF	Not Specifically Provided For.
	Number Stand	Stand used to hold numbers designating specific meeting areas or reserved tables.
	NVOCC	Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier. See Also NON-VESSEL OPERATING COMMON CARRIER.
	See Also Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier
	O/A	Open Account.
	O/N	Order Notify.
	OAG ™	Official Airline Guide. Published in geographically oriented editions, it provides information relative to airline schedules as well as airports, types of equipment, connecting times, etc.
	Objective	Formalized statement of outcomes to be anticipated as a result of the educational process.
	O'Brien	Sautéed with onions and green peppers (e.g. Corn O'Brien).
	Observer	Delegate to an assembly who observes and reports but does not participate officially in its activities.
	Obstructed View	View of stage, from audience seating, which is blocked.
	Occupancy Rate	1) In hotel/motel industry, the percentage of total number of available sleeping rooms actually occupied. Derived by dividing the total number of rooms occupied during a given time period (night, week, year) by the total number of rooms available for occupancy during that same period. 2) Measurement of building use, usually expressed as an annual percentage rate comparing potential facility capacity to actual usage. See EXHIBITION OCCUPANCY.
	See Also Exhibition Occupancy
	Ocean Bill of Lading	A bill of lading (B/L) indicating that the exporter consigns a shipment to an international carrier for transportation to a specified international market. Unlike an inland B/L, the ocean B/L also serves as a collection document. If it is a "Straight B/L," the foreign buyer can obtain the shipment from the carrier by simply showing proof of identity. If a "Negotiable B/L" is used, the buyer must first pay for the goods, post a bond, or meet other conditions agreeable to the seller. See AIR WAYBILL. See Also INLAND BILL OF LADING, THROUGH BILL OF LADING.
	See Also Air Waybill Inland Bill of Lading Through Bill of Lading
	Octave	Doubling or halving of frequency. The numerical interval, for example, between 440 Hz and 880 Hz or 220 Hz is an octave.
	Oeuf	Egg.
	Off Camera	Performance or action not seen on camera, such as a narration.
	Off Premise Catering	Foods usually prepared in a central kitchen and transported for service to an off-site location.
	Off-Airport Location	Site of a car rental operation service ay an airport but not located on airport premises. Travelers are shuttled from the airport to the car rental site.
	Offer	A promise, proposal or other expression of willingness to make and carry out a contract under proposed terms with another party which has the ability to accept it upon receiving it. Space and rent proposal from a facility. It may be in the form of a contract or license agreement.
	Office Suite	Similar to a hospitality suite, but geared more exclusively toward typical office communications services (i.e. phone, fax, computer, copier).
	Official Airline	Airline contracted by the sponsor of an event to provide special deals or amenities to attendees.
	Official Airline Guide	OAG™. Published monthly in several geographic editions, providing information on airline schedules as well as airports, types of equipment, connecting times, etc.
	Official Banquet	Formally seated evening dinner which is normally included in the registration fee and at which speeches are made.
	Official Carrier	Airline company designated airline of choice for an event in exchange for special rates or services.
	Official Contractor	Organization appointed by show management to provide services such as set-up and tear-down of exhibit booths and to oversee labor, drayage and loading dock procedures. Also known as GENERAL SERVICE CONTRACTOR.
	See Also General Service Contractor
	Official Language	Language in which an organization states that it will conduct all of its business.
	Official Opening	Ceremony, ribbon cutting, etc. to proclaim event officially opened.
	Official Reception	Reception for conference participants hosted by local or governmental authorities or other officials.
	Official Supplier/ Contractor	A supplier appointed by the event organizer to be the preferred provider of a given service. See GENERAL SERVICE CONTRACTOR.
	See Also General Service Contractor
	Off-Line	1) Non-route airline ticketing service. 2) Computer application performed while not connected to a computer network.
	Off-Line Connection	Connection through a particular city with a change of aircraft and continuing on same airline. See INTERLINE CONNECTION.
	See Also Interline Connection
	Off-Season	See LOW SEASON.
	See Also Low Season
	Offset	1) A photographic printing process. 2) Transfer of freshly printed wet image onto back of another sheet of paper.
	Offshore Meeting	An event taking place outside of the country of the originating body.
	Off-Site	A term that describes any function or activity that occurs away from the primary event facility. Examples of its use include “Off-Site Food & Beverage,” “Off-Site Venue,” etc. See OFF PREMISE CATERING. Compare With ON-SITE.
	See Also Off Premise Catering On-Site
	Offstage	Not in view of the audience.
	Oignon	French for onion.
	Oil Cloth	Waterproof material used for signs, banners, table coverings, etc.
	On Consumption	A term used in food and beverage that refers to the purchasing option based on the amount utilized by the group. The organization pays for the food and beverage based on the actual food and beverage served.
	On-Airport Location	A car rental operation at an airport terminal.
	On-Center	Refers to measurement of space from center of a solid object (such as a COLUMN) to another point.
	On-Demand	1) The opposite of real-time. 2) Audio and/or video programming available on a Web site after the completion of an event, providing this content so Web site visitors can listen or view at their discretion. 3) FAX system for sending out faxed material upon request.
	One for Fifty	Often represented as 1/50. Facility complimentary room policy: one complimentary room night for every fifty room nights picked up and paid for. While 1/50 was once the standard, the complimentary policies vary per hotel and/or event.
	One Shot	Exhibit or display fabricated for one use only.
	One Ten/Sixty	Common term describing normally available current in North American Continent. The full expression is 110 volt/60 cycle. Many European and South American areas have 220 volt/50 cycle power only.
	One-Sheet	A one-sheet piece of printed advertising. These are often produced and distributed to help promote a speaker’s product or services.
	One-Stop-Shop	A single source provider of goods or services.
	Online	1) Connected to a computer network, such as the Internet. 2) Accessible via a computer or computer network.
	On-Line Connection	1) Change of planes on same airline. 2) Internet Service Provider or browser.
	Online Registration	Registration made via the Web.
	On-Site	A term that describes any function or activity that occurs at the primary event facility. An example of its use is “On-Site Food & Beverage,” which is food and beverage ordered through a headquarters hotel’s catering department. See OFF PREMISE CATERING. Compare With OFF-SITE.
	See Also Off Premise Catering Off-Site
	On-Site Management	Details that the event manager must supervise at the site of the event.
	On-Site Office	Organizations' temporary headquarters office that is set up on-site to handle business during the event.
	On-Site Order	See FLOOR ORDER.
	See Also Floor Order
	On-Site Registration	Process of signing up for an event on the day of, or at the site of, the event.
	Opaque Projector	Equipment designed to project the image of an opaque object, such as a sheet of paper.
	Open	Rooms are available for sale or occupancy.
	Open Bar	Private room bar set up where guests do not pay for drinks. See HOST BAR. See Also SPONSORED BAR.
	See Also Host Bar Sponsored Bar
	Open End	1) Unlimited number of winners. See INCENTIVE TRAVEL. 2) Roundtrip airline ticket with no return date. 3) No final amount or date established.
	See Also Incentive Travel
	Open Insurance Policy	A marine insurance policy that applies to all shipments made by an exporter over a period of time rather than to one shipment only.
	Open Jaw	An itinerary with flights into one city and departure from another, e.g., travel from Dallas to Reno, return from Denver to Dallas.
	Open Seating	1) Guests can sit anywhere. 2) Extra banquet tables are placed, but not fully set; these can be prepared quickly if there are more guests than expected.
	Open Shop	Company in which union membership is not a condition of employment. Usually, a company which has no union at all.
	Open Space Session	Breakout facilitation where topics for conversation emerge from the group. People who want to lead a conversation post discussion topics during a morning news gathering. Then, participants split up and go to the topic area they want to discuss. Everyone is asked to go to the topic that they have the most passion and interest around. The underlying assumption is that whoever shows up to the topic are the right people to be there. No assignments are made. Each group is asked to take notes so that they can share back or publish their ideas. Some people may decide to be "butterflies" moving from group to group over the course of the conversation time. If no one shows up it means that there is no interest in that topic. People can make more of a difference and have a greater impact on things that they are passionate about.
	Open Ticket	Ticket, valid for transportation between certain points, indicating no specific reservation.
	Open Union	Union which maintains no prohibitive restrictions for membership. It may be a union which agrees to accept any qualified employee of the employer as a member of the union.
	Open-Ended	Type of question format in which respondents are asked to communicate a response in their own words.
	Opening Address	Formal speech given at the commencement of a meeting to welcome participants; usually given by an eminent person. See KEYNOTE.
	See Also Keynote
	Opening Ceremony	The formal general session at the beginning of a congress or convention.
	Opening Hours	Hours during which an exhibition is open to the public or trade visitors.
	Opening Session	Meeting or meetings of a predetermined period of time, which begin a congress or convention and in which the principal items on the agenda are usually introduced. Usually a general or plenary session.
	Operations	Performing the practical work of operating a program. Usually involves the in-house control and handling of all phases of the services, both with suppliers and with clients.
	Operations Manager	Individual in charge of performing the practical and detailed work of program. See OPERATIONS.
	See Also Operations
	Operator	A loose term that may mean Destination Management Company (DMC).
	See Also DMC
	Optical Sound	Sound that is recorded by photographic means on film.
	Opt-In	An email marketing campaign that only sends messages to users who have requested (or opted-in) to receive specific types of information. Email conference reminders and newsletters are examples of opt-in email marketing campaigns based upon permission marketing. See PERMISSION MARKETING.
	See Also Permission Marketing
	Option	1) Space which is reserved but not yet contracted for. The right of first refusal to confirm a tentative space reservation if there is demand from another group. See TENTATIVE HOLD. 2) Options - Activities other than those included in the formal agenda which are optional and often require the payment of an additional participation fee done at the guest's discretion.
	See Also Tentative Hold
	Option Date	A prearranged date by which a hotel or facility will no longer hold tentative arrangements for a group.
	Optional Tour	A TOUR or side trip offered at a designated date, time and price.
	See Also Tour
	OR	Owner’s Risk.
	Oral Presentation	Contribution made verbally.
	Oration	A formal and dignified public discourse.
	Orator	Someone who speaks eloquently in public.
	Order of Preference	A system which ranks dignitaries according to international protocol for purposes of seating, honors or ceremonies.
	Organizer	The entity that produces the event.
	Organizing Committee	A group of local people who carry out the strategies and policies established for the organization of an event held in their geographic area. See LOCAL HOST. See Also EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
	See Also Local Host Executive Committee
	Organizing Secretariat	Staff providing secretarial services to the organizer.
	Original Language	Initial language in which a document is drafted or a speech is delivered.
	OS&D	Over, Short and Damage.
	Oscillation	Moving back and forth in the same path. May also refer to electric voltages that move back and forth through a zero voltage reference.
	Oscillator	Device that oscillates. Sound is the oscillation of air caused by a mechanical oscillation such as that from a moving piano string or drum head. An electronic oscillator is a device containing circuits designed to produce electrical oscillations that are maintained, usually at a constant amplitude, and may have other specific characteristics that suit them for use as circuit test signals.
	Oscilloscope	Electronic test instrument which produces a visible image of electrical signals such as oscillations or waveforms on a viewing screen.
	OSHA	Occupational Safety and Health Act.
	OT	1) Overtime. 2) On Truck or Railway.
	OT Labor	Work performed on overtime, billed at either time-and-one-half or twice the published labor rates.
	OTR	Over the Road. Freight that moves on the road, typically shipped directly to the convention center.
	Out of Order	OOO. Room under renovation or requiring maintenance.
	Out Take	Taped or filmed scenes not used in the final production.
	Outbound Operator	A company that takes groups from a given city or country to another city or country.
	Outbound Tour	Any tour that takes groups outside a given city or country to another city or country. Compare With INBOUND TOUR.
	See Also Inbound Tour
	Outlets	1) Electrical outlets. 2) Restaurants, lounges or retail stores within a facility.
	Out-Plant	Company’s travel reservations occur at company’s travel department staffed by company; ticketing occurs at travel agency.
	Outside Exhibit	Booth/stand located outdoors.
	Outside Line	Telephone line from in-house phone to the outside (off-property) phone, obtained through the in-house operator.
	Outside Vendor	Supplier who is not directly associated with the facility.
	Outsource	To subcontract a task or responsibility to a supplier to handle some aspect of an event.
	Outsourcing	Hiring an outside firm or individual to perform the task instead of using in-house staff; to subcontract a task or responsibility to a third party.
	Overage	Surplus, excess, or extra.
	Overbooked	1) A Hotel accepting sleeping room reservations for more hotel sleeping rooms than are available; guests overstay leaving less room inventory for new guests. 2) Oversold airline flights.
	Overbooking	The practice of confirming more seats or rooms than are actually available. Suppliers state they must overbook to compensate for the high rate of no-show passengers.
	Overflow	Attendees booked into other facilities after headquarters facilities are full.
	Overhead	1) The general continuing costs involved with running a business. 2) Sheet of clear acetate on which images are prepared for overhead projection.
	Overhead Projector	Equipment which projects an image on a screen by passing light through a transparent slide or other transparency.
	Overlay	1) Clear acetate film used to separate different components of art work. 2) Tissue sheet over artwork on which corrections or alterations are indicated. 3) A panel mounted to another surface. 4) A second, smaller tablecloth used for decorative purposes at banquets. See DOUBLE CLOTH.
	See Also Double Cloth
	Overnight Service	Relates to airfreight service. Overnight does not necessarily mean 24-hour delivery as carriers deal in business days. For example, unless a Saturday or Sunday delivery is specifically requested, tendering an overnight shipment to a carrier on a Friday provides for a Monday delivery. In addition, a shipment might not move until the following day, depending on the time of day it is picked up or loaded. For example, an overnight shipment picked up from a show site at 10:00 pm on Tuesday may not be delivered until Thursday.
	Overnight Stays	The total nights spent by an attendee at a housing facility during an event, and before and after the event.
	Override	A commission over and above the normal base commission percentage.
	Over-Set	Number of covers set over the guarantee. Paid for by the client only if actually consumed.
	Oversold	Number of confirmed reservations exceeds number of seats on the aircraft. See OVERBOOKED.
	See Also Overbooked
	Overstay	A guest who stays at a housing facility (hotel, motel, etc.) one or more days longer than his or her scheduled departure date. Also Called STAY OVER, UNDER DEPART. Compare With UNDERSTAY.
	See Also Under-Stay
	Overtime	Time worked by an employee outside of, or in addition to, regular working time or beyond the standard forty-hour workweek.
	PA System	Facility's in-house public-address system.
	Pacing	Fullness or emptiness, fastness or slowness of a tour itinerary. The scheduling of activities within an itinerary to make for a realistic operation and to give a certain balance of travel time sightseeing, social events and free time and rest.
	Package	1) A combination of benefits received by workers as a result of collective bargaining. A package may include wage increases and other benefits or monetary value, such as insurance, paid holidays, paid vacations, and sick leave. The parties agree to a specified amount of increase to be partly applied to rates of pay and partly to the financing of the related benefits. 2) A single-fee booth/stand package offered by event management which might include booth/stand space, one electrical outlet, one table, two chairs and one hour of labor. 3) Tour arrangements combined and sold at a single all-inclusive price.
	Package Plan	A preassembled assortment of services offered to the exhibitor at a fixed price. In catering, refers to purchasing liquor and/or food at a set price per person. For event management, it is providing furniture and/or services to exhibitors for a single fee.
	Package Tour	A travel offering which provides, at an inclusive price, several travel components that a traveler would otherwise purchase separately.
	Packager	1) An individual or organization that coordinates and promotes the development of a package tour and establishes operating procedures and guidelines for that tour. 2) Company that organizes speakers’ demo tapes, press kits, etc. for a fee.
	Packet	The unit of data sent across a packet-switching network. It contains a destination address.
	Packet Switching	The method used to move data around on the Internet. In packet switching, all the data coming out of a machine is broken up into chunks. Each chunk has both an origination and destination address.
	Packing Case	See SHIPPING CASE. See Also CRATE.
	See Also Shipping Case Crate
	Packing List	A list showing the number and kinds of items being shipped, as well as other information needed for transportation purposes.
	Pad	1) To apply attenuation to a signal (e.g. line level to mic level pad.) A very commonly overlooked problem in audio when interfacing VCRs etc. to mic level inputs in ballrooms, event rooms, etc. A pad can be applied most often by using a 'filter direct box'. 2) A tablet of paper placed on the table for classroom or conference seating.
	Pad Thai	Thai noodle dish.
	Pad Wrap	See BLANKET WRAP.
	See Also Blanket Wrap
	Padded Van Shipment	Shipment, by moving van, of crated or uncrated goods such as large pieces of furniture or display material.
	Padding	1) Usually blanket protection for uncrated material. 2) Slipping extra (unwarranted) charges onto an invoice.
	Padlock	Removable lock with a shackle that can be passed through a staple, ring, or link and then closed securely.
	Pads	Commonly referred to as moving blankets, these have cotton fill and quilted design to keep filler in place and protect shipments.
	Paella	Spanish rice dish.
	Pager	Portable, wireless unit that can receive a signal and brief voice or text message.
	Paid Out	In-house facility form authorizing cash withdrawal to be charged to master account or individual guest.
	Paid-in-Advance Registration	Full payment for anticipated room and tax charges at registration; credit for incidentals is not extended. See CASH REGISTRATION.
	See Also Cash Registration
	Pain	Bread.
	Pain Grillé	Toasted bread.
	Pallet	Wooden platform used to carry goods. See SKID.
	See Also Skid
	Pallet Wrap	Process of wrapping loose items on pallet with transparent plastic wrapping.
	Pan	Panorama. Sideways movement of a camera to film a wide scene.
	Pan Pot	Two-circuit volume control used to place the auditory image of a sound from a mixer channel between the left and right speakers.
	Panaché	Mixed vegetables (usually two vegetables).
	Pane	Prepared with bread crumbs.
	Panel Discussion	Instructional technique using a group of people chosen to discuss a topic in the presence of an audience.
	Panel Dolly	L-shaped dolly with wheels on both the vertical and horizontal sides. Used for moving display panels.
	Panel System	A prefabricated exhibit composed of connected panels of various sizes and shapes.
	Paper Ticket	A physical ticket that is issued and presented to the airline representative in exchange for a boarding pass.
	PAR	1) Common term for sealed beam spot or flood lamp with self-contained lens surfaced glass. 2) In golf, one less than bogey.
	Par Lamp	A lamp shaped like an automobile headlight that consists of a tungsten source housed in an enclosed lens, which produces a rectangular beam.
	Parabolic Screen	Type of front projection screen surface which is rigid and allows only narrow angle viewing.
	Parallax	Illusion of opacity resulting from the juxtaposition of translucent or polarized surfaces. Also achieved when rows of panels or fins are spaced in such a way as to be seen through when viewed directly, but that appear to be opaque when viewed from an angle.
	Parallel Session	Session which has some correspondence, similarity, or analogy of subject and aim is simultaneous with another session.
	Parcan	A 150 watt to 1000 watt lighting instrument that acts like a floodlight providing an even light over a specific area; frequently seen in polished aluminum version, hanging in large groups from a ground support or flying truss system.
	Parking Attendant	A person who is employed to assist people in parking their motor vehicles in a designated area.
	Parlor	Room, usually equipped with couches that make into beds, connected to a suite bedroom.
	Parlor Suite	Hotel living room, usually with a hide-a-bed sofa, connected to an adjoining sleeping room.
	Parmentier	Served with potatoes.
	Participant	A person who takes part in an event. Compare With ATTENDEE.
	See Also Attendee
	Participatory Learning	Occurs when the participants share knowledge, experience and work together to learn.
	Particle Board	A structural panel of compressed glued wood chips.
	Partition	See DIVIDER. See Also MOVABLE WALL, SCREEN.
	See Also Divider Movable Wall Screen
	Party Planner	Similar to corporate-event producer or DMC. Works with noncorporate clients to design and implement private parties.
	Pascal	The unit of pressure or stress in the International System of Units (SI). In the United States, PSI (Pounds per Square Inch) is used instead. See PSI.
	See Also PSI
	Pass	Identification card to enable exhibitors to gain access to an exhibition.
	Passive Crossover	Electrical device composed of coils of wire (inductors) and electrical capacitors, that separates audio frequency bands by filtering action and routes them to different places (such as a woofer and tweeter). The frequency of the crossover’s action is determined by the value of the electronic components inside, and by the loudspeaker driver’s impedance in ohms, which implies that replacing a 16-ohm driver in a particular system with an 8-ohm driver will change the crossover frequency. In such a case, the frequency will rise an octave and the shape of the crossover frequency response slopes will be distorted. Also Called HIGH-LEVEL CROSSOVER.
	Passive Language	Language into which interpretation is provided.
	Passport	Government document permitting an individual to leave and re-enter his/her country of legal residence.
	Passport	A government issued document that allows the citizen of one country to travel into other countries. Required for all international travel.
	Pasta	Italian for paste, includes spaghetti, rigatoni, mostaccioli, elbows, bowties, fettucini and many other varieties of dried paste.
	Paste-Up	Arrangement of type and illustrations on an art board.
	Pastry Cart	Selection of desserts on a rolling serving cart.
	Patch	1) To temporarily join wires or slides by overlapping. 2) Plug-in connection between two lines.
	Patch Bay	See PATCH PANEL.
	See Also Patch Panel
	Patch Panel	Plug and jack assembly permitting studio outlets to be temporarily connected to dimmer outlet circuits; also found in studio sound systems. Also Called PATCH BAY.
	Pâté	A combination of finely ground meats and spices forming a loaf. Some pates are spreadable, some are sliced. Classical meats used include goose liver, duck liver, chicken liver, and veal. Usually served as an appetizer.
	Pâté de Foie Gras	(paw tay de foy graw) Paste made from goose liver.
	Patron	1) Guest or Customer. 2) Person who heads a list of supporters.
	Patronage	Referring to an established customer base.
	Pattern of Event Dates	The dates during which an event can be conducted. May be designated by specific dates, months, or seasons (Spring, Fall, etc.). An example description is “September 1 - October 30 (excluding Labor Day, Jewish Holidays). This annual meeting must begin on Thursday and end on Saturday.”
	Pavilion	1) A designated area within the event highlighting a special product category for marketing and exposure. 2) A group presentation of different companies for the purpose of generating collected impact.
	PAX	Industry abbreviation for passengers.
	Pay Own	Each guest pays own guest charges. See EPO.
	See Also EPO
	Payment Authorization	Signed authority to proceed with the payment of an invoice.
	Payment Order	Written authorization for payment to be made.
	Pay-Per-View	1) Some Web-based content such as event Webcasts are made available to online customers on a pay-per-view basis, which means that customers have to pay to access this programming. 2) Video productions accessible to customers who pay for access to this programming.
	PBX Operator	Switchboard operator.
	PCMA	Professional Convention Management Association. A member of the Convention Industry Council.
	PCO	Professional Congress Organizer. European term for DMC (Destination Management Company). Local supplier who can arrange, manage and/or plan any function or service an event.
	PD	See PER DIEM.
	See Also Per Diem
	Peach Melba	A classic dessert of ice cream served on a peach half and topped with raspberry syrup and whipped cream.
	Peak Night	Referring to the night during an event when most rooms are occupied by those in attendance.
	Peak Season	See HIGH SEASON.
	See Also High Season
	Peaks	Chart or list of AV equipment usage shown as daily totals throughout the duration of an event.
	Pêche	Peach.
	Pedestal	A floor support for an exhibit component.
	Pegboard Panel	Framed panel of perforated hardboard.
	Pegged Off	An object mounted away from supporting surface with spacers.
	Peking Duck	Chinese recipe.
	Penalty	The fee imposed by an airline to change or cancel flights once the ticket (usually a discounted advance purchase) has been issued.
	Pending Registration	Incomplete registration where the fees, full payment or forms have not been received. Also Called PROVISIONAL REGISTRATION.
	See Also Provisional Registration
	Peninsula	Two or more exhibit spaces back to back with an aisle on three sides. Also Called END CAP.
	Peninsula Booth/Stand	An exhibit with aisles on three sides.
	Penthouse Suite	Guest rooms and connecting parlors located on the top floors of a facility.
	People Magnets	Promotional ideas and devices that have a compelling ability to draw audiences.
	PER	Post Event Report. A report of the details and activities of an event. A collection of post event reports over time will provide the complete history for an event. See POST EVENT REPORT.
	See Also Post Event Report
	Per Diem	Per day. Some event attendees, such as government employees, have a limited amount of money they can spend per day on food and other expenses. Daily allowance for items like food, lodging, etc.
	Per Person	1) Daily allowance for things like food, lodging, etc. 2) Goods or services priced and/or purchased according to the number of guests expected to attend the event.
	Per Room Rate	A flat rate charged for a room regardless of the number of occupants.
	Percent of the Gross	Type of payment involving a fixed percent of the gross income for that service. This type of agreement is often used by facilities as the rental.
	Percent of the Net	Type of payment involving a fixed percent of the net income after costs of providing that service. This type of payment is often used in services provided by exclusive contractors within a facility.
	Percentage	A payment of a percentage of total billings as a condition of getting a contract for work; commission.
	Percentage of Change Formula	Formula used to establish the variability in cost for future facility services.
	Perfect Binding	Binding process by which pages are glued together.
	Performing Rights Societies	Societies whose purpose is to provide collective licensing for copyrighted music. Examples include BMI and SESAC.
	Perimeter Booth/Stand	Exhibit space located on an outside wall. See BACKWALL BOOTH/STAND.
	See Also Backwall Booth/Stand
	Perimeter Seating	Seating arrangement in which chairs are placed around the walls of a room. The chairs are often meant for spectators to observe an activity or event in the center of the room.
	Peripheral	Piece of computer equipment intended to increase the function of the system (printer, CD-ROM, etc); audiovisual aids used in an event room.
	Peripheral Block	A group of rooms that is reserved by a party outside of the ECB but is present in the city as a result of the Main Event (for example, some exhibitors, some international tour groups). A Peripheral Block’s consumed room nights should be credited to the Main Event’s total room nights for historical tracking purposes. A Peripheral Block may be used to help offset attrition charges against the ECB A Peripheral Block usually negotiates its own terms (for example, 1/50, staff rate, etc.). How do you identify Peripheral Blocks? Event organizers should require each contracted housing facility to report (to the event organizer) what groups are in-house at the same time as the Main Event. Each housing facility should include tour and travel, and wholesalers’ reservations which were booked individually over the dates of the Main Event. See also EVENT-CONTRACTED BLOCK.
	See Also Event-Contracted Block
	Perk	Payment, benefit, or privilege received in addition to regular income or salary. See PERQUISITE.
	See Also Perquisite
	Permanent Exhibit	A product display held on a long-term basis, i.e., museum exhibit, office exhibit, mart, showroom, etc.
	Permanent Import	In case of sales, with payment of duties and value added tax (VAT), or in case of free distribution, disposable or consumables usually exempted from payment of duties and VAT depending on each country. Quantity and value exempted at discretion of customs authorities.
	Permanent Office	Appointment on a permanent basis to a specific responsibility within an organization; work space existing for a long time.
	Permission Marketing	An email marketing campaign that only sends messages to users who have requested (or opted-in) to receive specific types of information. Email conference reminders and newsletters are examples of opt-in email marketing campaigns based upon permission marketing. See OPT-IN.
	See Also Opt-In
	Permit Card	Card granting temporary employment rights to a non-union member, issued by a union having a closed contract with an employer.
	Perquisite	Perk. Payment, benefit, or privilege received in addition to regular income or salary.
	Personal Manager	Manager of individual artist or group of artists.
	PERT	Program Evaluation and Review Techniques.
	PERT Chart	Organizational flow chart defining responsibilities, due dates and other information.
	Petite Marmite	French soup with small pieces of beef and vegetables, served in small covered pots with toast float.
	Phantom Power	Method of providing power to a microphone through the microphone cord that may otherwise need a battery in a power supply case.
	Phased Budget	Estimated total of revenue and expenditure; divided into subject categories projecting cash needed to meet expenses over a specific time frame. See CASH FLOW CHART. See Also BUDGET.
	See Also Cash Flow Chart Budget
	Phosphorescent Paint	A paint that radiates visibly when activated by ultraviolet light.
	Photo Screen	A stencil made photographically for silk screen reproduction.
	Photostat	A reproductive process employing paper negatives.
	Phyllo	Flaky pastry dough.
	Physical Factors	The architectural design, furnishing, temperature, and other such factors that impact the learning environment.
	Physical Hazard	Specific tangible conditions that increase the likelihood that a loss will be greater in severity.
	Physiological Factors	Factors related to age, memory span, etc, that impact how an adult learns.
	Phytosanitary Inspection Certificate	A certificate, issued by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, to satisfy import regulations of other countries, indicating that a U.S. shipment has been inspected and is free from harmful plant diseases.
	Piano Hinge	Continuous fixed pin hinge.
	Piano Types	Pianos vary in size and quality: concert grand, baby grand, spinet, and upright.
	Pica	Unit to measure type line length. Approximately 1/6 inch (.43 centimeter).
	Picket	An organized method of protest usually involving signs, handling out literature, shouting and other disruptive activities.
	Pick-Up	Number of facility guest rooms actually used out of a room block.
	Pièce de Resistance	Main course of a meal. Called the entree in U.S.
	Pied Piper	An individual with a following. Used in the travel industry to refer to a person who may recruit a group. See GROUP LEADER.
	Pier Demurrage	A charge assessed when the container is removed from the carrier’s control and is not returned within the allowable free time. See CONTAINER DETENTION.
	See Also Container Detention
	Pierogi	A thin layer of dough, wrapped around a filling, such as cabbage, potato, cheese, prune, etc.
	Piggy-Back	Describes the act of loading freight on trailers, then shipping the trailers on specially designed rail cars.
	Pilaster	A rectangular column that usually projects about a third of its width from the wall to which it is attached.
	Pillow Gift	An in-room amenity left in the evening while an event is underway, that the attendee will discover upon returning to the room. Can be gifts from sponsors, etc.
	Pink Noise	Filtered white noise that exhibits a constant power in any band of frequencies of the same span percentage. Pink noise is used extensively as an audio measurement signal source because of its uniform power-per-bandwidth characteristic, and it has been suggested that music source material, averaged over a log time period, is roughly equivalent to pink noise in spectral energy distribution. See NOISE.
	See Also Noise
	Pipe & Drape	Light-weight aluminum tubing and drapery used to separate exhibit booths/stands, staging areas, and other similar locations.
	Piquant	(peek aunt) Spicy; highly seasoned.
	Pit	Sunken area in front of the stage used to accommodate the orchestra.
	Pita	Envelope or pocket bread.
	Pitch	1) Distance between rows of seats on an aircraft. 2) The determining factor of the key of a melody. 3). The adjustable, vertical angle of a given piece of presentation equipment (e.g. a screen, camera or projector).
	Pixie Tubes	Special high intensity lamps with internal circuits and filaments in shape of numerals.
	Place Card	Card placed on the banquet table, inscribed with the name of the person designated to sit at that place.
	Place of Birth	Denotes place of birth (not necessarily nationality).
	Place Setting	Another name for cover (a combination of flatware, glassware, china and napery).
	Plan	A top view mechanical drawing.
	Planagement	Term coined to represent good management through proper planning.
	Planner	Person whose job it is to oversee and arrange every aspect of an event. Person can be an employee or hired ad hoc by large companies, professional associations, or trade associations to plan, organize, implement, and control meetings, conventions, and other events.
	Planning Matrix	A grid used to plan meeting formats and finalize subject areas, topics and assignments.
	Planting	The use of trees and plants to enhance the appearance of an exhibit or a stage.
	Plastic Laminate	Any one of several of the melamine plastics bonded to paneling for durability and appearance.
	Plateau	Level, stage, or tier of an incentive travel program at which sales goal has been reached, and participant can then advance to a higher tier by additional qualifying or buy-in.
	Plated Buffet	Selection of preplated foods and entrees set on a buffet table. Can also be set on a roll-in cart.
	Plated Service	Foods arranged on individual plates in the kitchen and then served to guests seated at a table. See AMERICAN SERVICE.
	See Also American Service
	Platform	Raised horizontal surface, stage, or flooring.
	Play On/Off	Music which accompanies a performer’s or speaker’s entrance/exit onto or from the stage.
	Player-Recorder	Machine which can be used both for recording tapes and for playing back prerecorded tapes.
	Plenary Session	General assembly for all participants.
	Plexiglas	A trade name for acrylic plastic material in common use.
	Plug	An advertisement, not in the form of a formal ad, but usually a mention—either written or in a publication or given verbally from the platform to help promote a product, service, or individual.
	Plug Strip	This is a power strip that can be plugged into a 120-volt power supply and allows up to six items to be plugged in. It has its own surge protector built inside and they are used in lieu of cube taps and cobra head extension cords.
	Plug-In	Extends the capabilities of a Web browser, allowing the browser to run multimedia files. A (usually small) piece of software that adds features to a larger piece of software.
	Plumber	Trade person responsible for all plumbing installation.
	Plus Plus	Addition of taxes and service charges to a price when not included, designated by + +.
	Plywood	Laminated wood of an odd number of sheets glued together. Often used in exhibit construction.
	PNR	Passenger Name Record. A record a travel counselor creates in a CRS / GDS when making a reservation for a traveler. It contains information about a traveler's itinerary that includes the identifying code letters and numbers assigned to the reservation. The PNR forms the basic unit of information from which travel management reports are compiled. See also SABRE.
	See Also Sabre
	Pocket Program	At-a-glance program. A shortened version of the event program giving basic information in a way which is easy to refer to and convenient to carry. See AT-A-GLANCE PROGRAM.
	See Also At-a-Glance Program
	Podium	Raised platform where a speaker stands when delivering his or her remarks. Often confused with LECTERN. See Also DAIS, RISER.
	See Also Lectern Dais Riser
	Point	1) Measurement of type size. Twelve points equal one pica—approximately 1/6 inch (.43 centimeter). 2) A city, town, village, or other community or area which is treated as a unit for the application of freight rates.
	Point Source	Sound originating from a single source, or as if from a single source, and filling an entire space. This type of sound system is most often seen in a concert configuration, where the stage and sound system is at one end of the room and no additional sources of sound are used.
	Point-of-Purchase	Display to show product, where sales can be made.
	Point-to-Multipoint Videoconference	A videoconference of more than two sites.
	Poire	Pear.
	Pois	(pwas) Peas.
	Poisson	(pwa son) Fish.
	Polar Pattern	Performance of a speaker or sensitivity of a microphone as if seen on a circular graph with the device being in the center and the pattern representing the distance from the device at which equal performance can be obtained around a circle.
	Polar Response	See POLAR PATTERN.
	See Also Polar Pattern
	Poly	See VISQUEEN.
	See Also Visqueen
	Pomme	Apple.
	Pomme de Terre	Potato (literally, apple of the earth).
	Pommes au Four	Potatoes baked in their skins.
	Pommes Nouvelle	New potatoes.
	Pommes Purées	Mashed potatoes.
	Pop-Up	Lightweight display normally shipped in molded plastic crates. See PORTABLE EXHIBIT.
	See Also Portable Exhibit
	Port of Entry	Destination providing customs and immigration services.
	Portable Exhibit	Lightweight crated display units which do not require forklifts to move them.
	Portable Exhibit	An exhibit that "pops-up" or a self-contained exhibit that is lightweight and easily set up.
	Portal	1) Entry, doorway. 2) A Web site or service that offers a broad array of resources and services, such as email, forums, search engines, and online shopping malls to attract and retain a large audience.
	Porters	1) Staff which carry luggage for guests using trains, planes, and hotels. 2) Staff which perform cleaning duties.
	Portrait	1) Document or sign with greater height than width. Opposite of Landscape. 2) Likeness of a person in a painting or photograph.
	Positive	1) Favorable condition/outcome. 2) Exact image of copy as distinguished from reverse image or negative.
	Post	Metal upright used to support drapes.
	Post As	Instructions to a facility indicated the exact way a specific function should be listed on the facility’s reader board.
	Post Conference	Any event which is arranged for the period immediately following the conference proper.
	Post Convention Report	See POST EVENT REPORT.
	See Also Post Event Report
	Post Event Report	PER. The industry preferred term for a report of the details and activities of an event. A collection of post event reports over time will provide the complete History for an event. The industry accepted practice is to use the APEX POST EVENT REPORT, which can be found at the Convention Industry Council (www.conventionindustry.org).
	Post-Con Meeting	A meeting at the primary facility at which an event occurred just after it has ended. Attendees generally include the primary event organizer, representatives of the event organizer/host organization, department heads at the facility, other facility staff as appropriate, and contractors. The agenda focuses on evaluating the implementation of the event and completing the APEX POST EVENT REPORT. It often includes a final review of bills with accounts payable. Compare With PRE-CON MEETING.
	See Also Pre-Con Meeting
	Post-Conference Registration	Registration for an activity or function which follows an event.
	Post-Conference Reservation	Guest room space following a conference.
	Post-Consumer Material	An end product that has completed its life cycle as a consumer item and would otherwise have been disposed of as a solid waste. Post-consumer materials include recyclables collected in commercial and residential recycling programs, such as office paper, cardboard, aluminum cans, plastics and metals.
	Poster	Visual presentation of a specified size, presented on a flat sheet of paper or card, with details of a specific topic.
	Poster Board	Soft board panel, used for displaying copy and/or graphics.
	Poster Exhibition	Area with display of posters.
	Poster Presentations	Informal sessions near poster exhibition to present and discuss contents of posters.
	Poster Session	1) Display of reports and papers, usually scientific, accompanied by authors or researchers. 2) A session dedicated to the discussion of the posters shown inside the meeting area. When this discussion is not held in a special session, it can take place directly between the person presenting the poster and interested delegate(s). See ABSTRACT BOARD.
	See Also Abstract Board
	Postgraduate Refresher Course	Continuing education courses often provided for professional accreditation purposes, and designed to enhance professional knowledge, or reinforce information originally taught as part of a degree program.
	Potable	1) (Adjective) A word used to describe a liquid suitable for drinking, e.g. potable water. 2) (Noun) Any beverage, particularly those containing alcohol.
	Potage	Soup.
	POV	Privately Owned Vehicle. A vehicle, such as a passenger car, van or small company vehicle, as distinguished from tracks, tractor-trailers and other over the road vehicles.
	POV Line	Special loading dock reserved for POVs where material is unloaded at prevailing drayage rates.
	Power Bandwidth	Frequency range over which a power amplifier can produce at least half power (-3dB). This important specification is the actual indication of an amplifier’s true power output capability, since many amplifiers are capable of much higher power outputs if frequency extremes such as those produced by music are ignored.
	Power of Attorney	An instrument in writing whereby one person, as principal, appoints another as his agent and confers authority to perform certain specified acts or kinds of acts on behalf of the principal.
	Power Response	Measure of a loudspeaker’s output with reference to its electrical input. Power response includes the total sound energy radiated into the acoustic space around the loudspeaker rather than just on-axis. Flat power response would indicate that a loudspeaker is radiating equal energy into all angles at all frequencies.
	Power Strip	A cord connected unit having multiple electrical outlets, and over current protection.
	Practical Demonstration	A special sitting for the demonstration of specific methods.
	Pre- & Post Trip Tours	Optional extension or side trip package before or after a meeting, gathering, or event.
	Pre- or Post-Event Tour	Organized outing taking place before (Pre-) or after (Post-) an event for both attendees and accompanying persons. See TOUR.
	See Also Tour
	Pre-Assigned Seating	Predetermined seat assignments.
	Pre-Block	Assigning a specific guest room prior to the arrival of the guest.
	Pre-Con Meeting	A meeting at the primary facility at which an event will take place just prior to the event beginning. Attendees generally include the primary event organizer, representatives of the event organizer/host organization, department heads at the facility, other facility staff as appropriate, and contractors. The agenda focuses on reviewing the purpose and details of the event and making final adjustments as needed. Compare With POST-CON MEETING.
	See Also Post-Con Meeting
	Prefab	Pre-built exhibit ready for installation.
	Preferred Carrier	Carriers that have alliances with exposition service firms and general service contractors. They receive preferential treatment, and some discounts may be obtained by using these carriers.
	Preferred Supplier	Travel companies with which a corporation signs agreements to provide travelers with discounted rates.
	Pre-Finished Paneling	Factory finished panels.
	Pre-Formed Group	A tour group in existence prior to the tour, the members of which share a common bond, interest or organization affiliation. See AFFINITY GROUP. Examples of pre-formed groups include civic clubs, senior citizen groups and alumni associations.
	See Also Affinity Group
	Pre-Function Space	Area adjacent to the main event location. Often used for receptions prior to a meal or coffee breaks during an event. See FOYER.
	See Also Foyer
	Preliminary Draft	First draft. The first version of a paper or document which is subject to further amendment.
	Preliminary Program	The first public draft of an event’s schedule including information on program structure and key speakers, giving details of ancillary activities and usually containing the event registration form.
	See Also Provisional Program
	Preliminary Announcement	See FIRST ANNOUNCEMENT.
	See Also First Announcement
	Premium Beer	Higher quality, higher priced beer. Has a higher alcoholic content than light beer and regular beer.
	Premium Brand	Higher quality, higher priced spirits (hard liquor).
	Premium Pay	Extra pay over the regular wage rate for work performed outside or beyond the regular working hours, for work on Saturday, Sunday or holidays, for night shift work, for hazardous, dirty or unpleasant work, and for production in excess of established standards.
	Pre-Opening	Period of time before a property’s soft opening.
	Prep Area	Space used for food production not visible to guests.
	Prepaid Passenger	A passenger who has transportation paid for by someone else, usually in another city.
	Prepaid Ticket Advice	PTA. Airline form stating that payment has been made.
	Preparation of Paper	Instructions regarding the required format to be used for the presentation of a speech, AV requirements, travel, accommodations, etc. See AUTHOR’S GUIDELINES/KIT.
	Preparatory Session	Meeting of a specific group before the official assembly in order to finalize preparations. See REHEARSAL.
	See Also Rehearsal
	Preplated Items	Food placed on plates in the kitchen prior to being served.
	Pre-Pleated	Material permanently pleated, ready for installation.
	Pre-Populate	To automatically supply a data field on a form with information
	Preprint	Printed volume of meeting papers available prior to or at an event.
	Pre-Registered	Reservation which has been made in advance with the necessary paperwork.
	Pre-Registration	1) Registering in advance to attend an event. See ADVANCE REGISTRATION. 2) At a facility, pre-assigned sleeping rooms available for occupancy.
	See Also Advance Registration
	Pre-Registration List	Computer generated list of names pre-registered with a group.
	Pre-Reserved Seats	Pre-reserved seats are usually held until 30 minutes prior to departure. Because there are a number of revenue passengers that may want to stand by for flights, seats are held for passengers with boarding passes until 10 minutes before departure. Ten minutes before departure, it becomes necessary to begin processing standby passengers. This requires releasing previously held seats of those passengers who have not checked in.
	Pre-Sales	Items such as books, tapes, videos, etc. sold to client in advance of event versus items sold in back of room after event.
	Presenter	Person explaining a given topic in an informational session.
	Presenter/Discussant Format	A panel of three or four experts in certain subject areas are identified, with each giving a brief presentation. After each lecture the other panelists become discussants of the material just offered. At the conclusion of the presentations, the audience is given an opportunity to ask questions of the entire panel.
	Pre-Set Service	Placing plated foods on banquet tables prior to seating guests.
	President	Chief Executive Officer of an organization. If there is a Chairman of the Board, the President is usually then Chief Operating Officer.
	President of Honor	Senior member of the Committee of Honor.
	Press Attaché	Title given to the person handling all press and media activities excluding advertising. Also Called PRESS OFFICER.
	Press Bridge	See BRIDGE.
	See Also Bridge
	Press Clipping/Cutting	Article cut from a newspaper or magazine.
	Press Conference	Event held to communicate information to media representatives.
	Press Kit	A collection of publicity items that includes: 1) pertinent data on the meeting, such as agenda, historical data, guest speakers, special events, etc. The property, such as photos, descriptions of public space areas, local entertainment, etc. 2) information relative to a sponsor’s products or services.
	Press Office	Agency that collects and distributes information to the news media.
	Press Officer	See PRESS ATTACHÉ.
	See Also Press Attaché
	Press Release	A prepared statement released to the news media. Can be “For immediate release,” or at a specified time or date; an article intended for use by the media about a company, product, service, individual, or show. Also Called NEWS RELEASE.
	Press Room	A room where members of the media may obtain exhibitor press kits, conduct interviews, or relax. Larger press rooms contain typewriters, computers, phones, and fax machines for use by the press in filing their stories.
	Pricing	Decision making process of ascertaining what price to charge for a given tour once total costs are known. Involves determining the mark-up, studying the completion and evaluating the tour value for the price to be charged. Usually a management function.
	Primary Market	Foreign countries where the U.S. Travel & Tourism Administration (USTTA) maintains an office.
	Prime Rib	Prime Rib is often used for what is really a rib roast. The term "prime" refers to the highest USDA beef grade. It's the finest beef, with even marbling and a creamy layer of fat. Although Prime Rib is how rib roast is often labeled, it is often USDA Choice beef.
	Print	Copy of the final edited film.
	Priority Point System	System of assigning points to exhibiting companies to determine which firms will be allowed to select booth/stand space for the next event first. Also Called PRIORITY RATING SYSTEM.
	Priority Rating System	System of assigning points to exhibiting companies to determine which firms will be allowed to select booth/stand space for the next event first. Also Called PRIORITY POINT SYSTEM.
	Prismatic Glass	Material that is textured with a multitude of tiny facets that refract and diffuse light.
	Prismatic Plastic	Material that is textured with a multitude of tiny facets that refract and diffuse light.
	Privatization	Retaining a private company to handle a responsibility formerly handled by the city or state administration, e.g., operating a convention center.
	Pro Forma	Financial forms (invoices, profit and loss statements, balance sheets, etc.) based on future expectations; provided or made in advance to describe items or projections.
	Pro Forma Invoice	1) An invoice provided by a supplier prior to the shipment of merchandise, informing the buyer of the kinds and quantities of goods to be sent, their value, and important specifications (weight, size, etc.) 2) A packing list on which a shipper describes what is being shipped including the quantity, the value, the weight, and dimensions.
	Pro Number	Shipment number designated by the common carrier to a single shipment, used in all cases where the shipment must be referred to.
	Problem Orientation	Adult learner’s tendency to seek in order to solve a problem or fulfill a need.
	Proceedings	Published volume transcribing the full conference sessions, which may or may not include details of the discussion.
	Procession	Group of individuals moving in an orderly, often ceremonial manner.
	Producer	Person or company responsible for the production of something; usually used in reference to a theatrical producer, event producer or an exhibit producer. See ORGANIZER.
	See Also Organizer
	Product	Products are items, which compliment the speaker’s topic and are available for sale. A speaker’s books, audio cassette albums, video tapes, workbooks, posters, and other products may be sold by contract in large quantity to a client in advance for all attendees, or sold at the back of the room at an autograph table.
	Production Company	A company that presents special effects and theatrical acts. This type of company may contract to put on an entire event or only parts of one. They sometimes hire speakers as part of their contract.
	Productivity Tickets	Complimentary tickets awarded by the official airline after the event according to the number of attendees who used the airline.
	Professional	Relating to organizations whose membership hold common occupational credentials or interests.
	Professional Association	Group of persons who practice a particular professional activity.
	Professional Congress Organizer	PCO. A type of company, often in Europe that is comparable to a DESTINATION MANAGEMENT COMPANY (DMC) in the U.S. Local supplier who can arrange, manage and/or plan any function or service for an event. See GROUND OPERATOR.
	See Also Destination Management Company Ground Operator
	Professional Organizations	An industry organization that fosters education and networking opportunities for its members.
	Professional Speaker	A speaker who is paid a fee for performances and makes a living from presenting information to various organizations.
	Profile	Detailed information about a traveler and/or company kept on file by a travel management company.
	Profile of Attendees	Data concerning attendees, including their average age, spending habits, etc. A profile of event participants.
	Program	Schedule of events, giving details of times and places.
	Program Book	Printed schedule of events, location of function rooms, and other pertinent information.
	Program Design	Structure of event program elements to achieve specific goals and objectives.
	Program Development	Planning that takes place before an event regarding its specific content and fabric.
	Program Exclusivity	When a speaker limits the speakers bureau/agency to offering certain programs that the speaker presents.
	Prohibited Cargo	Goods restricted by international convention. Also refers to drugs, weapons and ammunitions.
	Projection Booth	Platform or area from which audiovisual presentations are controlled.
	Projection Distance	Measurement from the projector to the screen.
	Projection Rehearsal Room	See TRY OUT ROOM.
	See Also Try Out Room
	Projection Room	Area at back or above auditorium for projection.
	Projection Screen	Surface on which images are displayed.
	Projector	An apparatus for projecting a picture on a screen. Whether the device is an overhead projector, data (LCD) projector, slide projector, or a film projector, it is usually referred to as simply a projector.
	See Also LCD
	Promoter	Person or organization whose role is to market an event, maximizing media coverage and income.
	Promotion	1) Publicizing an event. See PUBLICITY. 2) An advancement in rank or position.
	See Also Publicity
	Promotional Fare	Fare below regular rates.
	Promotional Fares	Reduced fares for travel to particular cities. The number of seats sold at the reduced fare is limited and, therefore, early booking is critical. These tickets also carry many restrictions.
	Pro-Number	Shipment number designated by the common carrier to a single shipment, used in all cases where the shipment must be referred. Usually assigned at once.
	Proof	1) Final copy for approval before printing. See BLUELINE. 2) To correct before final printing. 3) Standard measure of alcoholic strength; e.g., 100 proof = 50 percent alcohol content.
	See Also Blueline
	Proof of Citizenship	A document, necessary for obtaining a passport, that establishes ones’ nationality to the satisfaction of a foreign government.
	Proofing	Checking preliminary printed materials for errors before the final printing.
	Property	1) Establishment such as a hotel, motel, inn, resort, conference center, or event facility. 2) Something (e.g. an interest, money, or land) that is owned or possessed.
	Proposal	1) Plan put forth for consideration or acceptance. 2) Communication sent by a supplier to a potential customer detailing the supplier’s offerings and prices.
	Props	Stage furniture, set dressing, and all articles used by actors or entertainers.
	Proscenium	Arch that separates a stage from the auditorium.
	Proscenium Arch	The visible opening that frames a stage (usually theatrical.)
	Prospect	A potential attendee, guest, buyer or exhibitor.
	Prospectus	The document (printed or online) that promotes the chief features and benefits of a product or service to prospects.
	Protection	Reservation on an alternate flight.
	Protocol	1) Customs and regulations dealing with diplomatic formality, precedence, and etiquette. 2) A formal description of message formats and the rules two computers must follow to exchange messages.
	Provision	Detailed section of a contract.
	Provisional Program	Generally a second mailing including information on program structure and key speakers, giving details of the ancillary conference activities and normally containing the conference registration forms. See PRELIMINARY PROGRAM.
	See Also Preliminary Program
	Provisional Registration	See PENDING REGISTRATION.
	See Also Pending Registration
	PSI	Pounds per Square Inch. A measurement of pressure. Pressure is force per unit area. The standard unit for pressure outside of the United States is the Pascal (which is one Newton per square meter), which is the unit of pressure or stress in the International System of Units (SI). See PASCAL.
	See Also Pascal
	PSM/PSS	Passenger Service Manager/ Supervisor.
	Psychological Learning Environment	Elements of the emotional atmosphere of an event room.
	Public Accommodation	A private entity that owns, rents or leases a public facility.
	Public Address System	Audio and/or visual system to convey messages to participants during an event. See PA SYSTEM.
	See Also PA System
	Public Relations	Presentation of an event via the media or other outlets, stressing the benefits and desirability of such event.
	Public Relations Officer	Title given to the person in charge of coordinating the promotional activities of an event.
	Public Seminar	A seminar that is open to the public. Tickets are sold to individuals.
	Public Show	Exhibition that is open to the public, usually requiring an entrance fee. See EXHIBITION. See Also GATE SHOW, CONSUMER SHOW. Compare With TRADE SHOW.
	See Also Exhibition Gate Show Consumer Show Trade Show
	Public Space	Space in a facility that is available for use by anyone willing to pay the rental fee.
	Public Speaker	Someone who speaks in public. Often, a public speaker is not paid for his or her appearances and delivers a political speech or a speech that promotes a particular cause, company, or organization.
	Publications	Printed items, such as books, magazines, newspapers and conference documentation.
	Publicity	A media campaign, normally consisting of a series of public notices and advertising activities, aimed at ensuring maximum attendance by focusing attention on an event. See PROMOTION.
	See Also Promotion
	Publicity Materials	Brochures or other items needed for promotional purposes.
	Purchasing Agent	An agent who purchases goods on behalf of a company or agency.
	Pylon	A tall exhibit structure normally used for identification.
	Pyrotechnics	Fireworks display.
	Q&A	Question-and-answer period after a speaker or presentation at a meeting.
	Quad Box	Four electrical outlets in one box, which should be grounded.
	Quad Room	Room with at least two beds occupied by four persons. The symbol used by APEX to denote it is:
	Quad/Quadruple	1) Four-channel audio tape recording system. 2) Room with two or more beds for four persons.
	Qualifying	The act of determining a person's authority or financial ability to purchase a product or service or perform a specific function.
	Qualitative Data	Descriptive information that is a record of what is observed, presented in narrative by the respondent. Also referred to as “soft data.”
	Quality Profits	Profits that can be sustained year to year over a prolonged period of time.
	Quantitative Data	Information that is represented numerically so you can assign ranks or scores, or determine averages and frequencies. Also Called HARD DATA.
	Quart	Unit of measure equal to l/4 gallon or 32 ounces. (Approx. liter size).
	Quarter-Round	Wedge shaped table with one rounded edge.
	Quartz Lamp	Type of high intensity projection lamp.
	Queen-Size Bed	Large bed usually measuring 60-by-80 inches (150-by-200 centimeters).
	Quesadilla	Filled tortilla.
	Questionnaire	Survey; a set of questions used to gather information.
	Quiche	Savory custard pie.
	Quick Set	Function room set-up that saves room turnover time, limits the number of event rooms required, and avoids additional charges for changing room set-ups.
	Quick-Change Booth	Enclosed or draped area, close to the stage, for costume changes.
	Quota	1) The quantity of goods of a specific kind that a country will permit to be imported without restriction or imposition of additional duties. 2) A part of a budget which a salesperson must book.
	Quotation/Quote	An offer to sell goods or services at a stated price and under specified conditions.
	R&B	Rhythm-and-Blues style of music.
	Rabbet	A saw cut used in the fabrication of wood parts.
	Raceway	An enclosed channel of metal or non-metallic materials designed expressly for holding wires or cables.
	Rack Rate	Facility’s standard, pre-established guest room rates.
	Radio System	System for message transmission by radio.
	Radius Mark	Internal and external marks left on acrylic after improper or inadequate bending.
	Ragoût	Stew with rich gravy.
	Rail	Low drape divider between exhibit booths/stands.
	Rain Date	An alternate event date contracted to use in case of rain.
	Raised Letters	Lettering cut out of any material and applied or mounted to a surface or background for dimensional effects.
	Rally	Gathering to promote enthusiasm and excitement.
	RAM	Random Access Memory. The most common type of computer memory, in which the computer stores system software, programs, and data currently being used.
	Ramekin	Glazed earthenware dish used for both baking and serving.
	Ramp Session	Session added on to the end of the day’s program, usually after dinner, to accommodate extra papers or an extra papers of an extra plenary lecture.
	Random Access	Ability to retrieve, in any sequence, visual and taped elements regardless of original placement order.
	Random Noise	Noise consisting of random-frequencies with random time and amplitude characteristics. See NOISE.
	See Also Noise
	Random Sample	A sample in which the probability of selection for each element in the population is known prior to the sample selection.
	Rank and File	The membership of a union or organization, other than officers and officials.
	Rap Sessions	Informal sessions with no specific agenda.
	Rapporteur	Person appointed to note and record the proceedings of sessions and to write summaries of the paper presented for a final summation session. See REPORTER.
	See Also Reporter
	Rate of Exchange	The rate of currency exchange established daily as the buying rate of foreign currency by the Federal Reserve Bank. The daily rate is used only when it varies by more than 5 per cent from the quarterly rate. When applicable, the daily rate is the rate certified on the day of exportation.
	Ravioli	Italian pasta 'pillows' stuffed with meat, cheese and/or vegetables. Served with a sauce, usually tomato based.
	Raw Film	Condition of motion picture film after printing process but before surface has been treated.
	RCMA	Religious Conference Management Association. A member of the Convention Industry Council.
	Reactance	Electrical characteristic of inductors and of capacitors, opposing the flow of A.C. electricity. Reactance is measured in ohms and may be negative producing what is called an “imaginary” part of an impedance. Loudspeakers, for example, can be highly reactive and, under certain circumstances with certain signals, can feed 50 amperes or more back into the power amplifier driving them.
	Reader Board	At a facility, a listing, either printed or on a video screen, of the day’s events including times and locations. See DIRECTORY. See Also FUNCTION BOARD.
	See Also Directory Function Board
	Ready Room	Area set aside for speakers to meet, relax, test AV, or prepare prior to or between speeches. See TRY OUT ROOM.
	See Also Try Out Room
	Readymen	Nonunion, temporary labor hired from a personnel agency.
	Real Time Analyzer	Device used in acoustic studies to analyze sound energies in a room as they occur and print them out for later study.
	Real Time Captioning	Words displayed on a terminal while the speech is occurring.
	Real-Time	When online activities take place at a designated time, they are referred to as real-time events. A Webcast of a keynote presenter that can be watched live over the Internet is an example of a real-time event.
	Rear Illuminated	Technique of lighting color transparency or adlux from rear.
	Rear Projection	Movie, slide, or computer image presentation where the screen is between the viewer and the projector. Often used in terms of a FRONT PROJECTION SCREEN which is translucent to images being projected from the rear and can be viewed from the front.
	Rear-Lit	Method of lighting transparency from behind.
	Reasonable Accommodation	Any provision that aids the participation of a person with a disability, as long as it does not create a hazard to others, a major disruption in business or an undue financial or administrative burden.
	Rebate	A return of part of a payment.
	Recall	Requiring employee to return to work after he or she has left for the day (or night).
	Receipt	Official acknowledgement of receipt of registration and fees.
	Receiver	Apparatus that converts electric currents or waves into visible or audible signals.
	Receiving Fee	Arbitrary fees sometimes imposed by a host government to officially recognize an event.
	Receiving Line	Dignitaries, host, sponsor, and guest of honor lined up to greet guests.
	Reception	Stand-up social function where beverages and light foods are served. Foods may be presented on small buffet tables or passed by servers. May precede a meal function.
	Reception Agency	An agency that specializes in services for incoming visitors. See INBOUND TOUR OPERATOR. See Also RECEPTIVE OPERATOR.
	See Also Inbound Tour Operator Receptive Operator
	Reception Desk/Registration Desk	Process by which an individual indicates and confirms his intent to attend an event. Registration for an event can occur in advance of the event beginning, or on-site when the event has begun.
	Receptive Operator	A tour operator or travel agent who specializes in services for incoming visitors. Same as INBOUND TOUR OPERATOR. See INBOUND TOUR.
	See Also Inbound Tour
	Recession	1) Withdrawing procession. 2) Economic downturn.
	Rechauffé	Reheated; warmed over.
	Recommendation	Strongly suggested course of action; sometimes has binding force.
	Record Locator	An identifying number for the PNR in a file or record. See also PNR.
	See Also PNR
	Red Eye Flight	A scheduled flight that departs late at night and arrives in the morning.
	Reduction	The base from which the flavor of a sauce is derived. The volume of liquid in the saucepan diminishes as the liquid evaporates, thereby concentrating the flavor.
	Referral	When someone, particularly a satisfied client, suggests or recommends services to other buyers.
	Referral Child Care	When an event host organization publishes a list of child care service providers available. Attendees then make their own arrangements with these services.
	Reflection	Sound or light energy which returns from a surface when struck. The amount and angle of reflection depends on the type and size of the reflecting surface and the frequency (wavelength) of the energy.
	Refraction	The change of direction of a light ray passing from one medium to another of different density.
	Refresh	To clean function space after specific functions, or during break periods. Usually involves refilling water pitchers, removing soiled articles, changing glassware, and performing other light housekeeping chores.
	Refreshment Break	Time between meeting sessions. May include coffee, soft drinks, and/or food items. Some are planned around a theme.
	Refreshments	Items of food and drink consumed between main meals; usually taken during breaks between meetings. See BREAK. See Also COFFEE BREAK.
	See Also Break Coffee Break
	Refund	Money repaid; can be in the form of cash or credit voucher.
	Refund Policies	Rules and regulations which determine allowable reasons and timelines under which fees for a meeting or event will be refunded in whole or in part.
	Refundable Deposit	A deposit made by the destination management company (DMC) to a venue that may be returned to the DMC under certain conditions agreed to by the venue.
	Refurbish	To update, repair damage, renew surfaces and replace graphics as necessary to recondition an exhibit or a facility, to extend its life-span.
	Reg Area	Registration area.
	Reg Desk	Registration desk.
	Regional Event	An event targeted to attendees from a specific geographical area. May be a stand-alone event, or a regional version of a national event. Typically 60% of attendees reside within a 400 mile (640 km) radius of the event city. See Also NATIONAL EVENT, STATE/PROVINCE EVENT, & LOCAL EVENT.
	See Also National Event State/Province Event Local Event
	Regional Exclusivity	A speakers bureau's/agency's exclusivity is limited to a particular region or territory.
	Regional Security Officer	RSO. Consular official charged with the security of his country’s nationals while traveling in his region.
	Registrant	Individual who has submitted a registration form and attends an event.
	Registrar	Individual responsible for handling registrations.
	Registration	1) Process by which an individual indicates his intent to attend a conference or stay at a property. 2) A method of booking and payment. 3) The process of recording data about an attendee (or exhibitor), sending a confirmation and creating a badge used on-site.
	Registration Area	Designated area where event registration takes place.
	Registration Card	Signature form used by facility when registering a guest.
	Registration Data	Information about an attendee that is gathered as part of the registration process (occupation, fee category, etc).
	Registration Fee	Amount payable for attendance at a conference; may vary according to level of participation or type of membership.
	Registration Form	Form used by an event attendee to sign up to attend an event. It is used to collect important information about the attendee and his intended participation in the event.
	Registration Kit	Packet of materials for an event, such as a program or agenda, special tickets, maps, etc.
	See Also Conference Pack/Kit
	Registration Packet	See REGISTRATION KIT.
	See Also Registration Kit
	Rehearsal	Practicing a presentation.
	Reimbursement Policy	Statement of procedures that speakers and personnel must follow in order to have their expenses reimbursed.
	Reinforced Vinyl	Covered cord, wall coverings, or upholstery materials. Vinyl laminated with fabric. Generally used for banners.
	Reissue/Exchange	To write a new ticket to accommodate changes.
	Relay	Electrical device used to interrupt or sustain flow of current. Commonly used in low-voltage systems for programmed effects.
	Relay Interpreting	Oral translation whereby an interpreter does not translate directly, but interprets the translation of a colleague, usually because he is not qualified to work directly from the original language.
	Release	1) Signed form giving permission to use a person’s name, picture, or statement (often in an advertisement). 2) Form signed by presenter allowing recording of presentation. 3) To release space, as in returning unsold air reservations, cruise cabins, or hotel rooms to the supplier that originally allotted them. 4) Document provided by management to permit removal of goods from exhibition during event hours.
	Release Date	Date beyond which a facility is free to rent the unused sleeping rooms or function space to other groups.
	Released Value	Limit of carrier’s liability.
	Released Value	Stated value of a shipment when released to the carrier. If shipper declares a higher value than the per-pound limit, shipping costs will increase.
	Religious Meetings	An event for attendees to discuss non-secular subjects.
	Remote Ballast	Removal of ballast from fluorescent fixtures to a separate or remote location, to allow for extremely limited space.
	Remote Control	Control of apparatus, such as audiovisual equipment, from a distance.
	Rental Booth/Stand	Complete booth/stand package offered to exhibitors on a rental basis.
	Rental Charges	Cost of hiring a piece of equipment or function space for a specified period of time.
	Rental Contract	Contract stating terms and conditions for rental of exhibition venue or for individual booth/stand within a venue.
	Repeat Engagement/Booking	When a speaker does a second or subsequent booking for the same client.
	Reporter	Person appointed to note and record the proceedings of sessions and to write summaries of the paper presented for a final summation session.
	Reporting Pay	Guaranteed payment to employees who report or show up ready for work at their usual time and find no work to do. See CALL PAY.
	See Also Call Pay
	Reprise	Repetition of musical theme.
	Request for Proposals	RFP. A document that stipulates what services the organization wants from an outside contractor and requests a bid to perform such services. Same As BID MANUAL/SPECIFICATIONS.
	See Also Bid Manual/Specifications
	Request Status	May apply to seats, meals and reservations when they have been requested but not confirmed.
	Reroute	To change a passenger’s itinerary after they have begun their travel.
	Reservation	An arrangement to have a sleeping room (at a hotel or other housing facility) held for one's use. Process by which an individual or group secures space at a facility.
	Reservation Center	Telephone reservation sales office.
	Reservation Form	See HOUSING FORM.
	See Also Housing Form
	Reservation Method	Manner by which sleeping room reservations are to be made for attendees of a specific event (i.e., individually, via master list, etc.).
	Reservation Request	A communication by which a guest indicates sleeping room requirements; these are forwarded to the hotel to secure a reservation.
	Reservation Review Date	Designated day when the facility will release a block of sleeping rooms to the general public. See CUT-OFF DATE.
	See Also Cut-Off Date
	Resistance	Extent to which an electrical conductor impedes a flow of current.
	Resistor	Electrical component made to resist current flow.
	Resolution	1) Ability of a projection system to distinguish and reproduce fine detail. 2) Motion put forward for a joint decision; usually has the force of a legislative decision.
	Resonance	Natural vibration or oscillation of mechanical or electrical systems at specific frequencies that depend on qualities such as mass and springiness (mechanical systems) or capacitance and inductance (electrical systems) in response to an outside source.
	Resort	Regions associated with recreation and leisure, such as the mountains, seashore, or natural or man-made attractions. A resort hotel or motel offers or is located near facilities for sports and recreational activities such as tennis, swimming, sailing, etc.
	Resort Casual	Attire for warm destinations, including mid- to knee-length shorts; collarless or golf shirts; khakis and sandals. Women can wear linen sheaths, casual skirts or sundresses.
	Resort Conference Center	A conference facility with at least one major amenity.
	Resource Manual	Packet of handouts from all sessions that will occur during the event.
	Resource Workbook	Usually a loose-leaf binder in which additions and deletions are made as the program develops.
	Restricted Dialing	The ability to control telephone access often by excluding specific country or area codes and certain types of calls. This is often put in place for event rooms and show floor locations. Directions on whether or not restricted dialing should be established from a specific location during an event should be indicated on Function Orders associated with that location and be included in the event’s specifications guide. See LONG DISTANCE DIALING.
	See Also Long Distance Dialing
	Resume	See SPECIFICATIONS GUIDE.
	See Also Specifications Guide
	Retailer	Middlemen such as travel agents who sell directly to the consumer.
	Retained Earnings	Profits retained by the enterprise rather than disbursing to the shareholders. Retained earnings are used to improve the value of the enterprise through development and/or promotional programs.
	Retention Rate	1) The percentage of exhibitors or attendees that return to an event from one year to the next. 2) The percentage of an organization's membership or company's employees that remain with the organization or company from one year to another.
	Return	Panel joined to back wall at right angles.
	Return on Investment	ROI. Net Profit divided by Net Worth. A financial ratio indicating the degree of profitability.
	Reunion Tour	See ALUMNI TOUR.
	See Also Alumni Tour
	Revalidation	The authorized stamping or writing upon a flight coupon to show it has been officially altered by the carrier. Tickets can only be revalidated for those flights that reflect the same fare, city pair and advanced purchase requirement.
	Revenue Management System	A sophisticated computer based pricing system that vendors use to adjust prices based on anticipated demand. Also referred to as Yield Management.
	See Also Yield Management
	Reverberation	Sound which appears to echo and re-echo in weaker and weaker levels. Also Called REVERB.
	Reverse	Reversed or negative form of original art or type.
	Reviewing Stands	Elevated platforms accommodating not more than 50 persons. Seating facilities, if provided, are normally in the nature of loose chairs. Reviewing stands accommodating more than 50 persons shall be regulated as grandstands.
	Revision List	Summarized list of changes and updates to be made to a function sheet.
	RevPAR	Revenue Per Available Room. A performance measurement commonly used in the hotel industry. It is calculated by dividing a hotel's net rooms revenue by the total number of available rooms, or by multiplying a hotel's average daily room rate (ADR) by its occupancy.
	RFP	See REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL.
	See Also Request for Proposals
	RFP Distribution Date	The date a Request for Proposals (RFP) is to be passed along if an event organizer is using an intermediary to distribute the RFP [i.e., If an event organizer sends an RFP to a Convention & Visitors Bureau (CVB), and wants the CVB to send the RFP to member hotels on a certain date, that date is the RFP Distribution Date.]. See Also RFP PUBLISHED DATE.
	See Also RFP Published Date
	RFP Published Date	The date a Request for Proposals (RFP) is released from an event organizer and is made public. See also RFP DISTRIBUTION DATE.
	See Also RFP Distribution Date
	Rheostat	Dimmer, usually on lighting controls. See DIMMER.
	See Also Dimmer
	Rib	A framing member, usually termed in circular forms.
	Rider	An additional clause in artist’s contract stipulating special requirements such as travel, dressing rooms, technical equipment, etc.
	Rigger	1) Person responsible for machinery uncrating, unskidding, positioning, leveling, and reskidding. 2) Skilled labor responsible for attaching signs, banners, truss, and other equipment to ceilings.
	Rigging	1) The process of attaching the cable on a crane to a piece of machinery or equipment. 2) The process for hanging materials or signs.
	Right of First Refusal	A courtesy a facility extends to a previously booked party to approve or disapprove a concurrent booking or to save uncontracted space for the previously booked party for program growth.
	Right to Work State	Where joining a union is not a condition of employment.
	Rights Only	Selling only the rights to a sponsorship, with the buyer incurring expenses for production, installation and dismantle.
	Rim Drive	A turntable operated from its edge rather than the center for heavier or off-center loads.
	Riser	Raised platform. See DAIS. See Also PODIUM, CYCLORAMA.
	See Also Dais Podium Cyclorama
	Risk Management	Recognizing the possibility of injury, damage or loss, and having a means to prevent it or provide insurance.
	Risk Monies	Funds that an agency would not recoup should a tour not materialize, i.e., nonrefundable deposits to suppliers, promotional expenditures, printing expenses.
	RMS	Value for watts in complex signals, such as music, derived by dividing voltage by the load impedance to describe the amount of energy.
	ROH	Run-of-the-House.
	See Also Run-of-the-House
	ROI	Return on Investment. Net Profit divided by Net Worth. A financial ratio indicating the degree of profitability.
	Roll-a-Way	Portable bed that can be provided for extra persons.
	Roll-In	Foods and/or beverages preset on rolling tables and then moved into function room at designated time.
	Rolling Cart	Portable cart on which audiovisual equipment can be placed.
	Romaine	Lettuce with dark green leaves and a nutty flavor, used for Caesar Salad.
	Roman Candles	A long paper tube packed with round stars and black powder; when lit stars shoot out every four seconds to a height of about 75 feet.
	ROO	Return on Objectives. Measurement of benefit an exhibiting company receives for participation at an exhibition by company pre-set objectives to show success.
	Room	1) A chamber used for sleeping. 2) A place where an assembly meets.
	Room Block	Total number of sleeping rooms that are utilized and attributable to one event.
	See Also Block
	Room Capacity	Number of people that can function safely and comfortably in a room.
	Room Commitment	Rooms to be held open each night of the event, specified by room type (single, double, etc).
	Room Deposit	Money that must be paid in advance in order for a hotel to guarantee to hold a room.
	Room Nights	Number of rooms blocked or occupied multiplied by number of nights each room is reserved or occupied.
	Room Occupancy Pattern	Number of single and double rooms used.
	Room Only	A type of rate that consists of the price of the room only. Commonly abbreviated as EP.
	Room Pick Up	The number of sleeping rooms actually used by event attendees and exhibitors.
	Room Rate	The amount charged for the occupancy of a room.
	Room Service	Facility department which provides food and beverage service to guest rooms.
	Room Set-Up	The physical arrangement of a room including the layout of tables, chairs, other furniture, and equipment.
	Room Tax	See TRANSIENT OCCUPANCY TAX.
	See Also Transient Occupancy Tax
	Room Turnover	Amount of time needed to tear down and reset a function room.
	Room-Based Videoconferencing	Land-based system for videoconferencing designed to manage communication between one group of people, usually in a conference room setting, with another group or groups in similar settings elsewhere.
	Rooming List	A list, whether printed or electronic, by which an event organizer and/or their designates (e.g. a housing bureau) delivers multiple reservations to a hotel or other housing facility. Often the information contained in a rooming list is originally gathered through attendees’ completed Housing Forms. See Also HOUSING FORM.
	See Also Housing Form
	Root Mean Squared	See RMS.
	See Also RMS
	Rope and Pulley Screen	Large format screen which is rolled around a tubular core around which ropes are wound in such a way as to roll and unroll the screen by operating the ropes.
	Rope Lights	A string of small, low-voltage lights inside a clear or colored transparent plastic tube run by a controller. See TUBE LIGHTS.
	See Also Tube Lights
	Roping	Plush-covered chain used to define traffic areas. Can be attached to a stanchion.
	Rostrum	Raised platform where a speaker stands when delivering his or her remarks. Same as PODIUM. See Also LECTERN.
	See Also Podium Lectern
	Rôti	(row tee) Roast.
	Rôtisserie	Roasted on a spit.
	Rough Layout	Quick drawing giving indications of proposed exhibit.
	Roulade	Rolled, as in meat.
	Round	Banquet table, usually 60 inches (152 centimeters) in diameter. Also available in 66- and 72-inch (168- and 183 centimeter) diameters. A “Round for 8” is a banquet table at which 8 place settings should be set. Another common configuration is a “Round for 10.” Commonly, a 60-inch (152 cm) round is used to seat 8, a 66-inch (168 cm) round seats 9, and a 72-inch (183 cm) round seats 10.
	Round Robin	Contest or tournament in which each participant is matched with every other participant.
	Round Slide Tray	See CAROUSEL TRAY.
	See Also Carousel Tray
	Round Trip	Travel from origin to destination and return to origin via the same cities.
	Rounded Hollow Square	A hollow square whose corners are replaced by serpentine or half-moon tables.
	Roundtable	A group of experts who meet on an equal basis to review and discuss specialized, professional matters, either in closed session or, more frequently, before an audience.
	Route Manager	The person responsible for managing motor coach flow, routes, drivers, etc.
	Roux	Mixture of butter and flour used to thicken sauces and soups.
	Row Booth/Stand	The booth/stand within a row of similar booths/stands with the front opening onto an aisle and with other booths/stands on either side.
	RP	See REAR PROJECTION.
	See Also Rear Projection
	RP Screen	See REAR PROJECTION.
	See Also Rear Projection
	RTI	Room, Tax and Incidentals. An abbreviation often used in reference to charges at an hotel, motel, inn, bed and breakfast, etc.
	Rules and Regulations	The requirements and procedures prepared by event management for attendees, contractors and exhibitors for a given event. See EXHIBITOR MANUAL.
	See Also Exhibitor Manual
	Rump Session	The session added on the end of the day to accommodate an extra plenary lecture, usually after dinner.
	Run	The number of copies printed.
	Runner	1) Long narrow carpet in a hallway, aisle, or on stage. 2) Piece of portable or constructed staging that extends a main stage to form a runway. 3) Main cord extending from a microphone to an amplifier.
	Running Order	Subjects to be discussed at a meeting. See AGENDA.
	See Also Agenda Schedule
	Run-of-the-House	1) Rooms given at random according to availability when the reservations are made. 2) Flat rate for which a hotel or motel agrees to offer any of its available rooms (with the exception of suites) to a group. Final assignment of rooms is at the discretion of the hotel. See FLAT RATE.
	See Also Flat Rate
	Run-Through	A complete rehearsal including all elements of the event production, such as presentations, performances, music or entertainment, lighting, audio-visual and technical aspects.
	Runway	Platform which extends from a stage into the audience area, often used for events such as fashion shows. See CATWALK.
	See Also Catwalk
	Russian Service	1) Banquet Russian: The food is fully prepared in the kitchen. All courses are served either from platters or an escoffier dish. Tureens are used for soup and special bowls for salad. The server places the proper plate in front of the guest. After the plates are placed, the server returns with a tray of food and, moving counter-clockwise around the table, serves the food from the guest’s left with the right hand. With this style of service, the server controls the amount served to each guest. See BUTLER SERVICE. 2) Restaurant Russian: Foods are cooked at tableside. Servers put them on platters and present platters to guests seated at dining tables. Guests serve themselves.
	See Also Butler Service
	Halal	Food prepared according to Islamic Law. Halal food is defined as food that: does not consist of or contain anything which is considered to be unlawful; has not been prepared, processed, transported or stored using any appliance or facility that was not free from anything unlawful; and, has not in the course of preparation, processing, transportation or storage been in direct contact with any food that fails to satisfy the first two conditions. In addition, Halal food can be prepared, processed or stored in different sections or lines within the same premises where non-Halal foods are produced, provided that necessary measures are taken to prevent any contact between Halal and non Halal foods. Halal foods can also be prepared, processed, transported or stored using facilities that have been previously used for non Halal foods provided that proper cleaning procedures have been observed.
	Half Moon Set-Up	A seating arrangement in which 60-, 66- or 72-inch (152-, 168- and 183-centimeter) diameter rounds have seats on two-thirds to three-quarters of the table and no seats with their backs to the speaker. Used for banquet-to-meeting or meeting-to-banquet quick set. See CRESCENT-ROUND SET-UP.
	See Also Crescent-Round Set-Up
	Half Moon Table	Half of a round table, or two quarter-round tables attached to make a half circle. See HALF-ROUND.
	See Also Half-Round
	Half-Round	A semi-circular table.
	Halftone	Photograph that has been prepared for single color reproduction.
	Hall	A place of public assembly or used for exhibits; usually refers to a large function space.
	Halon Fire Extinguisher	A fire extinguisher generally used on computers and electronic fires. It should not hurt the computer or destroy silicon chips. It is classed as a hypo-thermal chemical fire extinguisher.
	Hand Carry	Items that an exhibitor is allowed to carry unaided into a event facility without being charged.
	Hand Service	One server is assigned for each two guests. Servers wear white gloves. When serving, they stand behind their guests holding two composed plates. When the signal is given, all guests are served at the same time.
	Hand Truck	Small hand-propelled implement with two wheels and two handles used for transporting small loads. See WHEELER/WHEELIE.
	See Also Wheeler/Wheelie
	Handling	Moving of materials, usually to and from a loading dock.
	Handout	Informative or educational material given to the audience at the speaker’s presentation. Handouts often are in flyer form. The term, however, refers to any material that is handed out to the audience.
	Hands-On Participation	Demonstration of a product of service in which people actively participate with the product or service.
	Hard Card	1) Work order for labor or services. 2) Material handling contractor’s record of materials received or shipped.
	Hard Data	See QUANTITATIVE DATA.
	See Also Quantitative Data
	Hard Wire	Electrical connections that are other than receptacle to receptacle. These are charged on a time plus materials basis.
	Hardwall	A type of exhibit construction in which the walls are of solid material, rather than fabric.
	Hardwall Booth/Stand	Booth/stand constructed with plastic, plywood or similar material as opposed to booth/stand formed by drapery only.
	Haricots Verts	(harry co vare) Very small green (string) beans.
	Harmonic Distortion	Distortion which is harmonically related to the fundamental signal fed through an audio circuit or system. Harmonic distortion is characterized by a harsh sound that ranges from a slight edge on some of the high-frequency components of a musical program, to the fuzz associated with electric guitar effects pedals.
	Harmonized Code	Commodity number assigned to goods shipped internationally. Also referred to as a Schedule B number.
	Harmonized System of Tariff Nomenclature	An international system for classifying goods in international trade and for specifying the tariffs on those goods. It was adopted at the beginning of 1989, replacing the previously used schedules in over 50 countries, including the Brussels Tariff Nomenclature.
	See Also Brussels Tariff Nomenclature
	Haute Cuisine	Food that is prepared in an elegant or elaborate manner; the very finest food, prepared perfectly. The French word haute translates as "high" or "superior."
	Hazard	A condition that increases the likelihood that a loss will be more severe.
	HCEA	Healthcare Convention and Exhibitors Association. A member of the Convention Industry Council.
	Head	1) Front or first, e.g. HEAD TABLE. 2) Pan-tilt device on which a camera is mounted.
	Head Count	Actual number of people attending a catered function. See AUDIENCE COUNT. See Also COVERS.
	See Also Audience Count Cover
	Head Table	Table used to seat VIPs, speakers, and other dignitaries, often elevated on a dais or stage. See DAIS. See Also VIP.
	See Also Dais VIP
	Head Tax	Fee charged arriving and departing passengers in some foreign countries.
	Header	1) FASCIA. 2) Overhead illuminated display sign. 3) A sign or other structure across top of exhibit. Usually displays company name.
	Headquarters	Facility, as the center of operations, where registration, general sessions, and conference staff office are located.
	Headroom	Reserve voltage or power level in an audio deice or system. The difference in levels between the normal or “nominal” operating levels and the peak clean (undistorted) available levels. See NOMINAL OPERATING LEVEL.
	See Also Nominal Operating Level
	Heads in Beds	Term that refers to sleeping rooms in a hotel actually occupied by guests.
	Headset	Headphone with a built-in microphone.
	Health Warning	Decree issued by the World Health Organization warning travelers of the outbreak of a communicable disease in a given area.
	Heel and Toe	To staple forming folds with sateen or other decorative material. A method of pleating.
	Herringbone Set-Up	Seating arrangement in which chairs are arranged in rows slanted in a V shape and separated by a center aisle. They face the head table or speaker. See CHEVRON SET-UP. See Also V-SHAPE SET-UP.
	See Also Chevron Set-Up V-Shape Set-Up
	Hertz	(Hz) Unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second.
	HI LOW	See FORKLIFT/FORKTRUCK.
	See Also Forklift/Forktruck
	Hidden Charge	Unbudgeted or undisclosed expense or charge.
	Hide-A-Bed	A sofa that opens to make a bed. Also Called SOFA BED.
	High Drape	High drape is any drape over 8’ high which requires special equipment. High drape is used to create dramatic areas such as stages or special focal points. Typically, high drape is dark blue velour and is 16’ to 19’ high, although vinyl or 11’ banjo drape in blue and other colors is often used. All high drape needs to be anchored securely on its framework to ensure it cannot fall.
	High Jacker	Equipment capable of lifting a person or persons to a given height. See CHERRY PICKER. See Also MAN LIFT, JLG, SCISSORS LIFT, GENIE LIFT, HI LOW, FORKLIFT/FORTRUCK.
	See Also Cherry Picker Man Lift JLG Scissor Lift Genie Lift HI LOW Forklift/Forktruck
	High Season	Period when the demand for a supplier’s product or service is highest. Prices general increase in high season. Also Called PEAK SEASON. Compare With LOW SEASON.
	See Also Low Season
	Highball Glass	Traditional tall glass for an alcoholic mixed drink.
	High-Key Lighting	Lighting in which picture intensity produces limited dark areas.
	High-Level Crossover	See PASSIVE CROSSOVER.
	See Also Passive Crossover
	High-Tech Visuals	Visual presentations involving sophisticated and frequently complicated equipment such as lasers, multi-image, and mixed media equipment.
	Hire	International term referring to “rent” a service or product.
	Hiring Cost	The price paid by the organizer to the owner of the event facility.
	Hiss	Unwanted random noise associated with audio tape, unmodulated record grooves and noisy amplifiers and other audio circuitry. In circuitry, hiss is caused by the thermal activity of the molecules in the materials of which that electronic component parts are made.
	History	Record of an event over time.
	Hoison Sauce	Chinese sauce used on Peking Duck.
	Hold Harmless	A type of indemnity clause that requires one party to fully protect the other from a claim asserted. This would include the payment of costs or attorney fees.
	Holding Room	A room backstage where speakers wait to go on. See READY ROOM.
	See Also Ready Room
	Hollandaise Sauce	Sauce of egg yolks, clarified butter, lemon juice and spices. Served on vegetables (e.g. Asparagus with Hollandaise Sauce) or on Eggs Benedict.
	Hollow Circle Set-Up	Seating arrangement of tables and/or chairs all facing each other in a single circle.
	Hollow Square Set-Up	Seating arrangement of tables set in a square (or rectangle) with chairs placed around the outside of the table. Center (inside) table is hollow.
	Hologram	A photographic effect using lasers to obtain a three dimensional image on a flat surface.
	Homard	(oh mard) Lobster. A true lobster has two front claws. Most 'lobster tails' come from Rock Lobster or Spiny Lobster, which are actually a large variety of crawfish.
	Honorarium	Voluntary payment made for services where no fee is legally required.
	Honorary	Non-paid, generally referring to an appointment within a committee or group and in recognition of expertise or services rendered.
	Horizontal Show	An exhibition at which the products or services being displayed represent all segments of an industry or profession. See EXHIBITION. See Also VERTICAL SHOW.
	See Also Exhibition Vertical Show
	Hors d'Oeuvres	Small appetizers; Hot and/or cold finger foods served at a reception.
	Horseshoe Set-Up	Tables set up in rounded U shape with chairs placed outside. Chairs inside if needed. See U-SHAPE SET-UP.
	See Also U-Shape Set-Up
	Hospitality Program	Plan for receiving and entertaining guests in a friendly and generous manner.
	Hospitality Suite/Event	1) Room or suite of rooms used to entertain guests. 2) An event in the United States usually separate from the exhibit, in which refreshments are served and exhibitor personnel and visitors socialize.
	Host	An association, corporate body, town, country or other such party that invites an event to take place within or under its jurisdiction or its financial responsibility.
	Host	On a network, any computer that is a repository for services available to other computers on the network.
	Host Bar	Private room bar set up where guests do not pay for drinks. See OPEN BAR. See Also SPONSORED BAR.
	See Also Open Bar Sponsored Bar
	Host Country	Country that invites an event to take place within or under its jurisdiction.
	Hot Camera	Camera that is turned on.
	Hot Spot	Undesirable concentration of light on one area of slide or film.
	Hot Tag VIP	Luggage tagged for special handling.
	Hotel Accommodation	Sleeping Room(s) at a hotel and rooming arrangements; usually specifying the hotel classification in terms of its amenities, facilities, level of service and cost.
	Hotel Classifications	There is no official classification or accepted rating system for U.S. hotels, but the following definitions are generally understood: BUDGET - Budget hotels and motels are reasonably priced accommodations and are the fastest growing segment of the U.S. lodging industry. In general they provide a room with a bed, TV, telephone and shower as well as free parking. They often do not have room service or a restaurant. DELUXE - a top-grade hotel, all rooms have a private bath; all the usual public rooms and services are provided a high standard of decor and services is maintained. FIRST CLASS and LUXURY - Many luxury hotels in the U.S. exist in large cities, offering a number of special services to the business and leisure traveler. A U.S. first class hotel offers, for example, first rate restaurants, banquet and conference rooms, valet service, room service, cable TV and complimentary morning newspapers. MODERATE - These hotels account for nearly 75% of available U.S. hotel rooms. They have on-site restaurants, bar and perhaps conference rooms, as well as the basic services. TOURIST ECONOMY or SECOND CLASS - Budget operations; most have private baths; services may be very limited.
	Hotel Reservation	A contract between the hotel to provide a guest room on certain dates and rate and the guest who agrees to use the hotel on the specified dates at the agreed upon rate (and any other terms). If the guest breaches the reservation contract by being a no-show or failing to cancel on time, the hotel is owed damages. The usual term is the payment of one-night's room rate (they shouldn't charge you if they sell out. They also shouldn't charge tax unless required by state or local law). See DISHONORED RESERVATION.
	See Also Dishonored Reservation
	Hotel Show	An exhibition held in a hotel. See EXHIBITION.
	See Also Exhibition
	Hotel/Motel Tax	See TRANSIENT OCCUPANCY TAX.
	See Also Transient Occupancy Tax
	House	A synonym for hotel commonly used within the industry. Examples are: full house, house count, house income, house bank and house charge.
	House Account	Term for internal accounting by the facility to cover incidental expenses not chargeable to the event or another hotel account.
	House Board	Switch panel from which all electrical fixtures are operated.
	House Brand	Brand of wine or distilled spirits selected by a hotel or restaurant as their standard when no specific brand is specified.
	House Count	Number of guests or sleeping rooms actually occupied on a particular night.
	House Lights	Lighting of room separate from stage lighting.
	House Manager	Person in charge of the auditorium side of a facility and not the stage production.
	House Plan	Diagram depicting the function space in a facility or the entire facility.
	House Wine	Brand of wine selected by a hotel or restaurant as their standard when no specific brand is specified.
	Housekeeping	Facility department charged with maintaining and cleaning a venue.
	Housekeeping Announcements	Announcements about schedule changes, locations of functions, and similar program information.
	Housekeeping Instructions	Special directions to a facility’s housekeeping department from an event organizer that apply to that event and its attendees. Can include information such as the best time frame for refreshing sleeping rooms.
	Houseman	Service-staff member who handles function-room set up and tear down. See BANQUET SET-UP.
	See Also Banquet Set-Up
	Housing	Shelter or lodging.
	Housing Bureau	Organization that provides reservation services for a group and its attendees.
	Housing Form	Form used by event attendees to make reservations at an event-contracted hotel or housing facility.
	Housing Priority Points	A system used by some event organizers to assign guest rooms in housing facilities or floor space in an exhibition where preferred locations are given to those exhibitors or sub-blocks with higher priority points. Points are also often awarded for consecutive years of attendance/exhibiting, early registration for an event, sponsorship levels, etc. Points are often earned (primarily by exhibitors or exhibiting companies) by booking guest room reservations within the Event Contracted Block (ECB). See Also EVENT CONTRACTED BLOCK, SUB-BLOCK.
	See Also Event-Contracted Block Sub-Block
	Housing Report	Document detailing housing utilization (reservations, pickup, etc.).
	HSMAI	Hospitality Sales & Marketing Association International. A member of the Convention Industry Council.
	Hub & Spoke Tour	A TOUR that utilizes a central destination with side trips of varying length to nearby destinations.
	See Also Tour
	Hub Airport	An airport used as a central point for passengers to make flight connections and for carriers to have maintenance facilities.
	Hudson’s Stages of Developmental Learning	Stages of learning that one encounters throughout a lifetime; the priorities present in each stage affect the way a person learns.
	Hue	Color or shade.
	Human Arrow	A person who holds signage, greets guests, presents an enthusiastic demeanor, gives directions and keeps people moving in the right direction.
	Humanist	A learner who seeks education in order to change his/her value structure and achieve personal goals.
	Hurty Gurty	See GENIE LIFT.
	See Also Genie Lift
	Hush Puppies	Small, round, fried cornbread with onions and spices, usually served with fish.
	HVAC	Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. See A/C.
	See Also A/C
	Hypertext	Text that links to another file and can be selected (clicked on) to go to another document, image or FTP (download) site.
	Hz	Hertz. Unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second.

Share This Flashcard Set

Set the Language

Related Flashcards

Apex Glossary H-R

Add to Folders

Upgrade to Cram Premium

Card Range To Study

1644 Cards in this Set