Apes Unit 7

Front 1

Rangelands

Back 1

Vast natural landscapes in the form of grasslands, shrublands, woodlands, wetlands and prairies; they are typically unsuitable for farming due to low rainfall and poor soil

Front 2

Riparian Zone

Back 2

Life-sustaining area by a river

Front 3

Continuous Grazing

Back 3

Removes nearly all vegetation in one area, then herds are moved on to the next area

Front 4

Rotational Grazing

Back 4

Allowing animals to feed in one area for a short time, then moving them

Front 5

Closed Canopy Forest

Back 5

Those that have tree crowns that cover 20% or more of the ground

Front 6

Open Canopy Forest

Back 6

Those that have tree crowns that cover less than 20% of the ground

Front 7

Old-Growth Forest

Back 7

Uncut forest that has not been seriously disturbed for hundreds of years; 22% of world's forests

Front 8

Second-Growth Forest

Back 8

Forest resulting from natural secondary succession, usually not as biodiverse

Front 9

Timber / Lumber

Back 9

Trees that have been cut down and processed for use as wood products

Front 10

Extractive Reserves

Back 10

Products such as nuts, fruits, mushrooms, latex (rubber) and gum that do not require the trees to be removed

Front 11

Forest Management

Back 11

Science of maintaining a forest for sustainable harvests

Front 12

Monoculture Forestry

Back 12

Trees are a single, fast-growing species

Front 13

Tree Plantation

Back 13

Planted stands of a particular tree species for the sole purpose of growing them and then selling them

Front 14

Selective Cutting

Back 14

Trees can be harvested individually from diverse forests

Front 15

Clear Cutting

Back 15

An entire forest can be cut down; worst option

Front 16

Strip Cutting

Back 16

Portions of the forest are harvested

Front 17

Shelterwood Cutting

Back 17

Selective cutting in a series of two or more cuttings to make sure seedlings reach the forest floor and grow to a stable height

Front 18

Seed-tree Cutting

Back 18

The removal of all trees except those of good genetic qualities and high productivity; more aggressive than shelterwood cutting

Front 19

Habitat Fragmentation

Back 19

When large continuous habitats are divided into smaller, more isolated pieces

Front 20

Forest Management Act of 1897

Back 20

Created the forest reserves (now national forests) to serve as a source for timber, mining and grazing

Front 21

Multiple Use Sustained Yield Act of 1960

Back 21

Requires national forests to be managed for multiple uses including recreation, wildlife habitat, and logging

Front 22

Debt for Nature Swap

Back 22

Allows developing countries to relieve their debt to developed countries and banks by setting aside protected areas in the country

Front 23

Crown Fires

Back 23

Burns entire trees, leaps from tree to tree, kills wildlife, increases soil erosion

Front 24

Ground Fires

Back 24

Occur on the O soil horizon and underground, very difficult to extinguish

Front 25

Surface Fires

Back 25

Burns undergrowth and leaf litter, stimulates germination, releases minerals

Front 26

Healthy Forest Restoration Act

Back 26

Allows timber companies to cut medium and large trees in 71% of the national forests; in return, must clear away smaller, more fire-prone trees and underbrush

Front 27

Antiquities Act of 1906

Back 27

Giving the president authority to, by executive order, restrict the use of particular public land owned by the federal government

Front 28

National Park Service Act of 1916

Back 28

Established the National Park Service

Front 29

Wilderness

Back 29

Areas of underdeveloped land undisturbed by human activities that humans visit but do not inhabit

Front 30

Wilderness Act of 1964

Back 30

Allows public wilderness areas to be protected as part of the National Wilderness Preservation System; areas are roadless and uninhabited

Front 31

Wildlife Refuge

Back 31

Areas managed for multiple use including recreation and resources

Front 32

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge

Back 32

Wildlife Refuge in northeast Alaska; in the news because Congress considering opening up to oil drilling

Front 33

Conservation Easement

Back 33

Deed restrictions put in place by governments or land trust groups that bar future owners from developing the land; to maintain and improve water quality, perpetuate and foster the growth of healthy forest, maintain and improve wildlife habitat and migration corridors

Front 34

Land Trust Groups

Back 34

Private nonprofit groups in the US that protect large areas of land

Front 35

Ecotourism

Back 35

Tourism that supports the conservation and sustainable development of ecological areas; Costa Rica

Front 36

Restoration

Back 36

Repairing ecosystems damaged by humans or natural forces; bringing back to former condition

Front 37

Reclamation

Back 37

Restoring badly damaged sites, usually mining, to their original topographic states

Front 38

Rehabilitation

Back 38

Attempting to turn a degraded ecosystem back to being functional but not back to its original state

Front 39

Mitigation

Back 39

Making up for damaging one ecosystem by protecting/enhancing an ecosystem in another location

Front 40

Remediation

Back 40

"Cleaning" of pollutants or contaminants from soil, air, or water

Front 41

Bioremediation

Back 41

Cleaning it with living things

Front 42

Phytoremediation

Back 42

Cleaning it with plants

Front 43

Everglades Diversion Project

Back 43

Dug channels and drained everglades for agriculture and development; killing everglades

Front 44

Wetland Mitigation

Back 44

Creating new wetlands in lieu of those destroyed by development

Front 45

Wetland Water Filtration

Back 45

•Primary treatment (physical/mechanical): grasses and soil act as mechanical filters as water leaches down and/or slowly moves laterally

•Secondary treatment (biological): organic wastes are broken down/decomposed by bacteria in a natural environment

Front 46

Ways that we are destroying wetlands

Back 46

•draining wetlands for agriculture or urban development

•increased pollution in stormwater runoff reaches wetlands and damages them

•overharvesting fish from wetlands •dams and other water management projects have unintended effects on water levels in wetlands

Front 47

Ecosystem Management

Back 47

Attempt to manage ecosystems with regard to ecology, economic, and social goals not jurisdiction

Front 48

National Environmental Policy Act of 1969

Back 48

Requires a federal agency to submit the following as part of their proposal for a project:

1) Environmental Assessment

2) Environmental Impact Statement

Front 49

Suburb

Back 49

A separate residential area within driving distance of a city

Front 50

Exurb

Back 50

An area similar to a suburb, but unconnected to any central city or densely populated area

Front 51

Urban Sprawl

Back 51

Urbanized areas that spread into rural areas, removing clear boundaries between the two

Front 52

Greenbelt

Back 52

A land use designation to retain areas of largely undeveloped, wild, or agricultural land surrounding or neighboring urban areas

Front 53

Urban Blight (in developed countries)

Back 53

The degradation of the physical and social environments of the city that often accompanies and accelerates migration to the suburbs

Front 54

Urban Blight (in developing countries)

Back 54

As jobs become scarce and poverty increases, people converge in cities looking for employment

Front 55

Pull Factors

Back 55

Conditions that draw people from the country into the city

Front 56

Push Factors

Back 56

Conditions that force people out of the country and into the city

Front 57

Infill

Back 57

Building on vacant lots in urban areas to reduce urban sprawl

Front 58

Urban Heat Island

Back 58

A warmer microclimate around cities

Front 59

Zoning

Back 59

Classifying different areas within a city for different types of development and land use

Front 60

Habitat Corridor

Back 60

Protected areas between isolated reserves; they help support more species and allow migration for vertebrates that need large ranges

Front 61

Wildlife Crossings

Back 61

Allow animals to safely bypass highways and roads