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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dung of the devil |
Have antiviral properties = very rare Effective against influenza Get name because = really smelly |
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What is Biodiversity? |
Different types of life |
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Three levels of Biodiversity |
1) species diversity 2) ecosystems diversity 3) genetic diversity |
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Species diversity |
The # and variety of species in the world or in a particular area |
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Ecosystems diversity |
The # and variety of ecosystems or habitats with a given region |
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Genetic diversity |
The differences in DNA content among individuals within species and population |
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Species richness |
Whatever species a # of species in a given area |
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Species evenness |
Describing the relevative abundance of species that is in that area Ex. Dominate species or even? |
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Phylohenies/phylogenetic trees |
Diagrams that represent the relationship between species Like a family tree Break into groups = the smaller the branch = the more similar they are |
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Evolution |
A change in genetic compositions of a population over time |
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Microevolution |
Changes in gene frequencies with population Any traits - eye colors |
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Macroevolution |
Origin of new taxonomic groups therefore species level and above development of new species through evolution |
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Where does genetic diversity come from? |
1) mutation 2) recombination |
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Mutation |
Unpredictable changes in the structure |
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Recombination |
Happen during miosis - can trade parts |
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Genotype |
Where organism contain (what they have) |
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Phenotype |
What does genes look like (physical expression) |
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Evolution by natural selection |
Fundamental way of how evolution works Nature select traits |
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Evolution by artificial selection |
Humans choose the desirable traits Control the reproduction to select those traits Humans interfering with natural process |
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Fitness |
Ability to survived and reproduce |
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Aductation |
Traits that improve fitness |
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Genetic drift |
Occurs in small population Genotypes can lose by chance |
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Bottleneck effect |
Sudden change in environment drastically reduces population size |
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Founder effect |
Allele frequencies change as a result of the migration of a small subgroup of a population |
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Natural selection depend on: Four things |
1) overproduction 2) variation 3) selection 4) adaptation |
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Overproduction |
Every species tend to produce move individuals that can survive to maturity |
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Variation |
The individual at a population have many characteristics that differ |
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Selection |
Some individuals survive longer and reproduce more than others do |
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Adaptation |
The traits at those individuals that survive and reproduce will be come more common in a population |
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Speciation |
Development of new species through evolution Can be through natural selection or non-adaptive evolution |
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Allopathic Speciation |
Depends on geographical isolation of parts of the population Ex. Gallegos Islands |
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Sympatric Speciation |
Without geographical isolation Look very different, but never separated or isolated |
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How fast does evolution happen? |
Hundred of millions of years |
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1 new species every... |
3 million years |
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Four factors that influences species adaptation |
1) rate of environment 2) genetic variations 3) population size 4) generation time |
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Rate of environmental change |
Species must evolve quickly in order to survive a high rate of change |
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Genetic variation |
Lots of variation = lots of Phenotype. Some suited better for that environmental change |
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Population size |
Aductation spread more quickly in smaller population than slower in larger population |
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Generation time |
Short generation timev= increases the evolution rate as you don't have to wait that long |
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Species distributation |
Species are more diverse and rich in warmer area in the US |
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Range of tolerance |
Limits the abiotics that species can tolerate Ex. Salinity, oxygen availability |
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Fundamental niche |
The niche potentially occupied by a species ideal for species survival |
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Realized niche |
The niche actually occupied by a species |
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Niche generalist |
Tolerate a wide range of conditions |
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Niche specialists |
Only tolerate a narrow range of conditions need specific change More vulnerable to extinction |
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Environmental change |
Causes species to be distributed in different places |
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Environmental change and species extinctions |
Can't adapt fast enough = extinction Hunting Habitat changes |
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DNA - mRNA = |
Transcription |
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DNA |
Double stranded A-T C-G Deoxyribose |
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RNA |
Single stranded A-U C-G Ribose |
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Condon |
Three letter sequence for an amino acid |
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mRNA - protein = |
Translation |
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The 6th mass extinction |
Previously extinction caused by natural disasters and the 6th caused by anthropogenics (humans are causing the next extinction) |
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Wild organisms |
Low genetic diversity can cause inbreeding depression Ex. Cheetahs |
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Inbreeding depression |
Loss of ability of survive and reproducing |
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Crops/livestock |
Humans have selected for traits that improve survival in local habitats |
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Livestock |
Small group of animals |
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Genetic diversity is key to... |
Evolution |
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Causes of declining Biodiversity |
Habitat loss Alien species Over harvesting Pollution Climate change |
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Single species conservation |
Focuses on one endangered species at a time Has a goal of population rebound |
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Ecosystem conservation |
Taking a look at a bigger picture Involves a lot of space + land |
