Apes Unit 3

Front 1

Ecosystem Diversity

Back 1

The variety of ecosystems within a given region

Front 2

Species Diversity

Back 2

Variety of species within a given ecosystem; measured by species richness and evenness

Front 3

Species

Back 3

A group of organisms that is distinct from other groups in its morphology (body form and structure), behavior, or biochemical properties

Front 4

Genetic Diversity

Back 4

Variety of genes within a given species

Front 5

Population

Back 5

Group of interacting individuals of the same species occupying an area

Front 6

Species Richness

Back 6

Measure of species diversity, the number of species in a given area

Front 7

Species Evenness

Back 7

Measure of species diversity, the relative proportion of different species within a given area

Front 8

Phylogeny

Back 8

Branching patterns of evolutionary relationships

Front 9

Evolution

Back 9

Change in the genetic composition of a population over successive generations

Front 10

Artifical Selection

Back 10

Humans can breed plants and animals to get desired traits

Front 11

Natural Selection

Back 11

Some diversity of life has evolved because the most fit organism in an environment survives and is able to pass on these fitness traits

Front 12

Microevolution

Back 12

Small genetic changes that a population undergoes

Front 13

Macroevolution

Back 13

Long-term, large-scale, evolutionary changes among groups of species

Front 14

Deductive Reasoning

Back 14

Broad to specific

Front 15

Inductive Reasoning

Back 15

Specific to broad

Front 16

Fitness

Back 16

An individual's ability to survive and reproduce

Front 17

Adaptation

Back 17

Inherited trait that increases a population's chances of survival or reproduction

Front 18

Mutation

Back 18

A random change in the genetic code produced by a mistake in the copying process

Front 19

Genetic Drift

Back 19

A change in the genetic composition of a population over time as a result of random mating

Front 20

Bottleneck Effect

Back 20

A reduction in the genetic diversity of a population caused by a reduction in its size

Front 21

Founder Effect

Back 21

A change in a population descended from a small number of colonizing individuals

Front 22

Speciation

Back 22

Idea that when a species is isolated from other populations, two distinct species may be able to form

Front 23

Reproductive Isolation

Back 23

Two populations within a species forming their own exclusive groups. They will eventually no longer be able to interbreed and produce viable offspring

Front 24

Geographical Isolation

Back 24

Physical seperation of a group of individuals from others of the same species

Front 25

Allopatric Speciation

Back 25

The idea of speciation that occurs with geographic isolation

Front 26

Sympatric Speciation

Back 26

The idea of speciation without geographic isolation

Front 27

Genetic Engineering

Back 27

When scientists copy genes from a species with desirable traits

Front 28

Genetically Modified Organisms

Back 28

Organisms produced by copying genes from a species with a desirable trait and inserting them into another species

Front 29

Range of Tolerance

Back 29

The limits to abiotic conditions that a species can tolerate

Front 30

Limiting Factor

Back 30

Any abiotic factor that limits or prevents the growth of a population

Front 31

Tolerance Curve

Back 31

Illustrates range of survival for a species

Front 32

Generalist Species

Back 32

Tolerate a wide range of conditions

Front 33

Specialist Species

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Can only tolerate a narrow range of conditions

Front 34

Habitat

Back 34

The place where an organism lives

Front 35

Ecological Niche

Back 35

The role an organism fulfills in an ecosystem; its way of life

Front 36

Law of Competitive Exclusion

Back 36

Two species cannot occupy the exact same niche for long

Front 37

Fundamental Niche

Back 37

The full range of resources or habitat an organism could use in the absence of competition

Front 38

Realized Niche

Back 38

The range of resources or habitat an organism does occupy due to the constraints of competition

Front 39

Endemic Species

Back 39

Found in only one area

Front 40

Exotic Species

Back 40

A species introduced into a new geographic area

Front 41

Weather

Back 41

The state of the atmosphere at a particular place for a short period of time

Front 42

Climate

Back 42

Weather conditions over a long period of time

Front 43

Factors that affect climate

Back 43

•temperature

•precipitation

•altitude

Front 44

Troposphere

Back 44

Is where weather occurs

Front 45

Stratosphere

Back 45

Second layer of atmosphere

Front 46

Air Pressure

Back 46

The force exerted downward on a surface by the weight of air above that surface

Front 47

Thermal Stratification

Back 47

Vertical temperature layers

Front 48

Albedo

Back 48

The percentage of incoming solar energy that is reflected from a surface

Front 49

Solar Energy

Back 49

The Earth receives energy from the Sun in the form of infrared waves, visible light waves, and UV waves

Front 50

Convection

Back 50

Warm air/water rises, cold air/water sinks

Front 51

Atmospheric Convection Currents

Back 51

Uneven heating of Earth's surface causes warmer air to rise and cooler air to sink. Air closer to the surface warms and rises, then cools and sinks. Primary cause of wind

Front 52

Intertropical Convergence Zone

Back 52

Area of the Earth with the most intense sunlight

Front 53

Hadley Cells

Back 53

Convection currents that cycle between the equator at 30N and 30S. Cause "trade winds"

Front 54

Ferrell Cells

Back 54

Convection currents that rise at 60N and 60S and sink at 30N and 30S

Front 55

Polar Cells

Back 55

Convection currents that rise at 60N and 60S and sink at the poles

Front 56

Coriolis Effect

Back 56

Deflection of an object's path due to the rotation of the Earth

Front 57

Jet Stream

Back 57

Fast flowing narrow current of air flowing 150 to 300 mph high in troposphere. Usually blows from West to East

Front 58

Gyres

Back 58

Large scale patterns of water circulation. Move clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and the opposite in the Southern Hemisphere

Front 59

Upwelling

Back 59

Upward movement of water towards the surface

Front 60

Thermohaline Circulation

Back 60

An oceanic circulation pattern that drives the mixing of surface water and deep water

Front 61

Weather Fronts

Back 61

A boundary between two air masses of different density and temperature. Warm air is less dense and cold air is more dense

Front 62

Warm Fronts

Back 62

Occur when a warm air mass advances on a cooler air mass

Front 63

Cold Fronts

Back 63

Occur when a cold dense mass of air advances on a warmer mass

Front 64

Tropical Cyclones

Back 64

Are generated when a low pressure system develops over warm ocean water

Front 65

Hurricanes

Back 65

In Eastern Pacific

Front 66

Typhoons

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In Western Pacific

Front 67

Tornadoes

Back 67

Occur when a strong, dry cold front collides with warm, humid air

Front 68

Monsoons

Back 68

Seasonal winds and heavy rains

Front 69

El Niño Southern Oscillation

Back 69

El Niño and La Niña combined. Causes major changes in "normal" weather patterns

Front 70

El Niño

Back 70

Warmer than normal surface waters of tropical Eastern Pacific

Front 71

La Niña

Back 71

Cooler than normal water in tropical Pacific

Front 72

Rain Shadow

Back 72

Desert-like conditions on the east side of mountains

Front 73

Biome

Back 73

Regions characterized by a particular climate, soil, and vegetation

Front 74

Marine

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Saltwater

Front 75

Estuary

Back 75

Wetlands, salt marshes, mangrove swamps

Front 76

Freshwater

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Streams/rivers, lakes/ponds, wetlands

Front 77

Plankton

Back 77

Group of weakly swimming, free-floating organisms

Front 78

Phytoplankton

Back 78

Unicelluar producers

Front 79

Zooplankton

Back 79

"Animals." Range from unicellular to large

Front 80

Nekton

Back 80

Can swim and are consumers

Front 81

Benthos

Back 81

Live on the bottom of the aquatic biome

Front 82

Euphotic Zone

Back 82

Upper layer in deep water habitats. AKA "photic zone"

Front 83

Aphotic Zone

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Lower layers in deep water habitats

Front 84

Coastal Zone

Back 84

Warm, nutrient-rich, shallow water that extends from the high-tide mark on land to the gently sloping

Front 85

Continental Shelf

Back 85

Shallow part of the ocean right off the coast of the continents

Front 86

Pelagic Zone

Back 86

Meaning "open sea," water in a sea or lake that is neither close to the bottom nor near the shore. Water column that goes from the surface of the sea almost to the bottom

Front 87

Benthic Zone

Back 87

On the bottom

Front 88

Open Sea

Back 88

Part of an ocean that is beyond the continental shelf

Front 89

Water Column

Back 89

A conceptual column of water from the surface to the bottom sediments

Front 90

Intertidal Zone

Back 90

Area of shoreline between high and low tides

Front 91

Coral Reefs

Back 91

"Rainforest of the ocean"

Front 92

Bleached Coral Reef

Back 92

Warming and/or polluted water killing algae/coral

Front 93

Estuaries (Coastal Wetlands)

Back 93

Where fresh and salt water meet

Front 94

Wetlands

Back 94

Area of land whose soil is saturated with moisture either seasonally or permanently

Front 95

Mangrove Swamps

Back 95

Coastal areas mostly compromised of mangrove shrubs and trees

Front 96

Barrier Islands

Back 96

Low, narrow, sandy islands that form offshore from a coastline

Front 97

Swamps

Back 97

Wetlands with trees

Front 98

Marshes

Back 98

No trees, wet only part of year

Front 99

Bogs

Back 99

Acidic rain-fed wetland; sphagnum moss (peat moss) and cranberries

Front 100

Littoral Zone

Back 100

Shallow area of soil and water near the shore where plants can grow

Front 101

Limnetic Zone

Back 101

Open water zone with algae but no plants

Front 102

Profundal Zone

Back 102

Region of water below the limnetic zone. No photosynthesis

Front 103

Oligotrophic Lakes

Back 103

Deep, nutrient-poor lakes with rocky bottoms

Front 104

Eutrophic Lakes

Back 104

Shallower and have increased nutrients