Apes Test Ch. 11-14

Front 1

of all human activities _______ has proven to be the most sustainable

Back 1

agriculture

Front 2

What does it mean to "bank" farmers?

(in the US)

Back 2

to pay farmers not to grow crops b/c there is enough production

Front 3

Name the 2 ways in which people starve

Back 3

undernourishment and malnourishment

Front 4

Undernourishment

Back 4

-results from a lack of sufficient calories in available food
-people eventually die from total lack of energy
-manifests itself as obvious, fast-acting, dramatic famines

Front 5

Malnourishment

Back 5

-results from the lack of specific chemical components of food, such as proteins, vitamins, or other essential chemical elements
-long term and insidious
-ex: kwashiorkor

Front 6

Most of the world's food is provided by only ____ # of crop species, and ____ # of those privide over 80% of the total calories consumed

Back 6

14;6

Front 7

Name the 3 most vital world crops

Back 7

1. wheat
2. rice
3. maize (corn)

Front 8

What is forage?

Back 8

crops grown as food for domestic animals

Front 9

rangeland

Back 9

provides food for grazing animals w/o plowing and planting

Front 10

pasture

Back 10

plowed, planted, and harvested land that provides food for animals

Front 11

aquaculture

Back 11

the farming of food in aquatic habitats-both marine and freshwater (ex: carp, shrimp)

Front 12

mariculture

Back 12

the farming of ocean fish (ex: oysters, mussels)
These farms are grown on rafts in intertidal zones

Front 13

agroecosystems

Back 13

ecosystems created by agriculture, typically w/ low genetic, species, and habitat diversity

Front 14

In farming, people try to _______ ecological succession, keeping it in an ________ stage

Back 14

stop;early

Front 15

monoculture

Back 15

large areas planted w/ a single species or even a single strain
-makes entire crop v. vulnerable to attack by a single pest, disease, or environmental condition

Front 16

Crop rotation

Back 16

(counteracts monoculture)
when different plants are planted in turn in the same field, with the field occasionally left fallow

Front 17

What is Liebig's law of the minimum?

Back 17

the idea that some single factor determines the growth and presence of a species

Front 18

limiting factor

Back 18

the factor whose availability is the least in comparison to the needs of the plant

Front 19

macronutrients

Back 19

chemical elements required by all living things in relatively large amounts (CHONPS)

Front 20

micronutrients

Back 20

chemical elements required in small amounts-either in extremely small amounts by all life, or in moderate to small amounts by some life (ex: zinc)

Front 21

synergistic effect

Back 21

a change in the availability of one resource affects the response of an organism to some other resource

Front 22

3 major technological approaches to agriculture

Back 22

1. modern mechanized agriculture
2. resource-based agriculture
3. bioengineering

Front 23

Green Revolution

Back 23

the name attached to post WWII programs that led to the development of new straings of crops with higher yields, better resistance to disease, and better ability to grow under poor conditions

Front 24

organic farming

Back 24

farming that is more "natural" in the sense of not using artificial pesticides, and, more recently not using genetically modified crops

Front 25

Genetically Modified Crops

Back 25

GMCs are crop species modified by genetic engineering to produce higher crop yields and increase resistance to drought, cold, heat, toxins, plant pests, and disease

Front 26

Compared to unplowed soil, plowed soil has little _____ ________ and lacks ____ ______

Back 26

organic matter; definite layers

Front 27

Explain the Dust Bowl phenomenon

Back 27

the area had been part of a prairie, where grasses were healthy and protected the soil. When plowed, the soil dried out and high winds caused severe erosion

Front 28

Explain the chemical effects of sedimentation on water bodies

Back 28

eutrophication! nitrates and other fertilizers are carried down stream, enriching the water environment and promoting TOO MUCH BAD algae growth

Front 29

Production of soil is
a. fast
b. slow

Back 29

b. SLOW

Front 30

soil horizons

Back 30

the series of layers soils are divided into over time

Front 31

soil fertility

Back 31

the capacity of soil to supply nutrients necessary for plant growth

Front 32

contour plowing

Back 32

plowing land along topographic contours, as much in a horizontal plane as possible (perpendicular to the slopes), thereby decreasing the erosion rate

Front 33

No-till agriculture

Back 33

aka conservation tillage
-combination of farming practices that includes not plowing the land, instead using herbicides to control weeds

Front 34

biological control

Back 34

the use of biological predators and parasites to control pests (ex/ ladybugs!)

Front 35

integrated pest management

Back 35

IPM uses a combination of methods to control agricultural pests, including biological and chemical agents.

Front 36

terminator gene

Back 36

makes crops sterile.
prevents GMCs from spreading and protects a corporation's market

Front 37

overgrazing

Back 37

when the carrying capacity of the land is exceeded; slows the growth of vegetation, reduces plant diversity, leads to dominance of weeds, hastens soil erosion, subject land to trampling

Front 38

desertification

Back 38

the deterioration of lanf in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas due to changes in climate and human activities

Front 39

landscape perspective

Back 39

the concept that effective management and conservation recognizes that ecosystems, populations, and species are interconnected across large geographic areas

Front 40

silviculture

Back 40

the professional growing of trees

Front 41

public service functions

Back 41

functions performed by ecosystems for the betterment of life and human existence (ex: trees cleaning the air)

Front 42

Leaves and roots in a tree are connected by 2 transportation systems

Back 42

1. phloem
2. xylem

Front 43

phloem

Back 43

(outside of living bark)
transports sugars and other organic compounds down to stems and roots

Front 44

xylem

Back 44

(inside of livinig bark)
transports water and inorganic molecules upward to the leaves. water is transported by a sun-powered pump (evapotranspiration)

Front 45

each species of tree has its own niche, determined by _______ and _______

Back 45

water content of the soil ; forest tolerance of shade

Front 46

stand

Back 46

an informal term used to refer to a group of trees. they can be small to medium-sized

Front 47

2 major kinds of commercial stands

Back 47

1. even-aged stands
2. uneven-aged stands

Front 48

even-aged stands

Back 48

all live trees begin growth from seeds and roots germinating the same year

Front 49

uneven-aged stands

Back 49

all the trees ini that area have at least 3 distinct age classes among them

Front 50

old-growth forest

Back 50

aka virgin forest
a forest that has never been cut

Front 51

second-growth forest

Back 51

a forest that has been cut and regrown

Front 52

rotation time

(trees)

Back 52

the time between cuts of a stand

Front 53

dominant trees
codominant
intermediate
suppressed

Back 53

domiant are tallest, most common
codominants are fairly common and share the canopy
intermediate form the layer of growth beneath the dominants
suppressed grow in the understory

Front 54

site quality

(think industrially)

Back 54

the maximum timber crop the site can produce in a given time

Front 55

clear-cutting

Back 55

the cutting of all trees in a stand at one time

Front 56

alternatives to clear cutting

(there are 4)

Back 56

selective cutting
shelterwood cutting
seed-tree cutting
strip-cutting

Front 57

shelterwood-cutting

Back 57

cutting dead and less desirable trees first and later cutting mature trees, so that there are always young trees around

Front 58

seed-tree cutting

Back 58

removes all but a few seed trees to promote regeneration of the forest

Front 59

selective cutting

Back 59

individual trees are marked and cut ----> thinning

Front 60

strip-cutting

Back 60

narrow rows of forests are cut, leaving wooded corridors

Front 61

plantation

Back 61

a stand of a single species planted in straight rows

Front 62

sustainable forestry

Back 62

a resource can be harvested at a rate that doesn't decrease the ability of the forest ecosystem to continue to provide that same rate of harvest indefinitely

Front 63

certification of forestry

Back 63

formal process to compare the actual practices of specific corporations or gov't agencies with practices that we believe to be consistent with sustainability

Front 64

indirect deforestation

Back 64

the loss of forests from pollution or disease

Front 65

parks vs. preserves

Back 65

parks are set aside for use by people.
preserves may be used by peopl, but is set aside for environmental reasons

Front 66

wilderness

Back 66

an area undisturbed by people

Front 67

maximum sustainable yield

Back 67

the populatin size that yielded maximum production (measured as either a net increase in the number of individuals in the population or as a net change in biomass) that would allow this population to be sustained indefinitely w/o decreasing its ability to provide the same level of production

Front 68

minimum viable population

Back 68

the estimated smallest population that can maintain itself and its genetic variability indefinitely

Front 69

logistic carrying capacity

Back 69

carrying capcity as defined by the logistic growth curve

Front 70

optimum sustainable population

Back 70

the maximum population that can be sustained indefinitely w/o decreasing the ability of that species to sustain that population level for some specified time

Front 71

in the logistic growth curve, the greatest production occurs when the population is exactly ______ of the carrying capacity

Back 71

1/2

Front 72

time series

Back 72

a set of estimates of population over a number of years

Front 73

historical range of variation

Back 73

the known range of abundances of a population or species over some past time interval

Front 74

catch per unit effort

Back 74

a method which assume that the same effort is exerted by all hunters/harvesters per unit of time, as long as they have the same technology. this way, if you know the total time spent hunting, and you know the catch per unit of effort, you can estimate the total population

Front 75

continental shelves, which make up only _____% of oceans, provide over ____% of the fishery harvest

Back 75

10;90

Front 76

endangered

Back 76

any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range

Front 77

threatened

Back 77

any species which is likely to become an endangered species within the forseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range

Front 78

local extinction

Back 78

occurs when a species disappears from a part of tis range, but persists elsewhere

Front 79

global extinction

Back 79

occurs when a species can no longer be found anywhere

Front 80

naturally about ___ species per year, on average become extinct

Back 80

1

Front 81

aren't you the most amazing girl in the whole world?

Back 81

yes. yes you are.
please don't forget that.