Apes Fall Final Review

Front 1

Define Evolution

Back 1

A change in the genetic composition of a population over time.

Front 2

Define microevolution

Back 2

Evolution which gives rise to new species or changes in traits.

Front 3

What is Species Richness

Back 3

The number of species in a given area

Front 4

What is species eveness

Back 4

The measure of whether a particular ecosystem is numerically dominated by one species or are all represented by similar numbers of individuals.

Front 5

How many mass extinctions are there said to be?

Back 5

5 and we are in the middle of the 6th

Front 6

What are primary causes of population decline?

Back 6

- Habitat alteration

-Invasive species

-Pollution

-Over-harvesting

-Global climate change

Front 7

What is ESA?

Back 7

Endangered Species act:

It forbids the gov. and private citizens from taking actions that destroy endangered species or their habitats.

Front 8

What are keystone species?

Back 8

a species that plays a role in its community that is far more important than its relative abundance might suggest.

Front 9

What is primary succession?

Back 9

Occurs on surfaces that are initially devoid of fertile soil. (Takes a long time)

Front 10

What is secondary succession?

Back 10

Occurs in reas that have been disturbed but have not lost their soil.

Front 11

What factors create Genetic diversity?

Back 11

-Genes

-Genotype

-Mutation

-Phenotype

Front 12

What is natural selection?

Back 12

When the environment determines which individuals are most likely to survive and reproduce.

Front 13

What is allopatric speciation?

Back 13

When new species are created by geographic or reproductive isolation

Front 14

What is sympatric speciation?

Back 14

The evolution of one species into two species in the absence of geographic isolation. *Usually in plants

Front 15

What are some factors that regulate population?

Back 15

-Pop. size

-Pop. density

-Pop. Distribution

Front 16

What are the different ways populations are distributed?

Back 16

-Random

-Uniform

-Clumped

Front 17

What are Density Independent factors?

Back 17

The size of the population will influence an individuals probability of survival.

EX:

-Unusual weather

-natural disasters

-seasonal cycles

-Human interaction

Front 18

What are Density Dependent factors?

Back 18

The size of the population has no effect on the individuals probability of survival.

EX:

-competition

-predation

-parasitism

-disease

Front 19

Describe the Exponential growth model

Back 19

It is a J curve

Front 20

Describe the Logistic Growth model

Back 20

It is an S curve to where the pop. growth eventually falls to zero.

( If food becomes scarce, the pop. will fluctuate. )

Front 21

Define K- selected species

Back 21

The pop. of a species that grows slowly until it reaches the carry capacity.

(Humans, whales, elephants)

Front 22

Define R-selected species

Back 22

The pop. of a species that grows quickly and is often followed by overshoots and die-offs.

(mosquitoes and dandelions)

Front 23

What are some factors that limit population growth?

Back 23

The primary productivity of an ecosystem can be reduced when there is an insufficient supply of a particular nutrient.

Front 24

What is predation?

Back 24

The use of one species as a resource by another species.

( + - )

Front 25

Mutualism

Back 25

A type of interspecific interaction where both species benefit.

( + + )

Front 26

Commensalism

Back 26

A type of relationship in which one species benefits while the other is neither harmed nor helped.

( + 0 )

Front 27

Competition

Back 27

The struggle of individuals to obtain a limiting resource.

( - - )

Front 28

Parasitism

Back 28

Is a non-mutual symbiotic relationship between species, where one species, the parasite, benefits at the expense of the other, the host.

( - + )

Front 29

Food chain

Back 29

The sequence of consumption from producers though tertiary consumers

Front 30

Food web

Back 30

A more realistic type of food chain that takes into account the complexity of nature

Front 31

What is GPP?

Back 31

Gross Primary Productivity- the total amount of solar energy that the producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time

Front 32

What is NPP?

Back 32

Net primary productivity- the energy captured (GPP) minus the energy respired by producers

Front 33

What are the trophic levels?

Back 33

-Tertiary Consumers (Hawk) 10J

-Secondary Consumers (Mouse) 100J

-Primary Consumers (Butterfly) 1,000J

-Primary Producers (Grass) 10,000J

*Sunlight 100,000J

Front 34

What are some factors that drive Human Pop. Growth?

Back 34

- changes in pop. size

- Fertility

-Life Expectancy

-Age Structure

-Migration

Front 35

What is the theory of demographic transition?

Back 35

That a country moves fro ma subsistence economy to industrialization and increased affluence, it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth.

Front 36

What are the stages of demographic transition?

Back 36

Phase 1: Slow pop. growth because of high birth rates and low death rates

Phase 2: Rapid pop. growth because birth rates high death rates decline due to better sanitation, clean drinking water, access to food and goods, health care

Phase 3: Stable pop growth as the economy and educational system improve and people have fewer children

Phase 4: Declining pop due to economy developing delaying births.

Front 37

Describe the Geologic Time Overview

Back 37

-Precambrian: Bacteria/multicellular (algae, 0203)

-Paleozoic: 1st/2nd mass extinction (coal)

-Mesozoic: 3rd mass extinction/ Birds/dinos (rocky mnts.)

-Cenozoic: 5th mass extinction/ dinos die off (Himalayas, world wide, glaciation)

Front 38

Mantle

Back 38

molten rock or magma-- circulates by convection currents.

Front 39

Asthenosphere

Back 39

outer part of mantle-- semi molten--ductile

Front 40

Lithosphere

Back 40

Brittle, outermost layer. Includes the crust.

Front 41

Divergent Plate Boundary

Back 41

Moving apart, causes seafloor spreading

Front 42

Convergent Plate Boundary

Back 42

Coming together, ocean peaks/ iron crust

Front 43

Transform fault Boundary

Back 43

Slide by eachother

Front 44

Describe the Rock cycle

Back 44

-Igneous rock

-Metaphoric rock

-Sedimentary rock

Front 45

Composite (strato) Volcanoes

Back 45

They are tall, symmetrically shaped, steep sides, and are built of alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ash, and cinders.

EX:

-Mount Fiji

-Mount St. Helens

Front 46

Shield Volcanoes

Back 46

Are tall, broad, with flat rounded shapes, and are known to be very large. They have low slopes and have big craters at their summits.

EX:

-Mauna Loa

-Kilauea

Front 47

Water molecules

Back 47

- Polar Covalent

- unequal pull on e-

Front 48

Eukaryote Organisms

Back 48

have a nucleus

Front 49

Prokaryote

Back 49

Do not have a nucleus

Front 50

What are the types of energy

Back 50

-Potential: is the energy stored in an object due to its position in a force field or in a system due to its configuration.

-Kinetic: energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion

-Chemical:is the potential of a chemical substance to undergo a transformation through a chemical reaction or, to transform other chemical substances.

Front 51

1st and 2nd law of dynamics

Back 51

1st: In an isolated system, energy can only be transformed, not created or destroyed. In other words, when energy passes, as work, as heat, or with matter, into or out from a system, its internal energy changes in accord with the law of conservation of energy.

2nd: In a natural thermodynamic process, the sum of the entropies of the participating thermodynamic systems increases.

Front 52

The Hydrologic Cycle

Back 52

-Transpiration

-Evaporation

-Run-off

-Ground water

Front 53

The Nitrogen Cycle

Back 53

-Fixation

-mineral fixation

-ammonification

-nitrification

-denitrification

Front 54

Positive feedback loops

Back 54

loops enhance or amplify changes; this tends to move a system away from its equilibrium state and make it more unstable.

Front 55

Negative feedback loops

Back 55

tend to dampen or buffer changes; this tends to hold a system to some equilibrium state making it more stable.

Front 56

Homeostasis

Back 56

Is the property of a system in which variables are regulated so that internal conditions remain stable and relatively constant. Examples of homeostasis include the regulation of temperature and the balance between acidity and alkalinity (pH).

Front 57

Eutrophication

Back 57

is the ecosystem response to the addition of artificial or natural substances, mainly phosphates, through detergents, fertilizers, or sewage, to an aquatic system.[1]One example is the "bloom" or great increase of phytoplankton in a water body as a response to increased levels of nutrients

Front 58

Denitrification

Back 58

is a microbially facilitated process of nitrate reduction (performed by a large group of heterotrophic facultative anaerobic bacteria) that may ultimately produce molecular nitrogen (N2) through a series of intermediate gaseous nitrogen oxide products.

Front 59

Decomposition

Back 59

is the process by which organic substances are broken down into a much simpler form of matter. The process is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the biome.

Front 60

Transpirtation

Back 60

is the process of water movement through a plant and its evaporation from aerial parts, such as from leaves but also from stems and flowers.

Front 61

Assimilation

Back 61

the conversion of nutrient into the fluid or solid substance of the body, by the processes of digestion and absorption

Front 62

Ammonification

Back 62

When a plant or animal dies or an animal expels waste, the initial form of nitrogen is organic. Bacteria or fungi convert the organic nitrogen within the remains back into ammonium (NH4+), a process called ammonification or mineralization.

Front 63

Nitrogen fixation

Back 63

is a process in which nitrogen (N2) in the atmosphere is converted into ammonium (NH4+).[1] Atmospheric nitrogen or molecular nitrogen (N2) is relatively inert: it does not easily react with other chemicals to form new compounds. The fixation process frees up the nitrogen atoms from their triply bonded diatomic form, N≡N, to be used in other ways.

Front 64

Legislation NEPA

National Environmental Policy Act

Back 64

is a United States environmental law that established a U.S. national policy promoting the enhancement of the environment.

Front 65

Clean Air Act

Back 65

is a United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level.

Front 66

Clean Water Act

Back 66

is the primary federal law in the United Statesgoverning water pollution.

Front 67

Safe Drinking Act

Back 67

is the principal federal law in the United States intended to ensure safe drinking water for the public.

Front 68

CERCLA

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

Back 68

This law created a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries and provided broad Federal authority to respond directly to releases or threatened releases of hazardous substances that may endanger public health or the environment.

Front 69

Montreal Protocol

Back 69

is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion.

Front 70

RCRA

Resource Conservation Recovery Act

Back 70

are to protect human health and the environment from the potential hazards of waste disposal, to conserve energy and natural resources, to reduce the amount of waste generated, and to ensure that wastes are managed in an environmentally sound manner.