Apes Cumulative Review

Front 1

ionizing radiation

Back 1

enough energy to knock electrons from atoms forming ions, capable of causing cancer (gamma, x-rays, UV)

Front 2

high quality energy

Back 2

organized & concentrated, can perform useful work (fossil fuel & nuclear)

Front 3

low quality energy

Back 3

disorganized, dispersed (heat in ocean or air wind, solar)

Front 4

First Law of Thermodynamics

Back 4

energy is neither created nor destroyed , but may be converted from one form to another

Front 5

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Back 5

when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded to lower quality energy (usually heat)

Front 6

natural radioactive decay

Back 6

unstable radioisotopes decay releasing gamma rays, alpha & beta particles

Front 7

half life

Back 7

the time it takes for 1/2 the mass of a radioisotope to decay

Front 8

estimate of how long a radioisotope must be stored until it decays to a safe level

Back 8

approximately 10 half-lives

Front 9

nuclear fission

Back 9

nuclei of isotopes is split apart when struck by neutrons

Front 10

nuclear fusion

Back 10

2 isotopes of light elements (H) forced together at high temperatures till they fuse to form a heavier nucleus. Expensive - not practical

Front 11

ore

Back 11

a rock that contains a large enough concentration of mineral making it profitable to mine

Front 12

organic fertilizer

Back 12

slow acting & long lasting because the organic remains need time to be decomposed

Front 13

best solution to energy shortage

Back 13

conservation and increase efficiency

Front 14

surface mining

Back 14

cheaper & can remove more mineral, less hazardous to workers

Front 15

humus

Back 15

organic, dark material remaining after decomposition by microorganisms

Front 16

leaching

Back 16

removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards

Front 17

illuviation

Back 17

deposit of leached material in lower soil layers (B)

Front 18

loam

Back 18

perfect agricultural soil w/ equal portions of sand, silt, clay

Front 19

conservation; preservation

Back 19

allows the use of resources in a responsible manner; setting aside areas & protecting them from human activities

Front 20

parts of the hydrologic cycle

Back 20

evaporation, transpiration, runoff, condensation, precipitation, infiltration

Front 21

aquifer

Back 21

any water bearing layer in the ground

Front 22

cone of depression

Back 22

lowering of the water table around a heavily pumping well

Front 23

salt water intrusion

Back 23

near the coast, overpumping of groundwater causes saltwater to move into the aquifer

Front 24

ENSO

Back 24

El Nino Southern Oscillation, up and down changes of air pressure over the S. Pacific

Front 25

during El Nino; not during El Nino

Back 25

trade winds weaken & warm water sloshed back to SA; easterly trade winds & ocean currents send warm water to western Pacific, allowing upwelling of nutrient rich water off the W Coast of SA

Front 26

effects of El Nino

Back 26

upwelling decreases, disrupting food chains, N US has mild winters, SW US has increased rainfall, less Atlantic Hurricanes

Front 27

nitrogen fixing

Back 27

because atmospheric N cannot be used directly by plants it must first be converted into ammonia by bacteria (rhizobium)

Front 28

ammonification

Back 28

decomposers convert organic waste into ammonia

Front 29

nitrification

Back 29

ammonia is converted to nitrate ions (NO-3)

Front 30

assimilation

Back 30

inorganic N is converted into organic molecules such as DNA/amino acids & proteins

Front 31

denitrification

Back 31

bacteria convert ammonia back into N

Front 32

phosphorus does not circulate as easily as N because:

Back 32

it does not exist as a gas, but is released by weathering of phosphate rocks

Front 33

sustainability

Back 33

the ability to meet humanity's current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs

Front 34

excess phosphorus is added to aquatic ecosystems by

Back 34

runoff from animal wastes, fertilizer, discharge of sewage

Front 35

photosynthesis

Back 35

plants convert atmospheric C (CO2) into complex carbohydrates (glucose C6H12O6)

Front 36

aerobic respiration

Back 36

oxygen consuming producers, consumers & decomposers break down complex organic compounds & convert C back into CO2

Front 37

largest reservoirs of C

Back 37

carbonate rocks first, oceans second

Front 38

biotic/abiotic

Back 38

living & nonliving components of an ecosystem

Front 39

producer/autotroph

Back 39

photosynthetic life

Front 40

fecal coliform/enterococcus

Back 40

indicator of sewage contamination

Front 41

energy flow in food webs

Back 41

only 10% of the usable energy is transferred because usable energy lost as heat (2nd law), not all biomass is digested and absorbed, predators expend energy to catch prey

Front 42

chlorine

Back 42

(good-disinfection of water)(bad-forms trihalomethanes)

Front 43

primary succession; secondary succession

Back 43

development of communities in a lifeless area not previously inhabited by life (lava!); life progresses where soil remains (clear cut forest, fire)

Front 44

cogeneration

Back 44

using waste heat to make electricity

Front 45

mutualism

Back 45

symbiotic relationship where both partners benefit

Front 46

commensalism

Back 46

symbiotic relationship where one partner benefits & the other is unaffected

Front 47

parasitism

Back 47

relationship in which one partner obtains nutrients at the expense of the host

Front 48

biome

Back 48

large distinct terrestrial region having similar climate, soil, plants, & animals

Front 49

carrying capacity

Back 49

the number of individuals that can be sustained in an area

Front 50

R strategist; K strategist

Back 50

reproduce early, many small unprotected offspring; reproduce late, few, care for offspring

Front 51

positive feedback

Back 51

when a change in some condition triggers a response that intensifies the changing condition (ex: warmer earth, snow melts, less sunlight is reflected & more absorbed, therefore warmer earth)

Front 52

natural selection

Back 52

organisms that possess favorable adaptations pass them on to the next generation

Front 53

Malthus

Back 53

said human population cannot continue to increase... consequences will be war, famine & disease

Front 54

doubling time

Back 54

rule of 70: 70 divided by the percent growth rate

Front 55

replacement level fertility

Back 55

the # of children a couple must have to replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.7 developing)

Front 56

world population; US population

Back 56

6.5 billion; 300 million

Front 57

preindustrial stage

Back 57

birth & death rates high, population grows slowly, infant mortality high

Front 58

transitional stage

Back 58

death rate lower, better health care, population grows fast

Front 59

industrial stage

Back 59

decline in birth rate, population growth slows

Front 60

postindustrial stage

Back 60

low birth & death rates

Front 61

age structure diagrams

Back 61

(broad base, rapid growth) (narrow base, negative growth) (uniform shape, zero growth)

Front 62

1st & 2nd most populated countries

Back 62

China & India

Front 63

most important thing affecting population growth

Back 63

low status of women

Front 64

ways to decrease birth rate

Back 64

family planning, contraception, economic rewards & penalties

Front 65

% water on earth by type

Back 65

97.5% seawater, 2.5% freshwater

Front 66

salinazation of soil

Back 66

in arid regions, water evaporates, leaving salts behind

Front 67

ways to conserve water

Back 67

(agriculture: drip/trickle irrigation) (industry: recycling), (home: use gray water, repair leaks, low flow fixtures)

Front 68

point vs non point sources

Back 68

(point: from specified location such as a pipe) (non-point: from over an area such as runoff)

Front 69

BOD

Back 69

biological oxygen demand, amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic decomposers to break down organic materials

Front 70

eutrophication

Back 70

rapid algal growth caused by an excess of N & P

Front 71

hypoxia

Back 71

when aquatic plants die, the BOD rises as aerobic decomposers break down the plants, the DO drops & the water cannot support life

Front 72

Minamata Disease

Back 72

mental impairments caused by mercury

Front 73

primary air pollutants

Back 73

produced by humans and nature (CO, CO2, SO2, NO, hydrocarbons, particulates)

Front 74

negative feedback

Back 74

when changing in some condition triggers a response that counteracts the changed condition (ex: warmer earth, more ocean evaporation, more stratus clouds, less sunlight reaches the ground, cooler earth)

Front 75

particulate matter (source, effect, reduction)

Back 75

(burning fossil fuels & diesel exhaust) (reduces visibility & respiratory irritation) (filtering, electrostatic precipitators, alternative energy)

Front 76

Nitrogen Oxides (source, effects, equation, reduction)

Back 76

(source: auto exhaust) (effects: acidification of lakes, respiratory irritation, leads to smog & ozone) (equation for acid formation: NO+O2=NO2+H2O=H2NO3) (reduction: catalytic converter)

Front 77

Sulfur Oxides (source, effects, equation, reduction)

Back 77

(source: coal burning) (effects: acid deposition, respiratory irritation, damages plants) (equation for acid formation: SO2+O2=SO3+H2O=H2SO4) (reduction: scrubbers, burn low sulfur fuel)

Front 78

Carbon Oxides (source, effects, equation, reduction)

Back 78

(source: auto exhaust, incomplete combustion) (effects: CO binds to hemoglobin, reducing the blood's ability to carry O, CO2 contributes to global warming) (reduction: catalytic converter, emission testing, oxygenated fuel, mass transit)

Front 79

Ozone

Back 79

(formation: secondary pollutant, NO2+UV=NO+O, O+O2=O3, w/ VOC's) (effects: respiratory irritation, damages plants) (reduction: reduce NO emissions & VOCs)

Front 80

Radon

Back 80

radioactive gas, formed from the decay of uranium, causes lung cancer and is a problem in the Reading Prong

Front 81

photochemical smog

Back 81

formed by chemical reactions involving sunlight (NO, VOC, O)

Front 82

acid deposition

Back 82

caused by sulfuric and nitric acids resulting in lowered pH of surface waters

Front 83

greenhouse gases

Back 83

(examples: H2O, CO2, O3, methane (CH4), CFC's) (effect: they trap outgoing (infrared) heat energy causing earth to warm)

Front 84

effects of global warming

Back 84

rising sealevel (thermal expansion), extreme weather, droughts (famine), extinctions

Front 85

ozone depletion caused by:

Back 85

CFCs, methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, halon, methyle bromide, all of which attack stratospheric ozone

Front 86

effects of ozone depletion:

Back 86

increased UV radiation, skin cancer, cataracts, decreased plant growth

Front 87

Love Canal, NY

Back 87

chemicals buried in old canal and school & homes built over it causing birth defects and cancer

Front 88

municipal solid wastes is mostly:

Back 88

paper and most is landfilled

Front 89

true cost/external costs

Back 89

harmful environmental side effects that are not reflected in a product's price

Front 90

sanitary landfill problems & solutions:

Back 90

(leachate, liner w/ collection system) (methane gas, collect gas and burn) (volume of garbage, compact & reduce)

Front 91

incineration advantages

Back 91

volume of waste is reduced by 90% & waste heat can be used

Front 92

incineration disadvantages

Back 92

toxic emissions (polyvinyl chloride - dioxin), scrubbers & electrostatic precipitators needed, ash disposal (contains heavy metals)

Front 93

best way to solve waste problem

Back 93

reduce the amounts of waste at the source

Front 94

keystone species

Back 94

species whose role in an ecosystem are more important than others (ex sea otter)

Front 95

indicator species

Back 95

species that serve as early warnings that an ecosystem is being damaged (ex trout)

Front 96

most endangered species

Back 96

have a small range, require large territory or live on an island

Front 97

in natural ecosystems, 50-90% of pest species are kept under control by:

Back 97

predators, diseases, parasites

Front 98

major insecticide groups and examples:

Back 98

(chlorinated hydrocarbons, DDT) (organophosphates, malathion) (carbamates, aldicarb)

Front 99

pesticide pros

Back 99

saves lives from insect transmitted diseases, increases food supply, increases profits for farmers

Front 100

pesticide cons

Back 100

genetic resistance, ecosystem imbalance, pesticide treadmill, persistance, bioaccumulation, biological magnification

Front 101

natural pest control

Back 101

better agricultural practices, genetically resistant plants, natural enemies, biopesticides, sex attractants

Front 102

electricity is generated by:

Back 102

using steam (from water boiled by fossil fuels or nuclear), or falling water to turn generator, etc

Front 103

petroleum forms from

Back 103

microscopic aquatic organisms in sediments converted by heat & pressure into a mixture of hydrocarbons

Front 104

pros of petroleum:

Back 104

cheap, easily transported, high quality energy

Front 105

cons of petroleum:

Back 105

reserves will be depleted soon, pollution during drilling, transport and refining, burning releases CO2

Front 106

steps in coal formation

Back 106

peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite

Front 107

two most serious nuclear accidents:

Back 107

Chernobyl, Ukraine and Three Mile Island, PA

Front 108

alternate energy sources

Back 108

wind, solar, waves, biomass, geothermal, fuel cells

Front 109

LD50

Back 109

the amount of a chemical that kills 50% of the animals in a population

Front 110

mutagen, teratogen, carcinogen

Back 110

causes hereditary changes, fetus deformities, cancer

Front 111

endangered species

Back 111

north spotted owl (loss of old growth forest), bald eagle (thinning of eggs caused by DDT), piping plover (nesting areas threatened by development)

Front 112

LI Exotic species

Back 112

gypsy moth, asian long horned beetle

Front 113

Garret Hardin & the Tragedy of the Commons

Back 113

freedom to breed is bringing ruin to all. global commons such as atmosphere & oceans are used by all and owned by none

Front 114

volcanoes & earthquakes occur

Back 114

at plate boundaries (divergent, spreading, mid-ocean ridges) (convergent, trenches) (transform, sliding, San Andreas)

Front 115

sources of mercury

Back 115

burning coal, compact fluorescent bulbs

Front 116

major source of sulfur

Back 116

burning coal

Front 117

threshold dose

Back 117

the maximum dose that has no measurable effect

Front 118

Surface Mining Control & Reclamation Act

Back 118

requires coal strip mines to reclaim the land

Front 119

Madrid Protocol

Back 119

moratorium on mineral exploration for 50 years in Antarctica

Front 120

Safe Drinking Water Act

Back 120

set max containment levels for pollutants in drinking water that may have adverse effects on human health

Front 121

Clean Water Act

Back 121

set max permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways, aimed at making surface waters swimmable and fishable

Front 122

Ocean Dumping Ban Act

Back 122

bans ocean dumping of sewage sludge & industrial waste in ocean

Front 123

Clean Air Act

Back 123

set emission standards for cars and limits for the release of air pollutants

Front 124

Kyoto Protocol

Back 124

controlling global warming by setting greenhouse gas emissions targets for developed countries

Front 125

Montreal Protocol

Back 125

phaseout of ozone depleting substances

Front 126

Resource Conservation & Recover Act

Back 126

controls hazardous waste w/ a cradle to grave system

Front 127

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation & Liability Act

Back 127

set up superfund, designed to identify and clean up abandoned hazardous waste dump sites

Front 128

Nuclear Waste Policy Act

Back 128

US gov't must develop a high level nuclear waste site (Yucca Mtn)

Front 129

Endangered Species Act

Back 129

identifies threatened & endangered species in the US, & puts their protection ahead of economic considerations

Front 130

Convention on Int'l Trade in Endangered Species

Back 130

lists species that can't be commercially traded as live specimens or wildlife products

Front 131

Magnuson-Stevens Act

Back 131

management of marine fisheries

Front 132

Food Quality Protection Act

Back 132

set pesticide limits in food, & all active & inactive ingredients must be screened for estrogenic/endocrine effects

Front 133

National Environmental Policy Act

Back 133

environmental impact statements must be done before any project affecting federal lands can be started

Front 134

Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants

Back 134

seeks to protect human health from the 12 most toxic chemicals (including 8 chlorinated hyrdocarbon pesticides/DDT can be used for malaria control)