Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is hypoxia?
|
-Dead zone in Gulf of Mexico
-So depleted of o2 that it cannot support marine organisms |
|
|
What is a feedback loop?
|
-A system's output can serve as input to that same system in a circular process
-Negative feedback= stabilizing, temperature regulation (body) -Positive feedback= destabilizing, ex. erosion |
|
|
What is dynamic equilibrium?
|
Inputs and outputs will reach a fluxuating balence at some point in time
|
|
|
What is homeostasis?
|
Tendency of system is to maintain stable conditions
|
|
|
What are emergent properties?
|
Whole system has properties not seen by just looking @ the parts
|
|
|
What is a closed system?
|
-Isolated, no interactions with other systems, no inputs/outputs
-Biosphere II= example of experiment |
|
|
What is an open system?
|
Exchanges energy through inputs and outputs
|
|
|
What is eutrophication?
|
Process of nutrient enrichment, algal bloom, bacterial increase, and ecosystem deterioration
|
|
|
What is the atmosphere?
|
Comprised of air surrounding planet
|
|
|
What is the hydrosphere?
|
Encompasses all water (bodies, in atm., underground)
|
|
|
What is the lithosphere?
|
Everything that is solid earth
|
|
|
What is the biosphere?
|
Sum total of all planet's living organisms, biotic and abiotic factors with with they interact
|
|
|
What is an ecosystem?
|
Community of organisms and abiotic environment
|
|
|
What is landscape ecology?
|
Broad-scale study of geographical areas that have mutiple ecosystems
|
|
|
What is an ecotone?
|
Transitional zone where 2 or more ecosystems meet
|
|
|
What is gross primary production?
|
Autotrophs capture sun's energy through photosynthesis
|
|
|
What is net primary production?
|
The amount of energy autotrophs use for their own metabolism
|
|
|
What is productivity?
|
The rate at which biomass is generated
|
|
|
What is net primary productivity?
|
Higher rate, higher net
|
|
|
What are nutrients?
|
Elements that organisms consume and require for energy
|
|
|
What is a biogeochemical cycle?
|
Nutrients circulate through ecosystems in these cycles
|
|
|
What is the carbon cycle?
|
-How carbon moves through the environment
-C is ingredient in carbohydrates, fat, proteins, bones, ect. -Producers preform photosynthesis to produce O2 -Respiration breaks down carbohydrates to produce CO2 and H2O |
|
|
What is the phosphorus cycle?
|
-Involves mainly lithosphere and ocean
-P component of DNA, RNA, ATP, found in rocks, soil -No atmospheric component |
|
|
What is the nitrogen cycle?
|
-Atm. major reserve for nitrogen
-Nitrogen= 78% of atm. -Lightning, bacteria, and human technology are the only ways to fix N into useable compounds |
|
|
What is nitrogen fixation?
|
Through lightening or bacteria that live in mutualistic relationships with plants
|
|
|
What is nitrification?
|
Occurs through specialized bacteria
|
|
|
What are denitrifying bacteria?
|
Converts nitrates in soil or water to gaseous nitrogen
|
|
|
What is the Haber-Bosch process?
|
Allows humans to synthesize ammonia
|
|
|
What is the hydrologic cycle?
|
-Influences all other cycles
-Water moves into atm by evaporation and transpiration, returns to surface by precipitation, which goes into bodies of water by runoff -Underground reservoirs= aquifers, groundwater |
|
|
What is the rock cycle?
|
-Over time, rocks are heated, cooled, broken down, and reassembled
-Rocks form when magma cools into igneous rock, called lava when from a volcano -Sediemntary rock formed when minerals seep through sediment layers and crystallize in "lithification" -Metamorphic rock= marble and slate, heat and pressure creates |
|
|
What is crust mantle and core?
|
Earth's surface consists of them
|
|
|
What are divergent plate boundaries?
|
New crust is formed where two plates are pushed apart at these
|
|
|
What is a transform plate boundary?
|
When two plates meet, they may slip and grind and form one
|
|
|
What is subduction?
|
When two plates collide at convergent plate boundaries this or uplift happens
|
|
|
When a population of a city increases, what causes it to stabilize?
|
-Positive feedback= more jobs, fun things things to do, parks, ppl move into city
-Negative feedback= competition for jobs, dirty/pollution, crime, $, ppl leave |
|
|
What is residence time?
|
How long it takes something to move through a system
|
|
|
What is an example of emergent properties?
|
Trees= leaves, fruit, trunk, bugs, but tree as whole gathers water, photosynthesis, provides shade, ect.
|
|
|
What happens in the Carbon Cycle?
|
-Atmosphere to Lithosphere= photosynthesis, respiration, combustion
-Lithosphere to Hydrosphere= runoff, uplifting -Hydrosphere-Atm= diffusion -Hydrosphere and Lithosphere to Fossil Fuels= may form coal, oil, natural gas (death) |
|
|
What combinations and chemicals are used in the Carbon Cycle?
|
-Atmosphere to Lithosphere= CO2+H2O=H2CO3, carbonic acid (normal rain)
-In Atmosphere= CO2, CH2 (methane), CO -Hydrosphere= respiration, photosynthesis, carbonate (CO3), shells coral |
|
|
What are the basics of the Nitrogen cycle?
|
-Atmosphere to Ammonia= bacteria fix N2 (water or land)
-Ammonia to Nitrates= nitrates to plants, plants to animals, decomposers -Nitrates to Atmosphere= denitrification by bacteria -Atmosphere to NOx= combustion |
|
|
What are the chemicals and combinations involved in the Nitrogen cycle?
|
-NOx in combustion= nitrogen oxide, NO2+H2O=HNO3 (nitric acid or acid rain)
-Ammonia=NH3 -Nitrate=NO3- -Atomospheric nitrogen=N2 |
|
|
What are the basics of the Phosphorus Cycle?
|
-Inorganic phosphate to plants= decompose or into animals
-Animals decompose or into waste (guano) -Inorganic phosphate to ocean= runoff |
|
|
What are the combinations and chemicals involved in the Phosphorous cycle?
|
Inorganic phosphate= PO4 (in soil and streams)
|
|
|
What is the Sullfer cycle?
|
-Lithosphere to water= runoff
-Water to Hydrogen sulfide= decay -Hydrogen sulfide to sulfur oxides to sulfuric acid back to lithosphere or water -Lithosphere to hydrogen sulfide= pollutants |
|
|
What are the chemicals/compounds involved in the sulfur cycle?
|
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to sulfur oxides (SOx + H2O) to sulfuric acid (acid raid, H2SO4)
|
|
|
Where is most sulfur found?
|
Rocks
|
|
|
What is the water cycle?
|
-Atmosphere to Lithosphere= precipitation, evaporation, transpiration (water loss by plants)
-Lithosphere to hydrosphere= runoff -Hyrdosphere to atmosphere= percipitation, evaporation |
|
|
What is infiltration and percolation?
|
-From lithosphere to hydrosphere in water cycle
-Infiltration= movement of H2O into soil -Percolation= movement of H2O through the soil |
|
|
What can cause a dead zone and what can re-oxinate it?
|
Runoff of nitrates, hurricanes mix up ad re-oxinate
|
|
|
What is Eutrophication?
|
-Water becomes enriched, leads to hypoxia
-Enriched by phosphates or nitrates -Enrchiment--algae bloom-bacteria growth--use up O2 |
|
|
What are solutions to eutrophication?
|
-Pollution control
-Organic farming, limits, educating farmers -Time at application (not before big storm) |
|
|
What is the Tectonic cycle?
|
-Divergent= new plates are made
-To mantle, continents -Subduction= one plate moves down under another one -Volcanos= result of subduction -Transform plate= one plate sliding along another |
|
|
What is Eutrophication?
|
-Water becomes enriched, leads to hypoxia
-Enriched by phosphates or nitrates -Enrchiment--algae bloom-bacteria growth--use up O2 |
|
|
What are historical events that have influenced human population?
|
-10,000=agricultural revolution, mesopotamia, growing more food leads to more ppl, stable food supply
-1700-1800= Industrial rev, machines produce more food, medicine=less deaths |
|
|
What are solutions to eutrophication?
|
-Pollution control
-Organic farming, limits, educating farmers -Time at application (not before big storm) |
|
|
What is the IPAT model?
|
-Formed by Ehrlich
-I=PxAxT -I=impact, P=population, A=affluence, T=technology -When P increases and A decreases it's the same as vice versa -XS= sensitivity was added, environmental sensitivity |
|
|
What is the Tectonic cycle?
|
-Divergent= new plates are made
-To mantle, continents -Subduction= one plate moves down under another one -Volcanos= result of subduction -Transform plate= one plate sliding along another |
|
|
What are historical events that have influenced human population?
|
-10,000=agricultural revolution, mesopotamia, growing more food leads to more ppl, stable food supply
-1700-1800= Industrial rev, machines produce more food, medicine=less deaths |
|
|
What is the IPAT model?
|
-Formed by Ehrlich
-I=PxAxT -I=impact, P=population, A=affluence, T=technology -When P increases and A decreases it's the same as vice versa -XS= sensitivity was added, environmental sensitivity |
|
|
What are the basics of the Nitrogen cycle?
|
-Atmosphere to Ammonia= bacteria fix N2 (water or land)
-Ammonia to Nitrates= nitrates to plants, plants to animals, decomposers -Nitrates to Atmosphere= denitrification by bacteria -Atmosphere to NOx= combustion |
|
|
What are the chemicals and combinations involved in the Nitrogen cycle?
|
-NOx in combustion= nitrogen oxide, NO2+H2O=HNO3 (nitric acid or acid rain)
-Ammonia=NH3 -Nitrate=NO3- -Atomospheric nitrogen=N2 |
|
|
What are the basics of the Phosphorus Cycle?
|
-Inorganic phosphate to plants= decompose or into animals
-Animals decompose or into waste (guano) -Inorganic phosphate to ocean= runoff |
|
|
What are the combinations and chemicals involved in the Phosphorous cycle?
|
Inorganic phosphate= PO4 (in soil and streams)
|
|
|
What is the Sullfer cycle?
|
-Lithosphere to water= runoff
-Water to Hydrogen sulfide= decay -Hydrogen sulfide to sulfur oxides to sulfuric acid back to lithosphere or water -Lithosphere to hydrogen sulfide= pollutants |
|
|
What are the chemicals/compounds involved in the sulfur cycle?
|
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to sulfur oxides (SOx + H2O) to sulfuric acid (acid raid, H2SO4)
|
|
|
Where is most sulfur found?
|
Rocks
|
|
|
What is the water cycle?
|
-Atmosphere to Lithosphere= precipitation, evaporation, transpiration (water loss by plants)
-Lithosphere to hydrosphere= runoff -Hyrdosphere to atmosphere= percipitation, evaporation |
|
|
What is infiltration and percolation?
|
-From lithosphere to hydrosphere in water cycle
-Infiltration= movement of H2O into soil -Percolation= movement of H2O through the soil |
|
|
What can cause a dead zone and what can re-oxinate it?
|
Runoff of nitrates, hurricanes mix up ad re-oxinate
|
|
|
What's Eutrophication?
|
-Water becomes enriched, leads to hypoxia
-Enriched by phosphates or nitrates -Enrichment--algae bloom--algae die--bacteria grow--use up O2 |
|
|
What are some solutions to Eutrophication?
|
-Pollution control
-Organic farming, educating farmers -Time at application not before storm to reduce runoff |
|
|
What is the Tectonic Cycle?
|
-Divergent= new plates are made
-To mantle and continents -Subduction= one plate moves under another one -Volcanoes= result of subduction sometimes -Transform plate= one plate sliding under another |
|
|
What has historically influenced the human population?
|
-10,000=agricultural revolution, growing more food-more ppl, stable food supply
-1700-1800=industrial revolution, machines produce more food, medicine leads to less deaths |
|
|
What is the IPAT model?
|
-Ehrlich
-I=PxAxT -I=impact, P=population, A=affluence, T=technology -XS=environmental sensitivity (added) |
|
|
What is the growth rate formula?
|
r=(b-d)+(i-e)
|
|
|
What are two ways to predict growth rate?
|
1.Doubling time (T)= T=70/r, where r= annual growth rate, assumes exponential growth (problem, were not anymore)
-Age structure=rough estimate |
|
|
What is TFR?
|
-"Total Fertility Rate", average # of children per woman
-TFR=3.8, rapid increase -TFR=2.0, decrease, children may not reach reproductive age -Replacement TFR=2.1, constant population size |
|
|
What is population momentum?
|
Population will continue to increase even if TFR is 2.1 b/c children already exist, gradual
|
|
|
What are reasons for decrease in TFR?
|
-Women in work force, later marriage, education (women's empowerment)
-Increase in income -Change to urban lifestyle -More social programs for elderly -Decrease in infant mortality |
|
|
What is the world TFR today?
|
2.5
|
