Apes-Chapter 6

Front 1

What is competition?

Back 1

-Can occur when resources are limited
-Intraspecific= same species, interspecific= different species
-Competitive exclusion= one species excludes the other from a resource entirely
-Species coexistance= species that live side by side but competing

Front 2

What is a fundamental niche?

Back 2

Full niche of a species

Front 3

What is a realized niche?

Back 3

An individual that plays only part of its role b/c of compeititon or other species interactions

Front 4

What is resource partitioning?

Back 4

Species may evolve to use different resources or use shared resources in a different way. Character displacement may occur.

Front 5

What is predation?

Back 5

-Kill and consume prey
-Process in which an individual hunts, captures, kills, and consumes another species

Front 6

What is parasitism?

Back 6

-Exploit living hosts
-Relationship where one organism depends on another for nourishment while doing harm to the host

Front 7

What is herbivory?

Back 7

Occurs when animals feed on tissues of plants

Front 8

What is mutualism?

Back 8

Relationship in which two or more species benefit from interaction with one another

Front 9

What is symbiosis?

Back 9

A mutualistic relationship that occur between organisms that live in close physical contact

Front 10

What is amensalism?

Back 10

Relationship in which one organism is harmed and the other is unaffected

Front 11

What is commensalism?

Back 11

One organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Front 12

What is commensalism?

Back 12

One organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Front 13

What are trophic levels?

Back 13

-Energy passes among them
-Displays how energy moves through a community

Front 14

What are trophic levels?

Back 14

-Energy passes among them
-Displays how energy moves through a community

Front 15

What are producers?

Back 15

First trophic level, autotrophs

Front 16

What are producers?

Back 16

First trophic level, autotrophs

Front 17

What are primary consumers?

Back 17

Consume producers, most are herbivores

Front 18

What are primary consumers?

Back 18

Consume producers, most are herbivores

Front 19

What are secondary and tertiary consumers?

Back 19

Prey on primary consumers, carnivores or omnivores

Front 20

What are secondary and tertiary consumers?

Back 20

Prey on primary consumers, carnivores or omnivores

Front 21

What are detritivores?

Back 21

Consume nonliving organic matter

Front 22

What is a pioneer species?

Back 22

Species that arrive first and colonize a new substrate

Front 23

What is an invasive species?

Back 23

Non-native organism that arrives in a community from elsewhere, spreads, and becomes dominant, with potential to alter a community

Front 24

What is ecological restoration?

Back 24

Efforts to restore areas to a more pristine habitat

Front 25

What is restoration ecology?

Back 25

Practice of ecological restoration, with research into the history of an area

Front 26

What is a biome?

Back 26

A major regional complex of similar communities

Front 27

What is a food web?

Back 27

Shows feeding relationships and energy flow

Front 28

What is a keystone species?

Back 28

A species that has a particularly strong or far-reaching impact

Front 29

What is resistant community?

Back 29

One that resists changes and remains stable despite disturbance

Front 30

What is succession?

Back 30

Follows severe disturbance

Front 31

What is resilient community?

Back 31

One that changes in response to a disturbance but later returns to its original state

Front 32

What is primary succession?

Back 32

Follows a disturbance so sever that no vegetation or soil remains from the community. Biotic community is built from scratch

Front 33

What is secondary succession?

Back 33

Follows a disturbance that alters an existing community but does not destroy all living things or all organic matter

Front 34

What are climatographs?

Back 34

Graphs that depict annual patterns and monthly averages of temperature and precipitation

Front 35

Temperate deciduous forest?

Back 35

-Found in eastern North America
-Broadleaf trees

Front 36

What are temperate grasslands?

Back 36

Westward from Great Lakes

Front 37

What are temperate rainforests?

Back 37

-Pacific Northwest
-High biodiversity, commercial products production

Front 38

What are tropical rainforests?

Back 38

-Regions near equator
-High rainfall, warm temperatures, high biodiversity, lush vegetation

Front 39

What are tropical dry forests?

Back 39

Tropical areas that are warm year -round

Front 40

What are savannas?

Back 40

-Dry tropical areas (Africa, South America, India, Australia)
-Regions of grasslands with clusters of trees

Front 41

What is a desert?

Back 41

-Driest biome on Earth
-Not always hot, low humidity, little vegetation
-Temperatures vary widely from day to night (may)

Front 42

What is a tundra?

Back 42

-Dry as desert
-Cold regions, little daylight in winter, cool days in summer

Front 43

What is a boreal forest?

Back 43

-Cooler, drier regions

Front 44

What is chaparral?

Back 44

-Found in areas of Mediterranean climate
-Desnely thicketed evergreen shrubs

Front 45

What are two types of competition?

Back 45

-Intraspecific= between individuals in one species
-Interspecific= between different species (2 or more) ex. Green and Brown Anole Lizard

Front 46

What's the difference between a fundamental and realized niche?

Back 46

Fundamental is the role of species w/o competition and the realized niche includes competition

Front 47

What is competitive exclusion?

Back 47

If there is competition, 1 species will exclude the other

Front 48

What are 4 examples of symbiotic relationships?

Back 48

-Symbiosis= relationship between 2 organisms living close together
-Parasitism= one species is happy, on harmed. Ex. Lamprey on Great Lakes
-Mutualism= both benefit, ex. Mycarrhizae (fungus root, Root Noddules, bacteria has colony and creates usable N2
-Commensalism= one benefits, other doesn't care. Ex. Epiphytes (plants growing on top of other plants, Spanish Moss)

Front 49

What are the Laws of Thermodynamics?

Back 49

1. Energy is neither created nor distroyed, but can be converted
2. When energy is changed (form), some os useful (denser) energy is degraded to lower quality (heat).

Front 50

What is the basic structure of a food web?

Back 50

Sun-1st trophic level-second trophic level-3rd-4th-Decomposers

Front 51

What happens at each stage in a food web and who is under each category?

Back 51

-1st trophic level= producers, autotrophs, ex. plants, algae, bacteria
-2nd trophic level= primary consumers, herbivores
-3rd and 4th trophic levels= omnivores and carnivores (secondary consumers)
-Decomposers=bacteria fungi break down complex molecules, detrivores (worms, snails) produce more organic material (smaller chunks)

Front 52

What is produced in a food web?

Back 52

Heat through cellular respiration

Front 53

What's the 10% rule?

Back 53

10% of energy from one trophic level is passed onto the next level

Front 54

How would energy go from a plant to a mouse?

Back 54

Some of plant's energy the mouse eats, some is not ingested. Some then goes to the biomass of the mouse, some is turned into heat, and some is not digested (guano)

Front 55

What is the Old Field Example?

Back 55

-Study in Michigan
-Grasses=85% biomass 15% heat, mice= 68% heat, weasel= 95% heat.
-Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)= total energy
-Net Primary Productivity (NPP)= GPP-respiration (amount that goes into biomass.

Front 56

What is the cow example?

Back 56

80-85% of calories eaten is lost to respiration (gas), 15% for biomass