Apes Chapter 4,6,7

Front 1

demography

Back 1

the study of populations

Front 2

population dynamics

Back 2

the study of population change (growth)

Front 3

population

Back 3

members of the same species living in the same area

Front 4

species

Back 4

all individuals capable of interbreeding

Front 5

growth rate equation

Back 5

(birthrate)-(death rate)

*doesn't account for immigration/emigration

Front 6

crude birth, death, growth rates

Back 6

those numbers out of 1,000

Front 7

age structure

Back 7

the proportion of a population in each age class

Front 8

total fertility rate (TFR)

Back 8

the expected number of children, per woman, per lifetime

Front 9

replacement-level fertility

Back 9

when TFR equals 2.1

Front 10

population momentum

Back 10

(lag effect)

Front 11

history of human population growth (major booms)

Back 11

1. hunter-gatherers
2. neolithic culture--> agriculture
3. Industrial Revolution
4. the present

Front 12

what is the approximate world population?

Back 12

6.3 billion (and growing!)

Front 13

how do we project future population growth? (3 methods)

Back 13

a. exponential growth
b. doubling time
c. logistic growth curve + carrying capacity

Front 14

logistic growth curve

Back 14

s-shaped curve that portrays a J-curve until the line hits carrying capacity and levels off into an "s." The point of the turn in the "s" is the inflection point

Front 15

stages of demographic transition

Back 15

1. high birthrate; high death rate (LDC)
2. high birth; low deathrate (transition)
3. low birthrate; low deathrate (MDC)

Front 16

environmental effect of people on the environment (equation)

Back 16

(impact per person)* (number of people)

Front 17

methods of achieving zero population growth

Back 17

a. delay marriage (childbirth)
b. birth control
c. economic rewards/ penalties

Front 18

population age structure graphs: PYRAMID

Back 18

many young ppl, high deathrate, short average lifetime, LDC (ex/ Kenya)

Front 19

population age structure graphs: inverted pyramid

Back 19

many old people, low deathrate, long average lifetime (ex/ Italy)

Front 20

population age structure graphs: column

Back 20

birthrate and deathrate are low, many older people, MDC (ex/ USA)

Front 21

population age structure graphs: column w/ bulge

Back 21

occurs if some event caused a high birth/deathrate for some age groups but not others (ex/ baby boom)

Front 22

zero population growth

Back 22

the number of births equals the number of deaths and there's no net change (this can't really be accurate though because of lag time)

Front 23

maximum lifetime

Back 23

the genetically determined possible age to which an individual can live

Front 24

life expectancy

Back 24

the avg. number of years an individual can expect to live given his present age

Front 25

limiting factors

Back 25

SHORT TERM (immediate and temporary--> drought)
INTERMEDIATE-TERM (effects seen after 1 but before 10 yrs --> pesticide use)
LONG TERM (effects not seen until after a decade --> soil erosion)

Front 26

basic characteristics of ecosystems

Back 26

structure, processes (chemical cycling, energy flow), change

Front 27

ecological community

Back 27

a set of species interacting w/in the ecosystem

Front 28

ecological succession

Back 28

the process of establishment and development of an ecosystem

Front 29

food chains/ food webs

Back 29

the linkage of who feeds on whom (the latter being more complex)

Front 30

trophic levels

Back 30

conists of all those organisms in a food web that are the same number of feeding levels away from the original source of energy --> SUN

Front 31

1st, 2nd, 3rd trophic levels

Back 31

1. producers aka autotrophs
2. consumers (herbivores)aka heterotrophs
3. consumers (carnivores) aka heterotrophs

Front 32

decomposers/detritivores

Back 32

(ex/ bacteria and fungi) feed on wastes and dead organisms on all trophic levels. (detritivores have mouths)

Front 33

community-level effect

Back 33

when interaction between 2 species leads to changes in the presence or absence of other species or in a large change in abundance of other species

Front 34

keystone species

Back 34

(ex/ sea otter) has a large effect on its comminity or ecosystem. it's removal or addition to the community leads to major changes in abundances of many other species

Front 35

holisitc view

Back 35

everything affects everything else. an ecological community is more than the sum of its parts.

Front 36

watershed

Back 36

a commonly used practical delineation of the boundary of an ecosystem on land. w/in a watershed any drop of rain that reaches the ground flows out in the same stream. topography determines watershed.

Front 37

biological diversity

Back 37

the number of species in an area, or the number of genetic types

Front 38

biological evolution

Back 38

refers to change in inherited characteristics of a population from generation to generation. it can result in speciation.

Front 39

The 4 processes which lead to evolution

Back 39

1.mutation
2.natural selection
3.genetic drift
4.migration

Front 40

mutation

Back 40

a chemical change in a DNA molecule. this can affect the expressed characteristics when cells or individuals reproduce

Front 41

natural selection

Back 41

"survival of the fittest"--> those best fitted for survival will be more abundant

Front 42

genetic drift

Back 42

changes in the frequency of a gene in a population not due to anything but chance

Front 43

the 3 qualities of species diversity

Back 43

species richness (total # of species), evennes (the relative abundance of species), and dominance (the most abundant species)

species diversity has to do with the relative chance of seeing a species as opposed to actual numbers

Front 44

3 groups classifying life on earth

Back 44

1. eukaryota (animals, plants, fungi, protists--> has nucleus)
2. bacteria
3. archaea (both have no nucleus)

Front 45

competitive exclusion principle

Back 45

2 species that have exactly the same requirements cannot coexist in the same habitat

Front 46

habitat vs. niche

Back 46

habitat=home
niche= profession, role in the environment

Front 47

symbiosis

Back 47

a relationship between 2 organisms that is beneficial to both

Front 48

factors that influence diversity

Back 48

latitude + altitude (biogeography)
environmental stress
human involvement
etc

Front 49

ecological gradient

Back 49

the change in abundance of a species over a distance