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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How much of the earth is covered by water?
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71%
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How much of the available water is freshwater?
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.203%
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What is infiltration?
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When water moves from the surface of soil into the soil by gravity
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What is percolation?
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The continual movement of the water through the soil into the pores
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What is transpiration?
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The moving out of plant tissues through stomates into water vapor
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What is the zone of saturation?
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The wet part of the soil
Zone of unsaturation: the dry part of the soil |
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What is the water table?
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The point between the zone of unsaturdation and the zone of saturation...seasonal cycle
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What is an aquifer?
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A specific part of your ground water where water is stored in your porous rock. Has a lot of water in it.
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What is the natural recharge?
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When the water infiltrates then percolates
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What is lateral recharge?
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When the aquifer will not fill up from the side (ex: slope)
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What is a watershed?
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A defined area where any surface water will shed to the bottom. keeps water in your local area
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What is the percentage of water used in agriculture? industry? and domestic?
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agriculture- 70%
industry- 20% domestic-10% |
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How many gallons of water do humans need per day?
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13 gallons
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What causes water shortages?
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Dry climate, dought, desiccation, and water stress
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What are the pros of building dams/reservoirs?
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1. Generates electricity
2. Recreational benefits: fishing 3. Now have available irrigation water 4. Downstream flooding reduced 5. Provides water for towns 6. Provides jobs when building |
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What are the cons of building dams/reservoirs?
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1. Loss of water through evaporation
2. Earthquakes 3. Danger of Collapse 4. Loss of nutrients downstream 5. Fish spawning disrupted 6. Expensive to build 7. People displacement 8. Water-borne-diseases 9. no dillution 10. Global Warming |
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What is the pro of bringing in surface water?
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Increased water for arid regions
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What are the cons of bringing in surface water?
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1. loss of water to other regions
2. loss of water through evaporation. 50% |
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How do you withdraw groundwater?
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By using a well to pump out water. Esed for drinking or irrigation water.
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What is the pro of withdrawing groundwater?
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Increase water for arid regions
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What are the cons of withdrawing groundwater?
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1. aquifer depletion
2. causes subsidence-sink holes 3. salt-water intrustion 4. many streams robbed of necessary water b/c of loss of aquifers |
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What is desalination?
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The removing of salts from ocean water by:
1. distillation- heat water and condense 2. reverse-osmosis- pumping the water across a selectively permeable membrane 2/3 of world use desalinization |
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What is the pro of using desalinization?
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Increase water for arid regions
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What are the cons of desalinization?
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1. expense to build, run
2. brine = waste product, high amt. 3. Takes A LOT of enery |
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What is cloud seeding?
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When you see a cloud coming through a region, and blasting it with silver iodide to bring rain
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What is the pro of cloud seeding?
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Increases water for arid regions
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What are the con of cloud seeding?
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1. tragedy of the commons
2. disrupts natural cycle 3. introcucing chemicals to your system 4. consists of waiting |
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What is towing icebergs?
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Wrangling an iceberg using a boat and chain.
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What is the pro of towing icebergs?
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Increases water for arid regions
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What are the cons of towing icebergs?
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1. expensive
2. very dangerous 3. tragedy of the commons 4. opening fresh water sinks 5. question about dillution water |
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What are the pros of conservation?
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1. reducing the burden on the waste water treatment plants
2. saving money and energy 3. slows the depletion of aquifers 4. reduces amount of dams and aquducts 5. decreases pollution of groudwater |
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What are the cons of conservation?
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1. requires effort
2. money |
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Describe the flood-irrigation method:
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efficiency: 50%
using a slope or gravity to move the water through unlined ditches or canals lose water because of evaporation and seepage |
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Describe the central-pivot Sprinkler system
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efficiency: 80%
evaporation before it even hits the ground. |
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Describe Low-Energy Precision-Application (LEPA)
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efficiency: 95%
Sprays water cloe to ground in large droplets Very expensive Uses energy |
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Describe Drip irrigation
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efficiency 90%
black tubes and water drops out. only good for perennials |
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What are other irrigation methods?
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1. use computers and moisture probes to figure out exactly how much water is needed
2. could grow drought or salt-resistance crops 3.import crops that are good for the region 4. try and use reclaimed water for irrigation |
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What are some domestic and industry conservation techniques?
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1. Use recycled water in industry- Japan and Israel
2. Use recycled materials 3. Xeriscaping and use reclaimed water 4. Start charging for water to encourage conservation |
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Flooding is usually cause by...?
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too much rain, snow, snow burts, storm surge
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Why do people live on floodplains?
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Very fertile soil because of sediment left behind and access to water
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What are the benefits of flooding?
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1. Fertilizes soil
2. Recharges your groundwater and wetlands |
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What is the harm of flooding?
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1. Loss of human life- #1 natural disaster killer
2. Loss of property |
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How have humans affected flooding?
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deforestation, urbanization, mining, overgrazing, removed vegetation, weltand removal
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What is channelization?
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When you straighten or deepen the streams.
Leads to more erosion-positive feedback loop |
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Describe levees and dams in respects to flood prevention
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Permanent or temporary
prevent the water from overflowing if it breaks...PROBLEMS if you've channelized or built a levee you can get a levee race...positive feedback loop |
