Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Transgenes
|
Genes that are formed y extracted DNA of 1 organism and transferring it into the DNA of another organism
|
|
|
Transgenic
|
The newly created organisms with the transgenes
|
|
|
Food security
|
The guarantee of adequate, reliable and available food supply
|
|
|
Undernourished
|
Those who receive less than 90% of their daily calories
|
|
|
Overnutrition
|
Those who receive too many calories
|
|
|
Malnutrition
|
Those who do not receive enough nutrients or the right variety
|
|
|
"Green revolution"
|
-Led to dramatic increases in agricultural production
-60s/70s -Doubled food production -Norman Borloug= father -Irrigation and fertilization introduced |
|
|
Pesticides
|
Poisons that target pests
|
|
|
Biological control
|
Pits one organism against another
|
|
|
Biocontrol
|
Find natural enemies of a pest species and introduce the enemy to an area where the pests are a problem
|
|
|
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
|
Biocontrol effort that uses a soil bacterium that kills caterpillars (and some larvae)
|
|
|
Pollination
|
Process in which male sex cells of a plant (pollen) fertilizer female sex cells
|
|
|
Recombinant DNA
|
Used to develop new varieties of crops
|
|
|
Genetic engineering
|
Process where scientists manipulate an organism's genes by adding, deleting, or changed segments of DNA
|
|
|
Genetically modified (GM) organisms
|
Organisms that have been modified using recombinant DNA
|
|
|
Biotechnology
|
Application of biological science to create products from organisms
|
|
|
Precautionary principle
|
To not take new action until results of that action are well understood
|
|
|
Seed banks
|
Living museums for seeds
|
|
|
Gene banks
|
(Same as seed bank), institutions store seeds from crop varieties in good conditions for long-term viability
|
|
|
Feedlots
|
Animals are housed in huge warehouses or pens where energy-rich food is provided, high densities
|
|
|
Aquaculture
|
Raising fish on "fish farms" or controlled environments
|
|
|
Sustainable agriculture
|
Farming that does not deplete soils
|
|
|
Organic agriculture
|
Practices that use no synthetic fertilizers or pesticides
|
|
|
Do we have a food problem?
|
-Close to exponential population growth
-Movement to urban areas= import food (transporation, $, food soilage, fossil fuels) -Increase in affluence= eat more meat -Grain production per person peaked in 80s= declining -Loss of cropland= development and erosion |
|
|
What is Kwashiorkor?
|
Disease where the individual is lacking protein, affects those older than 18 months, extended bellies and hair is matted
|
|
|
What is Marasmus?
|
Disease where the individual is under 1 year, lacks protein and calories, usually leads to death
|
|
|
What are the 4 ways to increase production?
|
-Cultivate more land
-Increase crop yields -Increase livestock yields -Increase fish stocks |
|
|
Elaborate: cultivate more land
|
-Plant more crops
-INcreases are in tropical areas, but they don't have great soil so fertilizer is necessary -Able to plant on marginal lands b/c irrigation -Not the best option overall b/c not very much else to do |
|
|
Elaborate: increasing crop yields
|
-Worked in the past (green revolution)
-GMOs= traditional breeding maxed out. To make: obtain gene, isolate and duplicate, design gene (add promoter), Transformation using gene gun/agrobacterium, tissue culture to grow new plant |
|
|
Elaborate: increasing livestock yields
|
-Industrialized meat production= CAFOs (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations): feed corn rather than grazing, higher density, put on weight faster
-Hormone use= increases meat density and milk production, rBGH: invented to increase milk (Monsanto), concerns with Court of Appeals for puss/cancer -Antibiotics= increase yield by less animal sickness/death, antibiotic resistance (concern), exit through feces -Energy intensive= transportation, waste, climate change (18% gasses from it), deforestation, need to grow corn -Animal and worker cruelty |
|
|
Elaborate: increasing fish stocks
|
-1/2 seafood we eat produced in aquacultures (salmon, shrimp, catfish, trout, talapia, oysters)
-Problems= habitat loss, antibiotic use, waste--hypoxia, escape (develop diseases and infect wild populations), energy efficiency (catch fish to feed others, big problem), GM organisms spread |
