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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Intrinsic rate of increase
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The exponential growth of a population that occurs under constant conditions.
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Food insecurity
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The condition in which people live with chronic hunger and malnutrition.
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Infant mortality rates
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The number of infant deaths per 1000 live births. (An infant is a child that is in its first year of life.)
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Density-independent factors
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An environmental factor that affects the size of a population but is not influenced by changes in population density.
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Age structure
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The number and proportion of people at each age in a population.
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Birth rate
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The number of births per 1000 people per year.
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Brownfields
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An urban area of abandoned, vacant factories, warehouses, and residential sites that may be contaminated from past uses.
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Carrying capacity
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The maximum number of individuals of a given species that a particular environment can support for an indefinite period, assuming there are no changes in the environment.
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Compact development
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The design of cities so that tall, multiple-unit residential buildings are close to shopping and jobs, all of which are connected by public transportation.
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Culture
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The ideas and customs of a group of people at a given period; culture, passed from generation, it evolves over time
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Death rate
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# deaths/1000 people (per year)
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Demographic transition
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The process whereby a country moves from relatively high birth and death rates to relatively low birth and death rates.
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Demographics
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The applied branch of sociology that deals with population statistics; provides information on the populations of various countries or groups of people.
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Density-dependent factor
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An environmental factor whose effects on a population change as population density changes; density-dependent factors tend to retard population growth as population density increases and enhance population growth as population density decreases.
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Dispersal
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The movement of individuals among populations, from one region or country to another.
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Dust domes
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A dome of heated air that surrounds an urban area and contains a lot of air pollution.
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Economic development
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An expansion in a government's economy, viewed by many as the best way to raise the standard of living.
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Emigration
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A type of dispersal in which individuals leave a population and thus decrease its size.
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Environment
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All the external conditions, both abiotic and biotic, that affect an organism or group of organisms.
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Environmental resistance
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Limits set by the environment that prevent organisms from reproducing indefinitely at their biotic potential; includes the limited availability of food, water, shelter, and other essential resources, as well as limits imposed by disease and predation.
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Exponential population growth
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The accelerating population growth that occurs when optimal conditions allow a constant rate of increase over a period of time. When the increase in population number versus time is plotted on a graph, it produces a characteristic J-shaped curve.
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Family planning
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Providing the services, including information about birth control methods, to help people have the number of children the want.
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Family planning services
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Services that enable men and women to limit family size, safeguard individual health rights, and improve the quality of life for themselves and their children.
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Famine
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Widespread starvation caused by a drastic shortage of food. Is caused by crop failures that are brought on by drought, war, flood, or some other catastrophic event.
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Food insecurity
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The condition in which people live with chronic hunger and malnutrition.
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Gender inequality
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The social construct that results in women not having the same rights, opportunities, or privileges as men.
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Green architecture
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The practice of designing and building homes with environmental considerations such as energy efficiency, recycling, and conservation of natural resources in mind.
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Growth rate (r)
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The rate of change of a population's size, expressed in percent per year. In populations with little or no dispersal, it is calculated by subtracting the death rate from the birth rate. Also called natural increase in human populations.
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Immigration
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A type of dispersal in which individuals enter a population and thus increase its size.
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Neo-Malthusian
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Economists who hold that developmental efforts are hampered by a rapidly expanding population.
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Noise pollution
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A loud or disagreeable sound, particularly when it results in physiological or psychological harm.
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Population density
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The number of individuals of a species per unit of area or volume at a given time.
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Population ecology
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That branch of biology that deals with the numbers of a particular species that are found in an area and how and why those numbers change (or remain fixed) over time.
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Population growth momentum
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The continued growth of a population after fertility rates have declined, as a result of a population's young age structure; can be either positive or negative but is usually discussed in a positive context.
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Pronatalists
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Those who are in favor of population growth.
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Replacement-level fertility
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The average number of children a couple must produce in order to 'replace' themselves; the number is greater than two because some children die before reaching reproductive age.
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Sound
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Vibrations in the air (or some other medium) that reach the ears and stimulate a sensation of hearing.
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Suburban sprawl
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A patchwork of vacant and developed tracts around the edges of cities that contains a low population density.
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Survivorship
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The probability that a given individual in a population will survive to a particular age; usually presented as a survivorship curve.
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Sustainable city
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A city with a livable environment, a strong economy, and a social and cultural sense of community; enhance the well-being of current and future generations of urban dwellers.
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Total fertility rate
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The average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime.
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Urban agglomerations
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An urbanized core region that consists of several adjacent cities or megacities and their surrounding developed suburbs.
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Urban heat island
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Local heat buildup in an area of high population density.
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Urbanization
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The process in which people increasingly move from rural areas to densely populated cities; also involves the transformation of rural areas into urban areas.
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Voluntary simplicity
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A way of life that involves wanting and spending less.
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Zero population growth
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When the birth rate equals the death rate.
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